Soil Biology & Biochemistry最新文献

{"title":"Iron plaque in paddy: Formation, properties, functions, and applications","authors":"Zhao-Feng Yuan ,&nbsp;Tida Ge ,&nbsp;Dong-Xing Guan ,&nbsp;Bin He ,&nbsp;Xiaokai Zhang ,&nbsp;Yongfu Li ,&nbsp;Zhenke Zhu ,&nbsp;Gang Li ,&nbsp;Pil Joo Kim ,&nbsp;Georg Guggenberger ,&nbsp;Minggang Xu ,&nbsp;Jianping Chen ,&nbsp;Yakov Kuzyakov","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Iron (Fe) plaque is a ubiquitous feature formed on root surfaces of wetland plants (e.g., rice), resulting from the oxidation of Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺ driven by radial oxygen loss from roots. Fe plaque formation is primarily driven by abiotic pathways: influx of water with dissolved Fe²⁺ from bulk soil to roots and rhizosphere, wherein Fe²⁺ is oxidized by O₂ released from aerenchyma, and by reactive species (e.g., ∙HO, ∙NO₂, ∙NO) produced by electron transport from Fe²⁺ within Fe plaque. Biotic pathways, mediated mainly by Fe-reducing and Fe-oxidizing bacteria in rhizosphere, regulate Fe plaque formation. Fe plaque is mainly composed of ferrihydrite (Fe₂O₃∙nH₂O), goethite (α-FeOOH), lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH), but may include siderite (FeCO₃), and vivianite (Fe₃(PO₄)₂). Soil properties, plant species, developmental stages and redox fluctuations substantially influence Fe plaque composition and formation rate, as well its dissolution. As a microbial and biogeochemical hotspot in paddy ecosystems, Fe plaque interacts extensively with nutrients and contaminants, influencing their bioavailability and plant uptake. With extensive reactive surface area and abundant functional groups, Fe plaque functions as both a barrier and reservoir for nutrients and contaminants. We developed the concept of “Fe circuit” to describe its dual functions on elemental cycling in rice rhizosphere. Fe plaque can be utilized for <em>in-situ</em> immobilizing or removing contaminants in paddy soil. This review offers a comprehensive perspective on Fe plaque and its potential to remediate contaminants in paddy soil and other wetlands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 110075"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145801472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global patterns and soil controls governing terrestrial nitrogen cycling in response to experimental warming: A meta-analysis","authors":"Sen-Mao Zhang ,&nbsp;Wan-Jia Hu ,&nbsp;Xin-Rong Shi ,&nbsp;Robert L. Kallenbach ,&nbsp;Zhi-You Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global warming is altering nitrogen (N) cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. However, it remains uncertain whether these alterations are consistent across different ecosystems and environmental gradients, and the underlying regulatory mechanisms are still poorly understood. We conducted a meta-analysis of 2496 observations from 262 experimental warming studies to assess global patterns in N cycle dynamics. Warming significantly increased belowground plant N, ammonium and nitrate N, net mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, N₂O emissions, and leaching, while reducing N resorption efficiency and microbial N immobilization. These findings suggest that warming influences N fluxes more extensively than N pools, leading to greater overall N losses. The magnitude of warming, associated soil moisture changes, and initial soil pH emerged as key drivers of these responses, highlighting the strong dependence of N cycling on soil properties at the global scale. Meta-regression analysis further showed that warming beyond 2 °C could markedly reduce microbial N pool, disrupting N cycling across ecosystems. Responses were more pronounced in acidic soils (pH ≤ 6.5) than in non-acidic soils. Our findings indicate that plant roots act as important N sinks under warming. We recommend increased attention to the management of acidic soil ecosystems to mitigate their potential feedback effects on climate change. This work improves our understanding of climate–N cycle feedbacks and strengthens the basis for predictive models of biogeochemical cycling under future climate scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 110072"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145784844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Membrane filtration as an effective alternative to manual isolation for soil tardigrade DNA extraction","authors":"Zi-Kai Liu ,&nbsp;Weidong Chen ,&nbsp;Ju-Pei Shen ,&nbsp;Zi-Yang He ,&nbsp;Hang-Wei Hu ,&nbsp;Dan-Ting Yu ,&nbsp;Ji-Zheng He","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Manual isolation of tardigrades for molecular analysis is time-consuming and limits large-scale biodiversity studies. To enhance the efficiency of soil tardigrade molecular research, we developed a membrane filtration method to enrich soil tardigrades and other microfauna (nematodes and rotifers) for DNA extraction and the subsequent sequencing analyses. Filtration accelerated the workflow and detected more tardigrade species than manual isolation, although all membrane extraction methods underestimate their relative abundance. Filtration with a 15 μm membrane yielded the highest richness, while community differences were mainly driven by soil type rather than extraction method. Our results highlight the potential of filtration approaches in saving sample processing time and improving the detection of tardigrade species richness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 110080"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivity of soil nutrient pools, but stability of microbial processes, under reduced rainfall and altered grazing management in northern mixed-grass prairie","authors":"Kimberly J. Komatsu ,&nbsp;Kurt Reinhart ,&nbsp;Sarah Alley ,&nbsp;Lauren M. Porensky ,&nbsp;Kevin R. Wilcox ,&nbsp;Sally E. Koerner","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nutrient cycling is a soil function that may be impacted by global change-induced droughts and alterations to grazing pressure. While belowground responses to drought are increasingly studied, the combined effects of altered rainfall and grazing on soil nutrients and microbial processes remain poorly understood. We tested how a two-year rainfall reduction interacted with a grazing intensity gradient during drought and two years of recovery to influence soil nutrient pools and microbial processes at two northern mixed-grass prairie sites. Rainfall reductions decreased soil available P and micronutrients between 10 and 50 %, but increased soil NO₃⁻ up to 4-fold during drought and into recovery years. In contrast, bacterial and fungal community compositions and extracellular enzyme activities were relatively resistant to rainfall reduction and grazing intensity treatments. Together, these results highlight the sensitivity of soil nutrient pools to drought, contrasted with the relative stability of belowground microbial processes in semi-arid rangelands in the face of drought and grazing management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 110071"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are home field advantage effects consistent across climate conditions and bedrock types?","authors":"Maleaume Voirnesson ,&nbsp;Xiangtai Wang ,&nbsp;Richard Michalet","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Home-field advantage (HFA) effects theory predicts that plant litters have higher mass loss in their home environment than away from home. Although there is an important increase in interest on the role of HFA effects in decomposition processes, their variation along environmental gradients is still poorly known. In particular, no studies have assessed how interactions between climate and bedrock types (calcareous vs. siliceous) affect HFA effects, although recent studies have shown that these interactions may influence decomposition processes. In order to fill this gap, we reciprocally incubated the litter of an evergreen and a deciduous species in the two forest types, on the two bedrocks and in six contrasting conditions of temperature and drought in France. The experiment was repeated three years with contrasting drought conditions. We modified a former formula to compute different HFA effects for the two litter types. Overall decay rates were higher in the least stressed climate conditions and on siliceous bedrocks but there was no simple interaction between climate and bedrock as found in previous studies (higher decay rates in calcareous than siliceous soils in wet conditions only). Home-field advantage effects were always positive but strongly increased and slightly decreased from dry to wet sites on calcareous and siliceous soils, respectively. Specifically, HFA effects became increasingly positive with decreasing rainfall continentality and increasing decay rate and these effects were significant on calcareous bedrocks only. Our results provide evidence that positive interactions between litter types and soil organisms increase with decreasing stress, in particular on calcareous bedrocks. They also highlight that HFA effects can contribute to positive feedbacks in ecosystem functioning and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"214 ","pages":"Article 110069"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145784841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing predictive understanding of tree organic and inorganic nitrogen uptake across forest biomes","authors":"Min Liu ,&nbsp;Xingliang Xu ,&nbsp;Peng Jin ,&nbsp;Helge Bruelheide ,&nbsp;Yakov Kuzyakov ,&nbsp;Richard D. Bardgett ,&nbsp;Wolfgang Wanek","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plants uptake nitrogen (N) from soils in inorganic forms, such as ammonium (NH₄⁺) and nitrate (NO₃⁻), but also in the form of organic compounds like amino acids. Despite extensive research on terrestrial N cycling, the patterns and underpinning mechanisms of inorganic and organic N uptake by tree species across forest biomes remained very uncertain. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted field-based hydroponic labelling experiments on 34 tree species spanning from temperate to subtropical and tropical climate zones. We assessed uptake rates of nine common amino acids (¹⁵N and ¹³C dual-labelled) alongside with NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ (¹⁵N-labelled) at micromolar concentrations. Root morphological traits, soil chemical properties, soil N pool sizes and microbial N functional genes were determined to assess their role in explaining differential N uptake among tree species and forest biomes. Our results demonstrated stable N uptake rates and preferences across all forest biomes but showed large differences among N forms. Such N uptake was predominantly affected by N intrinsic properties, followed by effects of soil properties and microbial N functional genes on soil N availability, while controls by tree root traits were weakest. Mean uptake rates of single amino acids contributed to 39 % of the total root N uptake, with NH₄⁺ showing the highest (56 %), and NO₃⁻ showing the lowest uptake rates (5.0 %). Uptake rates of positively charged and high N% amino acids such as arginine, histidine, and lysine were fastest, i.e., 0.98, 0.81, and 0.78 μg N g⁻¹ d. w. root h⁻¹, respectively. Nitrogen uptake rates were faster when trees have longer and thinner fine roots, in soils with higher pH and phosphorus (P) availability and faster microbial N turnover. Our findings highlight the important role of organic N and NH₄⁺ for tree nutrition and reveal how tree N uptake is influenced (in increasing importance) by tree root morphological traits, soil microbial N functional composition, soil resource availability, and N form intrinsic properties. These findings provide profound quantitative and predictive insights into our understanding of forest N sink processes, offering a scientific foundation for optimizing global forestry N management strategies in the context of environmental change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"213 ","pages":"Article 110027"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145411688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From soil to symbiosis: elemental filtering in a termite-fungus mutualism","authors":"Suzanne Schmidt ,&nbsp;Kasun H. Bodawatta ,&nbsp;Bertil Jensen Bille ,&nbsp;Felix Krogh Vissing ,&nbsp;Kolotchèlèma Simon Silué ,&nbsp;N'golo A. Koné ,&nbsp;Erin L. Cole ,&nbsp;Søren Rosendahl ,&nbsp;Jonathan Z. Shik ,&nbsp;Michael Poulsen","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>All organisms require a balanced supply of over 20 chemical elements, and even small imbalances can limit performance and fitness. Organisms thus employ diverse adaptations for acquiring and regulating balanced combinations of these elemental resources. In farming mutualisms, adaptations of domesticated crops can guide the accumulation of critical elements from soil or mulched detritus for partner use. It is therefore reasonable to predict systematic shifts in elemental abundance and variance across farming stages – from substrate provisioning and crop assimilation to the final production of edible yield. We tested this hypothesis with fungus-farming termites that cultivate fungi in combs built from a mix of termite-provisioned organic matter and soil, in exchange for edible nutrient-rich fungal nodule structures. Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), we quantified 24 elements across fungus-farming stages – from soils, through termite guts and fresh and mature fungal combs, to final nodules. Our findings suggest 1) that termite foraging represents an initial nutritional filtering stage that enriches biogenic elemental building blocks for macronutrients (K, S, Na, and Ca) while reducing several non-biogenic and potentially toxic elements (As and Pb) and 2) fungal nodules constitute a final nutritional filtering stage that concentrates a suite of biogenic elements (P, K, S, Cu, and Zn) alongside accumulation of certain non-biogenic elements (Cd and Tl). Within fungus gardens, elemental compositions are homogenised in freshly-build combs relative to the mulch deposited from termite guts. These patterns suggest elemental filtering as reciprocal provisioning between farmers and crops, offering a framework to understand how complex mutualistic nutritional systems regulate and ultimately affect element cycling in soil ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"213 ","pages":"Article 110045"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145583720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quinone-loaded biochar amplifies soil N2O mitigation by enhancing electron transfer for N2O reduction","authors":"Jiao Yuan ,&nbsp;Dan Yuan ,&nbsp;Tim J. Clough ,&nbsp;Xinhui Liu ,&nbsp;Lin Ma ,&nbsp;Chunsheng Hu ,&nbsp;Shuping Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110040","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110040","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biochar facilitates the reduction of N₂O to N₂ by promoting denitrification through its electron shuttle function, a mechanism widely recognized as key to its role in mitigating soil N₂O accumulation. This electron shuttle capacity is primarily attributed to surface redox-active functional groups, such as quinones and phenolic hydroxyls. Among these, quinone/hydroquinone (Q/QH₂) groups serve as reversible redox pairs, enhancing electron transport efficiency through cyclic electron acceptance and donation. However, the mechanisms by which quinone functional groups regulate the electron-shuttling capacity of biochar, and thereby amplify its ability to promote complete denitrification and N₂O mitigation, remain unclear. In this study, biochar with enhanced electron-shuttling capacity was prepared by incorporating redox-active quinone groups. The biochar's effectiveness in reducing soil N₂O accumulation was evaluated by incorporating it into soil. Quinone-enhanced biochar (QBC) markedly enhanced the biochar's electron-shuttling function and reduced soil N₂O accumulation by 82.3 % relative to a control biochar. Furthermore, quinone-loaded biochar increased the relative expression of <em>Acidobacteria</em> and upregulated the abundance of <em>nosZ-II</em> genes, resulting in lower N₂O/(N₂O + N₂) ratios, lower residual NO₃⁻, and higher N₂ accumulation that are consistent with more complete denitrification. Our results therefore indicate that the improved electron-shuttling function of biochar is consistent with more complete denitrification and enhanced N₂O reduction. These findings indicate that incorporating quinone groups into biochar is a viable strategy to mitigate N₂O accumulation by enhancing its electron-shuttling function.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"213 ","pages":"Article 110040"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145567425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intensive land use enhances soil ammonia-oxidising archaea at a continental scale","authors":"M. Bahram ,&nbsp;L. Lehtovirta-Morley ,&nbsp;V. Mikryukov ,&nbsp;T.R. Sveen ,&nbsp;A. Grant ,&nbsp;M. Pent ,&nbsp;F. Hildebrand ,&nbsp;M. Labouyrie ,&nbsp;J. Köninger ,&nbsp;L. Tedersoo ,&nbsp;A. Jones ,&nbsp;P. Panagos ,&nbsp;A. Orgiazzi","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Archaea are an important group of soil organisms that play key roles in carbon and nitrogen cycling, particularly in nitrification (ammonia oxidation) and methanogenesis. However, there are knowledge gaps regarding their importance in ecosystem processes relative to other microbial groups and how they may be impacted by land-use and environmental changes. Here, by carrying out a continental-scale sample collection and utilising archaea-specific primers for metabarcoding and shotgun metagenomics, we aimed to decipher the structure and function of archaeal communities across various land-use types in Europe. Metagenomic data reveal that land-use intensification increases the relative abundance of archaea, whereas bacteria and eukaryotes show no increase. Alongside this, ammonia oxidising archaea (AOA) increase as a proportion of the total metabarcoding reads, from 1 % of archaea in coniferous woodland to &gt;90 % in croplands. Functional gene profiles reveal that land-use intensification shifts archaeal communities from adaptive metabolic pathways in forests to specialised, ammonia-oxidising microbes in fertiliser-enriched cropland soils. Our data suggest that land-use intensification may shift archaeal communities toward greater dependence on external nitrogen inputs, with potential consequences for soil fertility and greenhouse gas emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"213 ","pages":"Article 110024"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145382540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear effect of microbial diversity loss on soil carbon flux","authors":"Chao Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoyi Huang ,&nbsp;Jing Yu ,&nbsp;Yue Liu ,&nbsp;Fangying Qu ,&nbsp;Jian Wang ,&nbsp;Xu Wang ,&nbsp;Edith Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil biodiversity is declining globally due to human activities and climate change, but the consequences for soil carbon cycling and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the relationship between microbial diversity and soil CO₂ flux using a microbial dilution-to-extinction approach across three land-use types (forest, grassland and cropland). We find that soil CO₂ fluxes respond nonlinearly to diversity loss, increasing initially at moderate diversity loss, then declining sharply at severe loss. Several key microbial physiological properties, including microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and turnover rate, exhibit similar hump-shaped responses to declining diversity. Linear mixed-effects models show that microbial turnover and NUE are positively correlated with soil CO₂ fluxes, whereas microbial CUE and the interaction between turnover and NUE are negatively correlated with them. Structural equation modeling approaches further demonstrate that indirect effects mediated by microbial physiological properties, especially turnover rate, exert a stronger influence on soil CO₂ fluxes than the direct effects of diversity loss. Together, these findings highlight the complexity of biodiversity-function relationships in soils and emphasize the need to incorporate microbial physiological properties into soil carbon cycle models in the context of global biodiversity change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"213 ","pages":"Article 110028"},"PeriodicalIF":10.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145428042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}