Pub Date : 2020-10-13DOI: 10.1163/15685306-bja10027
P. Heywood
When Europeans first encountered zebras in South Africa, they variously referred to them as horses, asses, or mules. This type of classification continued into the nineteenth century when mountain zebras were sometimes described as “asinine” and plains zebras as “equine.” Quaggas, a subspecies of the plains zebra with reduced striping and brown coloration that were occasionally used as draft animals, were considered by some observers to be the most equine zebras. This perception seems to have influenced the image of quaggas and led some artists to incorrectly portray them with horse-like tails that they did not possess. This article examines the designations “equine” and “asinine” as applied to plains zebras (including quaggas) and mountain zebras, and connects these terms to their representation by various artists.
{"title":"Ways of Seeing Nonhuman Animals: Some Likened Zebras to Horses, Others to Asses","authors":"P. Heywood","doi":"10.1163/15685306-bja10027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-bja10027","url":null,"abstract":"When Europeans first encountered zebras in South Africa, they variously referred to them as horses, asses, or mules. This type of classification continued into the nineteenth century when mountain zebras were sometimes described as “asinine” and plains zebras as “equine.” Quaggas, a subspecies of the plains zebra with reduced striping and brown coloration that were occasionally used as draft animals, were considered by some observers to be the most equine zebras. This perception seems to have influenced the image of quaggas and led some artists to incorrectly portray them with horse-like tails that they did not possess. This article examines the designations “equine” and “asinine” as applied to plains zebras (including quaggas) and mountain zebras, and connects these terms to their representation by various artists.","PeriodicalId":22000,"journal":{"name":"Society & Animals","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/15685306-bja10027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45895610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-06DOI: 10.1163/15685306-BJA10025
Richard Twine
The emergence of interdisciplinary animal studies during recent decades challenges sociologists to critically reflect upon anthropocentric ontology and to paint a more comprehensive picture of the social. This article focuses on the recent emergence of the sociology of climate change during the last twenty years, with a warning that it may have proceeded without critical interrogation of residual humanism evidenced by the exclusion of nonhuman animals. The inclusion of these nonhuman animals in the discussion of human/animal relations is vital in the societal discourse of climate change. After surveying key texts and leading journal literature, it is clear that this discussion of human/animal relations is lacking or altogether omitted. It is then worth considering how animalized environmental sociology could contribute to redefining the discipline of sociology as a whole.
{"title":"Where Are the Nonhuman Animals in the Sociology of Climate Change?","authors":"Richard Twine","doi":"10.1163/15685306-BJA10025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-BJA10025","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The emergence of interdisciplinary animal studies during recent decades challenges sociologists to critically reflect upon anthropocentric ontology and to paint a more comprehensive picture of the social. This article focuses on the recent emergence of the sociology of climate change during the last twenty years, with a warning that it may have proceeded without critical interrogation of residual humanism evidenced by the exclusion of nonhuman animals. The inclusion of these nonhuman animals in the discussion of human/animal relations is vital in the societal discourse of climate change. After surveying key texts and leading journal literature, it is clear that this discussion of human/animal relations is lacking or altogether omitted. It is then worth considering how animalized environmental sociology could contribute to redefining the discipline of sociology as a whole.","PeriodicalId":22000,"journal":{"name":"Society & Animals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/15685306-BJA10025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46123923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-23DOI: 10.1163/15685306-bja10021
C. Grasso, C. Lenzi, Siobhan I. Speiran, F. Pirrone
Anthropomorphic figures of nonhuman animals are omnipresent in various forms of mass media (e.g., movies, books, and advertising). The depiction of companion and wild animals, including nonhuman primates (e.g., chimpanzees), as possessing human characteristics or behaviors can influence these animals’ desirability as companions. Ultimately, this can distort general public perception of what constitutes “normal” wild behavior, as well as the conservation status of these animals. Therefore, anthropomorphic animal representations can contribute to the spread of misleading messages that may have highly unpredictable effects. In the present review, we have highlighted various articles from the academic literature which focus on anthropomorphised animals, noting the main thematic issues. We suggest that further studies on this topic are needed to deepen such a complex and not yet clarified topic.
{"title":"Anthropomorphized Nonhuman Animals in Mass Media and Their Influence on Human Attitudes Toward Wildlife","authors":"C. Grasso, C. Lenzi, Siobhan I. Speiran, F. Pirrone","doi":"10.1163/15685306-bja10021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-bja10021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Anthropomorphic figures of nonhuman animals are omnipresent in various forms of mass media (e.g., movies, books, and advertising). The depiction of companion and wild animals, including nonhuman primates (e.g., chimpanzees), as possessing human characteristics or behaviors can influence these animals’ desirability as companions. Ultimately, this can distort general public perception of what constitutes “normal” wild behavior, as well as the conservation status of these animals. Therefore, anthropomorphic animal representations can contribute to the spread of misleading messages that may have highly unpredictable effects. In the present review, we have highlighted various articles from the academic literature which focus on anthropomorphised animals, noting the main thematic issues. We suggest that further studies on this topic are needed to deepen such a complex and not yet clarified topic.","PeriodicalId":22000,"journal":{"name":"Society & Animals","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/15685306-bja10021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45640096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-23DOI: 10.1163/15685306-bja10023
C. Lenzi, Siobhan I. Speiran, C. Grasso
Social media is a powerful tool for sharing information and awareness campaigns concerning environmental issues, especially as they pertain to the conservation of wild, nonhuman animals (henceforth, “animals”). This form of online engagement is a double-edged sword, however, since it can facilitate the legal and illegal trade of wild species, and promote harmful tourism encounters with wild animals. This review spans multiple disciplines and presents some key literature to date examining how public perceptions of wild animals are influenced by social media. This includes discussions of “viral” videos, “wildlife selfies,” changing trends in animal encounters at wildlife tourism destinations, and the influence of social media on the wildlife trade. Avenues for future research are suggested with urgency; the adverse effects of social media are understudied, yet bear serious consequences for the individual welfare and species conservation of wild animals.
{"title":"“Let Me Take a Selfie”: Implications of Social Media for Public Perceptions of Wild Animals","authors":"C. Lenzi, Siobhan I. Speiran, C. Grasso","doi":"10.1163/15685306-bja10023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-bja10023","url":null,"abstract":"Social media is a powerful tool for sharing information and awareness campaigns concerning environmental issues, especially as they pertain to the conservation of wild, nonhuman animals (henceforth, “animals”). This form of online engagement is a double-edged sword, however, since it can facilitate the legal and illegal trade of wild species, and promote harmful tourism encounters with wild animals. This review spans multiple disciplines and presents some key literature to date examining how public perceptions of wild animals are influenced by social media. This includes discussions of “viral” videos, “wildlife selfies,” changing trends in animal encounters at wildlife tourism destinations, and the influence of social media on the wildlife trade. Avenues for future research are suggested with urgency; the adverse effects of social media are understudied, yet bear serious consequences for the individual welfare and species conservation of wild animals.","PeriodicalId":22000,"journal":{"name":"Society & Animals","volume":"-1 1","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/15685306-bja10023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42037658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-18DOI: 10.1163/15685306-BJA10011
Amelia Lewis
Attachment theory, proposed in the 1950s to understand the development of parent-child relationships, is often applied to human-pet relationships. I argue the application of this paradigm to test non-human animals’ social bonds with humans infantilizes mature animals and has a detrimental impact on animal welfare. The premise is that ‘Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Test’ is not appropriate to investigate the emotional ties between domestic animals and humans. Instead, I propose an alternative theory, that dogs form mature social bonds with their owners, and that the phenomenon known as ‘separation anxiety’ is the result either of the frustration of mature adult group behaviors, or an over dependency fostered by the owner. Rather than view mature dogs as comparable to human infants in their social relationships, we should perceive them as socially and emotionally mature on reaching adulthood and shift the focus from attachment-based paradigms, to the behavioural ecology and cognition of companion animal species.
{"title":"Infantilizing Companion Animals through Attachment Theory: Why Shift to Behavioral Ecology-Based Paradigms for Welfare","authors":"Amelia Lewis","doi":"10.1163/15685306-BJA10011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-BJA10011","url":null,"abstract":"Attachment theory, proposed in the 1950s to understand the development of parent-child relationships, is often applied to human-pet relationships. I argue the application of this paradigm to test non-human animals’ social bonds with humans infantilizes mature animals and has a detrimental impact on animal welfare. The premise is that ‘Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Test’ is not appropriate to investigate the emotional ties between domestic animals and humans. Instead, I propose an alternative theory, that dogs form mature social bonds with their owners, and that the phenomenon known as ‘separation anxiety’ is the result either of the frustration of mature adult group behaviors, or an over dependency fostered by the owner. Rather than view mature dogs as comparable to human infants in their social relationships, we should perceive them as socially and emotionally mature on reaching adulthood and shift the focus from attachment-based paradigms, to the behavioural ecology and cognition of companion animal species.","PeriodicalId":22000,"journal":{"name":"Society & Animals","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/15685306-BJA10011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43946288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present the results of our analysis of the sentiments of guardians in Spain following the death of a companion animal, as well as their potential use of cemeteries/crematoriums, based on a personal survey that was completed by 197 guardians. Factor analysis revealed the existence of three dimensions. The first focused on emotional reactions following a companion animal’s death. The second considered personal relationships that developed between guardians and their companion animals. Finally, the third focused on benefits or value offered by a companion animal. Four segments were obtained by cluster analysis. The largest segment had the strongest intention of using/reusing cemetery or cremation services (3.2 out of 5). It was also the only segment which placed value on emotional reactions upon a companion’s death. The results showed that a strong bond between guardians and companion animals was associated with a higher probability that burial or cremation services would be used.
{"title":"Emotions and Reactions regarding Use of Cemeteries/Crematoriums following Loss of a Companion Animal in Spain","authors":"José-Serafin Clemente-Ricolfe, Sergio González-Navarro","doi":"10.1163/15685306-bja10014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-bja10014","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000We present the results of our analysis of the sentiments of guardians in Spain following the death of a companion animal, as well as their potential use of cemeteries/crematoriums, based on a personal survey that was completed by 197 guardians. Factor analysis revealed the existence of three dimensions. The first focused on emotional reactions following a companion animal’s death. The second considered personal relationships that developed between guardians and their companion animals. Finally, the third focused on benefits or value offered by a companion animal. Four segments were obtained by cluster analysis. The largest segment had the strongest intention of using/reusing cemetery or cremation services (3.2 out of 5). It was also the only segment which placed value on emotional reactions upon a companion’s death. The results showed that a strong bond between guardians and companion animals was associated with a higher probability that burial or cremation services would be used.","PeriodicalId":22000,"journal":{"name":"Society & Animals","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/15685306-bja10014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44489090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-15DOI: 10.1163/15685306-BJA10020
F. Santiago-Ávila
I review biologist Chris D. Thomas’s book (2017) Inheritors of the Earth: How Nature is Thriving in an Age of Extinction and discuss its exposition and prescriptions. Thomas presents a fantastic exposition of the contemporary scientific literature documenting the biological gains mediated by human impacts on the nonhuman world. However, his prescriptions for a conservation ethic leave much to be desired. Thomas employs a philosophically narrow, positivist, and egoist approach to what is relevant when dealing with other sentient, sapient, and often social nonhuman beings. This culminates in an explicitly anthropocentric ethic that dismisses our moral obligations to nonhumans, both as individuals and collectives.
{"title":"Muddled Facts and Values: Positivism, Egoism, and Anthropocentrism in the Anthropocene","authors":"F. Santiago-Ávila","doi":"10.1163/15685306-BJA10020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-BJA10020","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000I review biologist Chris D. Thomas’s book (2017) Inheritors of the Earth: How Nature is Thriving in an Age of Extinction and discuss its exposition and prescriptions. Thomas presents a fantastic exposition of the contemporary scientific literature documenting the biological gains mediated by human impacts on the nonhuman world. However, his prescriptions for a conservation ethic leave much to be desired. Thomas employs a philosophically narrow, positivist, and egoist approach to what is relevant when dealing with other sentient, sapient, and often social nonhuman beings. This culminates in an explicitly anthropocentric ethic that dismisses our moral obligations to nonhumans, both as individuals and collectives.","PeriodicalId":22000,"journal":{"name":"Society & Animals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43240042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-15DOI: 10.1163/15685306-12341524
E. Cudworth
{"title":"Reimagining the “Good Life” in Nonhuman Animal Husbandry: Will We Listen to Their “Wordless” Speech?","authors":"E. Cudworth","doi":"10.1163/15685306-12341524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341524","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22000,"journal":{"name":"Society & Animals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45336208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-15DOI: 10.1163/15685306-12341581
L. Cordeiro‐Rodrigues
A topic in contemporary political philosophy that has received substantial attention recently is whether minorities have the right to mistreat nonhuman animals. Mostly the debate is focused on minority practices in the West, such as Muslim religious slaughtering. However, other minority contexts, especially Iberian ones, have been largely ignored. In this article, I place the Portuguese case study at the center of political philosophy debates and assess whether this cultural practice ought to be banned. I do this by looking at four arguments routinely used in these debates. These arguments are that Portuguese bullfighting ought to be allowed because it has an economic role in the community, it helps address social prejudice, it promotes friendship and, and allowing it is a way to be legally consistent. I reject the four arguments and defend that bullfighting, in the Portuguese case, should be banned.
{"title":"Minority Cultural Rights and Bullfighting in a Portuguese Context","authors":"L. Cordeiro‐Rodrigues","doi":"10.1163/15685306-12341581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341581","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000A topic in contemporary political philosophy that has received substantial attention recently is whether minorities have the right to mistreat nonhuman animals. Mostly the debate is focused on minority practices in the West, such as Muslim religious slaughtering. However, other minority contexts, especially Iberian ones, have been largely ignored. In this article, I place the Portuguese case study at the center of political philosophy debates and assess whether this cultural practice ought to be banned. I do this by looking at four arguments routinely used in these debates. These arguments are that Portuguese bullfighting ought to be allowed because it has an economic role in the community, it helps address social prejudice, it promotes friendship and, and allowing it is a way to be legally consistent. I reject the four arguments and defend that bullfighting, in the Portuguese case, should be banned.","PeriodicalId":22000,"journal":{"name":"Society & Animals","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/15685306-12341581","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48931720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-16DOI: 10.1163/15685306-bja10018
Pauliina Raento
Postage stamp imagery reveals how humans see other animals in their society; how this relationship changes over time; and in particular political, economic, and cultural contexts; and what the stamp-issuing state wishes to communicate to its citizens. A qualitative mixed-methods exploration of this overlooked, easily accessible visual data identifies trends and representative examples of human-animal relations in Finnish society during the country’s independence (1917-2016). The empirical discussion strengthens method(olog)ical discussion on visual culture and data in animal studies. The examination shows the value of systematic longitudinal data, the inclusion of both consumer and producer perspectives in the analysis, and engagement with scholarly debates outside animal studies.
{"title":"The Changing Place of Non-human Animals in Finnish Society: A Visual Account","authors":"Pauliina Raento","doi":"10.1163/15685306-bja10018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-bja10018","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Postage stamp imagery reveals how humans see other animals in their society; how this relationship changes over time; and in particular political, economic, and cultural contexts; and what the stamp-issuing state wishes to communicate to its citizens. A qualitative mixed-methods exploration of this overlooked, easily accessible visual data identifies trends and representative examples of human-animal relations in Finnish society during the country’s independence (1917-2016). The empirical discussion strengthens method(olog)ical discussion on visual culture and data in animal studies. The examination shows the value of systematic longitudinal data, the inclusion of both consumer and producer perspectives in the analysis, and engagement with scholarly debates outside animal studies.","PeriodicalId":22000,"journal":{"name":"Society & Animals","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2020-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/15685306-bja10018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46721558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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