Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01891
Shuang Jia , Rongtian Li , Shihao Liang , Bo Zhang , Tianyang Sun , Xingsheng Li , Xihan Zhuang , Guanhua Jin , Dan Sun , Haiyan Wang
As a key component enabling the commercialization of SIBs, hard carbon anodes have attracted extensive interest. The promise of SIBs is anchored in their cost advantage, which necessitates the development of electrode materials through cost-effective routes. Biomass is abundant and low-cost, serve as ideal precursors for hard carbon anodes. In this work, commercial walnut shell biochar was used as the starting material to synthesize hard carbon through simple acid washing and thermal treatment. Structural analysis shows that the obtained hard carbon possesses a relatively large interlayer spacing and well-developed closed pore structure with a diameter of 2.22 nm. The material HHC1300 exhibits a reversible sodium storage capacity of 287.41 mAh g−1 and an ICE of 89.38%. Notably, the low-voltage plateau region contributes about 70% of the total capacity. These performance metrics exceed those of commercial hard carbon and most laboratory-reported hard carbons derived from lignocellulosic biomass. Furthermore, due to the intrinsically low ash content of the precursor, samples carbonized directly without acid washing can still achieve an ICE of 88.91%. This study demonstrates that incorporating mature industrial carbonization processes into hard carbon fabrication is an effective strategy, paving a practical route toward low-cost, high-performance electrode materials for scalable SIB production.
硬碳阳极作为sib商业化的关键组成部分，引起了人们的广泛关注。sib的前景取决于其成本优势，这就需要通过具有成本效益的途径开发电极材料。生物质资源丰富，成本低，是硬碳阳极的理想前体。本研究以商品核桃壳生物炭为原料，通过简单的酸洗和热处理合成硬碳。结构分析表明，制备的硬碳具有较大的层间距和发育良好的闭孔结构，孔径为2.22 nm。材料HHC1300的可逆钠存储容量为287.41 mAh g−1，ICE为89.38%。值得注意的是，低压高原地区贡献了约70%的总容量。这些性能指标超过了商业硬碳和大多数实验室报告的来自木质纤维素生物质的硬碳。此外，由于前驱体本身灰分含量较低，不经酸洗直接碳化的样品仍可达到88.91%的ICE。该研究表明，将成熟的工业碳化工艺纳入硬碳制造是一种有效的策略，为可扩展的SIB生产的低成本，高性能电极材料铺平了实际途径。
{"title":"Investigating sodium storage behavior in hard carbon directly fabricated from industrial biochar precursors","authors":"Shuang Jia , Rongtian Li , Shihao Liang , Bo Zhang , Tianyang Sun , Xingsheng Li , Xihan Zhuang , Guanhua Jin , Dan Sun , Haiyan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01891","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01891","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a key component enabling the commercialization of SIBs, hard carbon anodes have attracted extensive interest. The promise of SIBs is anchored in their cost advantage, which necessitates the development of electrode materials through cost-effective routes. Biomass is abundant and low-cost, serve as ideal precursors for hard carbon anodes. In this work, commercial walnut shell biochar was used as the starting material to synthesize hard carbon through simple acid washing and thermal treatment. Structural analysis shows that the obtained hard carbon possesses a relatively large interlayer spacing and well-developed closed pore structure with a diameter of 2.22 nm. The material HHC1300 exhibits a reversible sodium storage capacity of 287.41 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> and an ICE of 89.38%. Notably, the low-voltage plateau region contributes about 70% of the total capacity. These performance metrics exceed those of commercial hard carbon and most laboratory-reported hard carbons derived from lignocellulosic biomass. Furthermore, due to the intrinsically low ash content of the precursor, samples carbonized directly without acid washing can still achieve an ICE of 88.91%. This study demonstrates that incorporating mature industrial carbonization processes into hard carbon fabrication is an effective strategy, paving a practical route toward low-cost, high-performance electrode materials for scalable SIB production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01891"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01888
HyoMin Jeon , Seo Young Yoon , Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri , Momanyi Amos Okirigiti , HakSu Jang , Changyeon Baek , Tiandong Zhang , Geon-Tae Hwang , Min-Ku Lee , Gyoung-Ja Lee , Kwi-Il Park
Next-generation energy systems require a device that can deliver flexibility and high piezoelectric efficiency. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer offers excellent flexibility but suffers from limited piezoelectric performance. In this work, hierarchically porous PVDF structures with vertically aligned pores were fabricated via an eco-friendly ice-templating method with gradient cooling, by varying the PVDF concentration from 3 to 15 wt% to overcome these limitations. The calculated electroactive β-phase fraction of the piezoelectret with 15 wt% was 86.77%, which is significantly higher than the 72.63% value of the flat and dense PVDF sample. The piezoelectret PVDF device with 15 wt% generated a maximum electrical output of 35 V and a peak current of 1.1 μA under a constant force, which is significantly higher than that of a dense PVDF-based device. The electromechanical mechanism and the influence of internal porosity on the PVDF device were investigated using multiphysics simulations. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimentally observed output trends, confirming that the porous piezoelectret structure consistently outperforms the dense PVDF structure. In addition, the unidirectionally grown porous piezoelectret-based device can capture electrical signals under ambient conditions through the impact of falling water droplets, while also reducing organic residues in seawater and rainwater. This dual capability highlights the device as a promising candidate for self-sustained systems that unite energy harvesting with water purification, and points to its potential use in portable purification, field deployable monitoring, and other environmentally relevant applications.
{"title":"Unidirectional porous PVDF Piezoelectrets fabricated via gradient ice-templating for enhanced energy harvesting performance","authors":"HyoMin Jeon , Seo Young Yoon , Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri , Momanyi Amos Okirigiti , HakSu Jang , Changyeon Baek , Tiandong Zhang , Geon-Tae Hwang , Min-Ku Lee , Gyoung-Ja Lee , Kwi-Il Park","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01888","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Next-generation energy systems require a device that can deliver flexibility and high piezoelectric efficiency. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer offers excellent flexibility but suffers from limited piezoelectric performance. In this work, hierarchically porous PVDF structures with vertically aligned pores were fabricated via an eco-friendly ice-templating method with gradient cooling, by varying the PVDF concentration from 3 to 15 wt% to overcome these limitations. The calculated electroactive β-phase fraction of the piezoelectret with 15 wt% was 86.77%, which is significantly higher than the 72.63% value of the flat and dense PVDF sample. The piezoelectret PVDF device with 15 wt% generated a maximum electrical output of 35 V and a peak current of 1.1 μA under a constant force, which is significantly higher than that of a dense PVDF-based device. The electromechanical mechanism and the influence of internal porosity on the PVDF device were investigated using multiphysics simulations. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimentally observed output trends, confirming that the porous piezoelectret structure consistently outperforms the dense PVDF structure. In addition, the unidirectionally grown porous piezoelectret-based device can capture electrical signals under ambient conditions through the impact of falling water droplets, while also reducing organic residues in seawater and rainwater. This dual capability highlights the device as a promising candidate for self-sustained systems that unite energy harvesting with water purification, and points to its potential use in portable purification, field deployable monitoring, and other environmentally relevant applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01888"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01886
Yujia Xie, Qi Li, Yuanqi Wu, Bowei Li, Xiaochao Sun, Zhaolong Su, Yu Liu
Poly (aryl ether ketone) (PAEK) is a widely utilized high-performance engineering thermoplastic, yet addressing its dependence on non-renewable petroleum sources and inherent lack of recyclability remains a critical issue. While strategies for bio-derived or degradable polymers exist, the corresponding exploration on high-performance PAEK resins persists largely unexplored. The efficient degradation of conventional PAEK necessitates demanding, hazardous, and cost-intensive conditions, primarily due to the exceptional bond energy, chemical inertness, and thermal stability imparted by their wholly aromatic backbone structures. Herein, we report a one-pot synthesis of a bio-based, degradable thermoplastic PAEK, which was achieved employing a novel bis-acetal-containing bisphenol monomer (VD) derived from bio-based precursors erythritol and vanillin. Incorporating a unique bicyclic acetal into the polymer backbone not only preserves its thermal stability but also enhances toughness and solubility, while endowing the material with degradability. The developed PVEK exhibits a homogeneous morphology, robust mechanical strength, excellent thermal stability, and outstanding solvent resistance. This polymer decomposes into harmless products under mildly heated, strongly acidic aqueous conditions, providing a promising plastic pollution mitigation strategy. To further verify its applicability, carbon fibre (CF)/PVEK composites were prepared followed by degradation of the resins to recover the CF. This protocol demonstrates a viable pathway towards controllable degradation of PAEK.
{"title":"High-performance, bio-based, degradable semi aromatic poly aryl ether ketone derived from nonlinear acetal structure","authors":"Yujia Xie, Qi Li, Yuanqi Wu, Bowei Li, Xiaochao Sun, Zhaolong Su, Yu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01886","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01886","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poly (aryl ether ketone) (PAEK) is a widely utilized high-performance engineering thermoplastic, yet addressing its dependence on non-renewable petroleum sources and inherent lack of recyclability remains a critical issue. While strategies for bio-derived or degradable polymers exist, the corresponding exploration on high-performance PAEK resins persists largely unexplored. The efficient degradation of conventional PAEK necessitates demanding, hazardous, and cost-intensive conditions, primarily due to the exceptional bond energy, chemical inertness, and thermal stability imparted by their wholly aromatic backbone structures. Herein, we report a one-pot synthesis of a bio-based, degradable thermoplastic PAEK, which was achieved employing a novel bis-acetal-containing bisphenol monomer (VD) derived from bio-based precursors erythritol and vanillin. Incorporating a unique bicyclic acetal into the polymer backbone not only preserves its thermal stability but also enhances toughness and solubility, while endowing the material with degradability. The developed PVEK exhibits a homogeneous morphology, robust mechanical strength, excellent thermal stability, and outstanding solvent resistance. This polymer decomposes into harmless products under mildly heated, strongly acidic aqueous conditions, providing a promising plastic pollution mitigation strategy. To further verify its applicability, carbon fibre (CF)/PVEK composites were prepared followed by degradation of the resins to recover the CF. This protocol demonstrates a viable pathway towards controllable degradation of PAEK.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01886"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01885
Jianing Wang , Linghua Yao , Shengbo Ge , Qiyu Zhang , Mashallah Rezakazemi , Jiachen Zuo , Lihua Cheng , Libo Zhang
Traditional furniture boards often use large amounts of adhesives, which leads to environmental pollution and cost increase. The development of adhesive-free boards from agricultural and forestry waste is beneficial for technological innovation in the furniture market and the promotion of greener development. This study proposes a strategy to enhance hydrogen bond interactions at the molecular, supramolecular, and inter fiber structural levels of lignocellulosic biomass fibers. Wheat straw, a typical agricultural waste, was selected as the raw material. Alkaline treatment was used to remove lignin from the fibers, followed by zinc chloride treatment to fully swell the cellulose components. Wet pressing was then employed to fabricate high-strength boards, establishing a process for producing self-adhesive boards from agricultural waste, named as WS-A-Zn. WS-A-Zn demonstrated a tensile strength of 12.42 MPa, an internal bonding strength of 0.749 MPa, a flexural strength of 26.366 MPa, and a flexural modulus of 2.963 GPa, which are much higher than the mechanical properties of untreated wheat straw samples (WS) under the same hot-pressing conditions. Among them, the tensile strength of WS-A-Zn is 47 times that of WS. In addition, this board exhibits remarkable water resistance, thermal stability, degradation resistance, and reusability. The life cycle assessment revealed that electricity consumption is the primary factor driving the environmental impact of producing wheat straw hot-pressed boards. In summary, this study offers important insights into the environmentally friendly production of adhesive-free boards for the furniture industry, the high-value utilization of agricultural and forestry waste, and the molecular-level improvements in biomass material properties.
传统的家具板往往使用大量的粘合剂，导致环境污染和成本增加。利用农林废弃物开发无胶粘剂板，有利于家具市场的技术创新，促进绿色发展。本研究提出了一种在木质纤维素生物质纤维的分子、超分子和纤维间结构水平上增强氢键相互作用的策略。以典型的农业废弃物麦秸为原料。采用碱性处理去除纤维中的木质素，再用氯化锌处理使纤维素组分充分膨胀。然后采用湿压法制造高强度板，建立了一种从农业废弃物中生产不干胶板的工艺，称为WS-A-Zn。在相同的热压条件下，WS- a - zn的抗拉强度为12.42 MPa，内部结合强度为0.749 MPa，抗弯强度为26.366 MPa，抗弯模量为2.963 GPa，远远高于未经处理的麦秸样品（WS）的力学性能。其中WS- a - zn的抗拉强度是WS的47倍。此外，该板还具有显著的耐水性、热稳定性、耐降解性和可重复使用性。生命周期评价表明，耗电量是麦草热压板生产对环境影响的主要因素。综上所述，本研究为家具行业无粘合剂板的环保生产、农业和林业废弃物的高价值利用以及生物质材料性能的分子水平改进提供了重要见解。
{"title":"Preparation and life cycle assessment of self-adhesive wheat straw board with wet hot-pressing by enhanced H-bonding","authors":"Jianing Wang , Linghua Yao , Shengbo Ge , Qiyu Zhang , Mashallah Rezakazemi , Jiachen Zuo , Lihua Cheng , Libo Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01885","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01885","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional furniture boards often use large amounts of adhesives, which leads to environmental pollution and cost increase. The development of adhesive-free boards from agricultural and forestry waste is beneficial for technological innovation in the furniture market and the promotion of greener development. This study proposes a strategy to enhance hydrogen bond interactions at the molecular, supramolecular, and inter fiber structural levels of lignocellulosic biomass fibers. Wheat straw, a typical agricultural waste, was selected as the raw material. Alkaline treatment was used to remove lignin from the fibers, followed by zinc chloride treatment to fully swell the cellulose components. Wet pressing was then employed to fabricate high-strength boards, establishing a process for producing self-adhesive boards from agricultural waste, named as WS-A-Zn. WS-A-Zn demonstrated a tensile strength of 12.42 MPa, an internal bonding strength of 0.749 MPa, a flexural strength of 26.366 MPa, and a flexural modulus of 2.963 GPa, which are much higher than the mechanical properties of untreated wheat straw samples (WS) under the same hot-pressing conditions. Among them, the tensile strength of WS-A-Zn is 47 times that of WS. In addition, this board exhibits remarkable water resistance, thermal stability, degradation resistance, and reusability. The life cycle assessment revealed that electricity consumption is the primary factor driving the environmental impact of producing wheat straw hot-pressed boards. In summary, this study offers important insights into the environmentally friendly production of adhesive-free boards for the furniture industry, the high-value utilization of agricultural and forestry waste, and the molecular-level improvements in biomass material properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01885"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01880
Rumeng Ye , Kai Tian , Yingzhe Xu , Jianbiao Peng , Xingbing He , Minjie Deng , Xueying Chu
Current studies involve excessively complex synthesis of metal-modified biochar for the adsorption of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC), focusing on the effects of a single strategy and neglecting systematic comparisons. For environmental sustainability, Fe₃O₄/MnOₓ-modified rice husk biochar (BC) was simply synthesized by impregnation-precipitation. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted on BC, Fe-modified (BC-Fe), and KMnO4-modified (BC-Mn) biochars to assess their TC removal efficiency. The mechanisms were investigated by FTIR, XRD, XPS, and UV–vis. Results demonstrated BC-Fe and BC-Mn exhibited significantly enhanced TC adsorption capacities compared with BC (170.06/266.94/132.86 mg/g, respectively). This improvement is attributed to increased specific surface area, refined microporous architecture, enriched O-containing functional groups, and the incorporation of Fe3O4/MnOx nanoparticles. Divergent adsorption behaviors were observed: BC-Fe operates through an endothermic process dominated by diffusion, pore filling, electrostatic adsorption, coordination interactions, and hydrogen bonding; this process is pH-sensitive and further promoted by the presence of SO42−, PO43− and CO32−ions. In contrast, BC-Mn exhibits a stable adsorption mechanism minimally affected by pH or ionic composition, combining diffusion, pore filling, and hydrogen bonding with catalytic oxidation (Mn (III), Mn (IV)) that disrupts and degrades the conjugated structure of TC. Fe/Mn-modified adsorption guides TC targeted remediation and rice husk sustainable utilization. By converting agricultural byproducts into high-performance environmental remediation materials, this study advances the ecological circular economy, realizing the dual value of waste recycling and pollution control.
{"title":"Valorization of rice husk biochar into Fe- and Mn-modified adsorbents: Contrasting mechanisms of metal oxides in tetracycline remediation","authors":"Rumeng Ye , Kai Tian , Yingzhe Xu , Jianbiao Peng , Xingbing He , Minjie Deng , Xueying Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01880","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01880","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Current studies involve excessively complex synthesis of metal-modified biochar for the adsorption of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC), focusing on the effects of a single strategy and neglecting systematic comparisons. For environmental sustainability, Fe₃O₄/MnOₓ-modified rice husk biochar (BC) was simply synthesized by impregnation-precipitation. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted on BC, Fe-modified (BC-Fe), and KMnO<sub>4</sub>-modified (BC-Mn) biochars to assess their TC removal efficiency. The mechanisms were investigated by FTIR, XRD, XPS, and UV–vis. Results demonstrated BC-Fe and BC-Mn exhibited significantly enhanced TC adsorption capacities compared with BC (170.06/266.94/132.86 mg/g, respectively). This improvement is attributed to increased specific surface area, refined microporous architecture, enriched O-containing functional groups, and the incorporation of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/MnO<sub>x</sub> nanoparticles. Divergent adsorption behaviors were observed: BC-Fe operates through an endothermic process dominated by diffusion, pore filling, electrostatic adsorption, coordination interactions, and hydrogen bonding; this process is pH-sensitive and further promoted by the presence of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3−</sup> and CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup>ions. In contrast, BC-Mn exhibits a stable adsorption mechanism minimally affected by pH or ionic composition, combining diffusion, pore filling, and hydrogen bonding with catalytic oxidation (Mn (III), Mn (IV)) that disrupts and degrades the conjugated structure of TC. Fe/Mn-modified adsorption guides TC targeted remediation and rice husk sustainable utilization. By converting agricultural byproducts into high-performance environmental remediation materials, this study advances the ecological circular economy, realizing the dual value of waste recycling and pollution control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01880"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01883
Tolga Ayzit, Alper Baba
The sustainable co-extraction of critical raw materials (CRMs) with renewable geothermal energy offers a dual pathway to support the circular economy and low-carbon transition. In this study, an integrated geochemical and mineralogical approach is used to comprehensively assess the recoverable lithium (Li) boron (B), strontium (Sr) and other critical raw materials in the geothermal reservoirs of the Dikili-Bergama region Türkiye. A geochemical analysis was carried out by systematic sampling and multi-element testing of geothermal water and reservoir rock. Hydrogeochemical studies of the geothermal fluids indicated the presence of remarkable concentrations of B (4.6 ppm), Sr (2.8 ppm) and Li (1.2 ppm), suggesting the possibility of active leaching processes in the deposit. Mineralogical studies using X-ray diffraction (XRD) have revealed a number of secondary mineral phases, such as quartz and labradorite, indicating the interaction between water and rock. These interactions affect not only the permeability and porosity of the deposit, but also the mobilization and precipitation of CRMs. A techno-economic analysis will be used to identify potential synergies that could improve the economic feasibility of geothermal projects in the region. The Monte Carlo simulation has shown that the Dikili-Bergama geothermal reservoirs have a potential of ∼712 tons of Li. In this study, the CRM potential that emerged during the geothermal energy exploitation process in the region was calculated. The temporality and the process of obtaining are completely related to the extraction technology. This offers the dual benefit of renewable energy and strategic mineral extraction, contributing to sustainable resource management in volcanic environments.
{"title":"Sustainable recovery of critical raw materials from geothermal igneous systems: Geochemical, mineralogical, and techno-economic insights from the Dikili-Bergama field (Western Anatolia, Türkiye)","authors":"Tolga Ayzit, Alper Baba","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sustainable co-extraction of critical raw materials (CRMs) with renewable geothermal energy offers a dual pathway to support the circular economy and low-carbon transition. In this study, an integrated geochemical and mineralogical approach is used to comprehensively assess the recoverable lithium (Li) boron (B), strontium (Sr) and other critical raw materials in the geothermal reservoirs of the Dikili-Bergama region Türkiye. A geochemical analysis was carried out by systematic sampling and multi-element testing of geothermal water and reservoir rock. Hydrogeochemical studies of the geothermal fluids indicated the presence of remarkable concentrations of B (4.6 ppm), Sr (2.8 ppm) and Li (1.2 ppm), suggesting the possibility of active leaching processes in the deposit. Mineralogical studies using X-ray diffraction (XRD) have revealed a number of secondary mineral phases, such as quartz and labradorite, indicating the interaction between water and rock. These interactions affect not only the permeability and porosity of the deposit, but also the mobilization and precipitation of CRMs. A techno-economic analysis will be used to identify potential synergies that could improve the economic feasibility of geothermal projects in the region. The Monte Carlo simulation has shown that the Dikili-Bergama geothermal reservoirs have a potential of ∼712 tons of Li. In this study, the CRM potential that emerged during the geothermal energy exploitation process in the region was calculated. The temporality and the process of obtaining are completely related to the extraction technology. This offers the dual benefit of renewable energy and strategic mineral extraction, contributing to sustainable resource management in volcanic environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01883"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01884
Mengxian Wang , Nan Xie
The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)-based hydrogen-power cogeneration is seen as a clean and efficient energy conversion and storage technology. This research investigates an SOFC-based hydrogen-electricity cogeneration system coupled with the copper‑chlorine cycle. The life cycle assessment is conducted to analyze its environmental impact and key factors of this system. Based on the EF3.0 method, the consumption of raw materials and resources, and emissions to the environment, are obtained during different stages. The environmental performance is comprehensively evaluated using 16 environmental indicators. The results show that the system demonstrates significant energy conservation and carbon reduction capabilities throughout its life cycle, mainly due to the synergy of the efficient power generation of SOFC and the copper‑chlorine cycle in the use phase. In general, the proposed system achieves a reduction in carbon emissions of 1.21 × 109 kg CO2 eq. The integration of SOFC and the copper‑chlorine cycle presents obvious advantages in the context of carbon neutrality. The climate change indicator of −2.34 × 107 kg CO2 eq, the resource use indicator of −2.31 × 1011 kg Sb eq, and the acidification indicator of −3.16 × 1011 Mole H+ eq achieve the greatest improvements. This study provides a scientific basis for the design and policy-making of clean hydrogen production processes.
基于固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）的氢能热电联产是一种清洁、高效的能源转换和储存技术。本研究研究了一种基于sofc的与铜氯循环耦合的氢-电热电联产系统。对该系统进行生命周期评价，分析其环境影响及关键因素。基于EF3.0方法，得到了不同阶段的原材料和资源消耗以及对环境的排放。环境绩效采用16项环境指标进行综合评价。结果表明，该系统在整个生命周期内表现出显著的节能减碳能力，这主要是由于SOFC的高效发电和铜氯循环在使用阶段的协同作用。总的来说，该系统实现了1.21 × 109 kg CO2当量的碳减排。SOFC和铜氯循环的整合在碳中和的背景下具有明显的优势。气候变化指标为−2.34 × 107 kg CO2 eq，资源利用指标为−2.31 × 1011 kg Sb eq，酸化指标为−3.16 × 1011 mol H+ eq，改善幅度最大。该研究为清洁制氢工艺的设计和决策提供了科学依据。
{"title":"Life cycle assessment of a SOFC-based hydrogen-electricity cogeneration system featuring the CuCl cycle","authors":"Mengxian Wang , Nan Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01884","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)-based hydrogen-power cogeneration is seen as a clean and efficient energy conversion and storage technology. This research investigates an SOFC-based hydrogen-electricity cogeneration system coupled with the copper‑chlorine cycle. The life cycle assessment is conducted to analyze its environmental impact and key factors of this system. Based on the EF3.0 method, the consumption of raw materials and resources, and emissions to the environment, are obtained during different stages. The environmental performance is comprehensively evaluated using 16 environmental indicators. The results show that the system demonstrates significant energy conservation and carbon reduction capabilities throughout its life cycle, mainly due to the synergy of the efficient power generation of SOFC and the copper‑chlorine cycle in the use phase. In general, the proposed system achieves a reduction in carbon emissions of 1.21 × 10<sup>9</sup> kg CO<sub>2</sub> eq. The integration of SOFC and the copper‑chlorine cycle presents obvious advantages in the context of carbon neutrality. The climate change indicator of −2.34 × 10<sup>7</sup> kg CO<sub>2</sub> eq, the resource use indicator of −2.31 × 10<sup>11</sup> kg Sb eq, and the acidification indicator of −3.16 × 10<sup>11</sup> Mole H<sup>+</sup> eq achieve the greatest improvements. This study provides a scientific basis for the design and policy-making of clean hydrogen production processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01884"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01882
Yuan Li , Hongnan Sun , Taihua Mu , Marco Garcia-Vaquero
This study aims to optimize, scale-up and assess the economic feasibility of mechanical nanofibrillation strategies (high-pressure homogenization and ball milling) to generate high-quality cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from delignified sweet potato vines biomass, utilizing γ-valerolactone/water (GVL/H2O), while comprehensively analyzing the physicochemical, structural characteristics and appearance morphology of CNFs. Sequential parametric optimization allowed to determine optimum high-pressure homogenization (40 MPa, 4 cycles) and ball milling (60 Hz, 100 min) processing conditions. CNF by high-pressure homogenization achieved yields of 22.60 %, zeta potential of −27.23 mV, and average diameter of 23.66 nm; while ball milling yielded 19.74 % of CNF with zeta potential of −25.83 mV, and average diameter of 22.25 nm. The scale-up of high-pressure homogenization conditions at pilot scale generated yields of 21.90 % CNFs with consistent nanofibril morphology (19.81 nm average diameter). Moreover, comprehensive characterization revealed all CNFs exhibited superior thermal stability (>314 °C), enhanced crystallinity, and improved hydrophilicity compared to commercial CNFs. Techno-economic analysis of the pilot scale method under 2 different scenarios, recovering lignin and solvent or not. This analysis confirmed higher long-term profitability of the scenario recovering the compounds, despite the relatively higher initial investment, with a higher net present value ($485.82 million) and return on investment (57.24 %). Through the implementation of recyclable solvent-based biomass pretreatment, optimization of biorefining processes, pilot-scale validation, and techno-economic analysis, this study establishes a comprehensive green and sustainable biorefinery model for effectively converting agricultural waste into high-value nanomaterials, providing an economically feasible model for large-scale production of CNFs.
{"title":"Optimization, pilot scale production and techno-economic assessment of nano fibrillation strategies of cellulose from γ-valerolactone delignified sweet potato vines","authors":"Yuan Li , Hongnan Sun , Taihua Mu , Marco Garcia-Vaquero","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01882","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to optimize, scale-up and assess the economic feasibility of mechanical nanofibrillation strategies (high-pressure homogenization and ball milling) to generate high-quality cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from delignified sweet potato vines biomass, utilizing γ-valerolactone/water (GVL/H<sub>2</sub>O), while comprehensively analyzing the physicochemical, structural characteristics and appearance morphology of CNFs. Sequential parametric optimization allowed to determine optimum high-pressure homogenization (40 MPa, 4 cycles) and ball milling (60 Hz, 100 min) processing conditions. CNF by high-pressure homogenization achieved yields of 22.60 %, zeta potential of −27.23 mV, and average diameter of 23.66 nm; while ball milling yielded 19.74 % of CNF with zeta potential of −25.83 mV, and average diameter of 22.25 nm. The scale-up of high-pressure homogenization conditions at pilot scale generated yields of 21.90 % CNFs with consistent nanofibril morphology (19.81 nm average diameter). Moreover, comprehensive characterization revealed all CNFs exhibited superior thermal stability (>314 °C), enhanced crystallinity, and improved hydrophilicity compared to commercial CNFs. Techno-economic analysis of the pilot scale method under 2 different scenarios, recovering lignin and solvent or not. This analysis confirmed higher long-term profitability of the scenario recovering the compounds, despite the relatively higher initial investment, with a higher net present value ($485.82 million) and return on investment (57.24 %). Through the implementation of recyclable solvent-based biomass pretreatment, optimization of biorefining processes, pilot-scale validation, and techno-economic analysis, this study establishes a comprehensive green and sustainable biorefinery model for effectively converting agricultural waste into high-value nanomaterials, providing an economically feasible model for large-scale production of CNFs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01882"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A relative life cycle assessment (LCA) is conducted for mortar mixes formulated by including flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum, fly ash and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as binding agents using cradle-to-gate approach by scaling up laboratory size life cycle inventory. Construction is a crucial sector for the sustainable development of Asian countries, as it is increasingly required to transition towards the use of novel ecological mortars. The construction industry is characterised by a significant use of energy and the manufacturing of cement is a major contributor to global environmental pollution. By-products generated by coal fired power plants show potential as a sustainable substitute for cement in mortar. LCA is utilised to measure the potential environmental effects on various indicators including acidification, climate change-global warming potential, ecotoxicity (freshwater, marine, terrestrial), energy resources: non-renewable-abiotic depletion potential: fossil fuels, eutrophication, human toxicity, material resources: metals/minerals-abiotic depletion potential: elements (ultimate reserves), ozone layer depletion and photochemical oxidation of developed mortars. FGD gypsum-Fly ash-Cement (FFC) mortar performs better than Cement mortar (C) in all evaluated environmental impacts. Relative LCA study of sustainable FFC and C mortar mix production was performed using the ecoinvent - CML v4.8 2016 method. Global warming potential of the developed FFC mortar is found to be −3.75972e-1Kg CO2-Eq. Primary areas of concern are the transportation infrastructure and the usage of fossil fuels in the production of FGD gypsum, fly ash and cement. Substituting natural gas for non-renewable mineral coke will result in a decrease in the overall environmental impacts. Based on the conducted LCA, it has been determined that all the environmental indicators of FFC mortar are considerably lower than those of cement mortar with similar strength. Utilising sustainable FFC mortar will substantially decrease the extraction of non-renewable resources, resulting in a decrease in environmental impacts.
{"title":"Relative life cycle assessment of mortar mixes incorporating industrial by-products flue gas desulfurization gypsum and fly ash via cradle-to-gate approach","authors":"Payal Bakshi , Soumitra Maiti , Aakriti , Neeraj Jain","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01870","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01870","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A relative life cycle assessment (LCA) is conducted for mortar mixes formulated by including flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum, fly ash and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as binding agents using cradle-to-gate approach by scaling up laboratory size life cycle inventory. Construction is a crucial sector for the sustainable development of Asian countries, as it is increasingly required to transition towards the use of novel ecological mortars. The construction industry is characterised by a significant use of energy and the manufacturing of cement is a major contributor to global environmental pollution. By-products generated by coal fired power plants show potential as a sustainable substitute for cement in mortar. LCA is utilised to measure the potential environmental effects on various indicators including acidification, climate change-global warming potential, ecotoxicity (freshwater, marine, terrestrial), energy resources: non-renewable-abiotic depletion potential: fossil fuels, eutrophication, human toxicity, material resources: metals/minerals-abiotic depletion potential: elements (ultimate reserves), ozone layer depletion and photochemical oxidation of developed mortars. FGD gypsum-Fly ash-Cement (FFC) mortar performs better than Cement mortar (C) in all evaluated environmental impacts. Relative LCA study of sustainable FFC and C mortar mix production was performed using the ecoinvent - CML v4.8 2016 method. Global warming potential of the developed FFC mortar is found to be −3.75972e-1Kg CO<sub>2</sub>-Eq. Primary areas of concern are the transportation infrastructure and the usage of fossil fuels in the production of FGD gypsum, fly ash and cement. Substituting natural gas for non-renewable mineral coke will result in a decrease in the overall environmental impacts. Based on the conducted LCA, it has been determined that all the environmental indicators of FFC mortar are considerably lower than those of cement mortar with similar strength. Utilising sustainable FFC mortar will substantially decrease the extraction of non-renewable resources, resulting in a decrease in environmental impacts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01870"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) produced from high-grade clays calcined at optimum temperatures demonstrates superior performance, while the utilisation of low-grade clays remains limited due to their reduced reactivity. To tackle this limitation, this study introduces an innovative multi-activation strategy that integrates calcination with simultaneous mechanical or chemical activation. Two clays with distinct kaolinite contents were subjected to this hybrid activation process, which were characterised using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and modified Chapelle and R3 tests. Subsequently, two grades of LC3 mortar were prepared from the activated clays, and their hydration kinetics and strength development were evaluated up to 90 d. Results indicated that thermomechanical activation significantly enhanced the pozzolanic reactivity of both clays, leading to higher heat release and strength development, particularly for LG-based LC3. Specifically, it showed a 35.5% increase in strength at 28-days compared to 7-day strength, while HG-based LC3 exhibited a 46.5% increase. In contrast, thermochemical activation resulted in the formation of zeolitic phases that adversely affected reactivity, and thus there was reduction in bound water content and Ca(OH)2 consumption for both clays, 15.3% and 17.9%, respectively as compared to thermal activation. Overall, thermomechanical activation demonstrated superior potential for improving the performance of low-grade clays, Finally, correlation matrices were established to link clay reactivity with strength development. Furthermore, a schematic model illustrating reactivity mechanisms under different activation strategies was proposed and verified through XRD and TGA analyses.
{"title":"Synergistic mechanical and chemical activation of kaolin clays for enhanced reactivity in limestone calcined clay cement (LC3)","authors":"Khuram Rashid , Nosheen Blouch , Miral Fatima , Mingzhong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01876","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2026.e01876","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Limestone calcined clay cement (LC<sup>3</sup>) produced from high-grade clays calcined at optimum temperatures demonstrates superior performance, while the utilisation of low-grade clays remains limited due to their reduced reactivity. To tackle this limitation, this study introduces an innovative multi-activation strategy that integrates calcination with simultaneous mechanical or chemical activation. Two clays with distinct kaolinite contents were subjected to this hybrid activation process, which were characterised using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and modified Chapelle and R<sup>3</sup> tests. Subsequently, two grades of LC<sup>3</sup> mortar were prepared from the activated clays, and their hydration kinetics and strength development were evaluated up to 90 d. Results indicated that thermomechanical activation significantly enhanced the pozzolanic reactivity of both clays, leading to higher heat release and strength development, particularly for LG-based LC<sup>3</sup>. Specifically, it showed a 35.5% increase in strength at 28-days compared to 7-day strength, while HG-based LC<sup>3</sup> exhibited a 46.5% increase. In contrast, thermochemical activation resulted in the formation of zeolitic phases that adversely affected reactivity, and thus there was reduction in bound water content and Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> consumption for both clays, 15.3% and 17.9%, respectively as compared to thermal activation. Overall, thermomechanical activation demonstrated superior potential for improving the performance of low-grade clays, Finally, correlation matrices were established to link clay reactivity with strength development. Furthermore, a schematic model illustrating reactivity mechanisms under different activation strategies was proposed and verified through XRD and TGA analyses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01876"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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