Sustainable Materials and Technologies最新文献_第3页

Synthesis of a green, efficient and sustainable B/P/N ternary flame retardant 绿色、高效、可持续的B/P/N三元阻燃剂的合成

IF 9.2 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Materials and Technologies

Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01847

Fengying Lan , Gongze Ji , Chen Chen , Jiaxi Luan , Chaohong Dong , Zhou Lu

Aiming at addressing the flammability of cotton fabrics and the environmental concerns associated with traditional halogenated flame retardants, this study designed a novel, efficient, and sustainable flame retardant (BTPN) based on a halogen-free B/P/N ternary integrates system. BTPN was sustainably applied to cotton fabrics through chemical grafting, leveraging non-toxic and readily available materials such as boric acid and urea. The experimental data showed that the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the BTPN-treated cotton fabric was significantly increased from 18 % to 48.5 % at a weight gain (WG) of 21.8 %, and still reached 35.6 % after 50 washing cycles (LCs), which provided excellent flame retardancy and water washing resistance. Cone Calorimetry Test (CCT) shows that the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) are reduced by 90.7 % and 45.6 % respectively, which effectively inhibits the spread of combustion. Thermogravimetric test (TG) showed that the residual char of cotton fabric was enhanced from 6.22 % to 18.14 % and from 12.28 % to 39.8 % in air atmosphere and nitrogen atmosphere, respectively, at 740 °C. SEM and XPS analyses showed that a dense char layer was formed on the surface of the fiber after combustion, and stable structures, such as P-O-P and B-O-B, were detected, which indicated that the B, P, and N elements in BTPN collectively contributed to catalytic dehydration and char formation, thereby playing a flame retardant role. Finally, the potential flame retardant mechanisms of BTPN in the gas and condensed phases, respectively, were comprehensively analysed. This work not only introduces a high-performance flame retardant (BTPN) but also offers a green and sustainable strategy for enhancing the fire safety of textiles, demonstrating significant potential for practical and environmentally conscious applications.

针对棉织物的易燃性和传统卤代阻燃剂对环境的影响，设计了一种新型、高效、可持续的基于无卤B/P/N三元体系的阻燃剂。利用硼酸和尿素等无毒易得的材料，通过化学接枝将BTPN可持续地应用于棉织物。实验数据表明，经btpn处理的棉织物在增重21.8%时，极限氧指数（LOI）由18%显著提高至48.5%，洗涤50次后仍可达到35.6%，具有良好的阻燃性和耐水洗性能。锥量热测试（CCT）结果表明，燃烧后的峰值放热率（pHRR）和总放热率（THR）分别降低了90.7%和45.6%，有效抑制了燃烧的蔓延。热重测试（TG）结果表明，在740℃的空气气氛和氮气气氛中，棉织物的残余炭含量分别从6.22%提高到18.14%和12.28%提高到39.8%。SEM和XPS分析表明，燃烧后纤维表面形成致密的炭层，并检测到P- o -P和B- o -B等稳定结构，说明BTPN中的B、P、N元素共同参与了催化脱水和炭的形成，从而起到阻燃作用。最后，对BTPN在气相和凝聚相中的潜在阻燃机理进行了综合分析。这项工作不仅介绍了一种高性能阻燃剂（BTPN），而且为提高纺织品的防火安全提供了一种绿色和可持续的策略，展示了实际和环保应用的巨大潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Utilization potential of industrial residue from toluene diisocyanate purification in asphalt mixture: engineering and environmental impacts 甲苯二异氰酸酯净化工业渣在沥青混合料中的利用潜力：工程和环境影响

IF 9.2 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Materials and Technologies

Pub Date : 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01842

Bei Jiang , Xin Xiao , Hui Yu , Zhong Cao , Hongchu Shi , Feipeng Xiao

Waste residues from the toluene diisocyanate (TDI) industry, specifically polymeric toluene diisocyanate (P-TDI), circulate in asphalt mixtures as a response to challenges of P-TDI treatment and decarbonization. In this study, P-TDI was pretreated and blended with asphalt by considering its characteristics and economics. The stabilization and environmental risk of P-TDI modified asphalt was explored by the extraction procedure for leaching toxicity. Laboratory results indicate that P-TDI improves high temperature performance and adhesion strength of asphalt mixtures, and increase dynamic stability by up to 60 %. The volume replacement rate of P-TDI does not exceed 5 % with less impact on moisture susceptibility. Porous structure and smooth surface of P-TDI are attribute to the properties of asphalt mixtures without chemical reaction. Most of heavy metals and potential organic contaminants in P-TDI could be well stabilized by asphalt. Therefore, P-TDI has a high potential to achieve circulation in asphalt mixtures.

甲苯二异氰酸酯（TDI）工业的废渣，特别是聚合甲苯二异氰酸酯（P-TDI），作为对P-TDI处理和脱碳挑战的回应，在沥青混合物中循环。本研究综合考虑P-TDI的特性和经济性，对其进行预处理并与沥青混合。通过对P-TDI改性沥青浸出毒性的研究，探讨了其稳定性和环境风险。实验结果表明，P-TDI提高了沥青混合料的高温性能和粘接强度，并使其动态稳定性提高了60%。P-TDI的体积替代率不超过5%，对湿敏感性影响较小。P-TDI的多孔结构和表面光滑是沥青混合料未经化学反应的特性决定的。沥青能很好地稳定P-TDI中的大部分重金属和潜在的有机污染物。因此，P-TDI在沥青混合料中具有很高的循环潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Gradient heterostructured titanium nitride/carbide for enhanced stability and efficiency in hydrogen evolution reaction 梯度异质结构氮化钛/碳化物增强析氢反应的稳定性和效率

IF 9.2 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Materials and Technologies

Pub Date : 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01846

Gi-Nam Bae , Ngoc Minh Tran , Sangmin Jeong , Cheol-Min Park , Ki-Joon Jeon

The development of efficient and durable multifunctional water splitting catalysts is essential for advancing hydrogen production in the energy industry. Herein, Ti-based carbide and nitride (Ti-C/N-(x), where x refers to the C/N atomic ratio) heterostructures with a controlled compositional gradient were synthesized via chemical vapor deposition, forming a structure with both heterostructure and vertical C/N gradients. Among the synthesized samples, Ti-C/N-(1.2) with a C-rich surface and a distinct vertical gradient was identified as the optimal composition in terms of electrochemical hydrogen evolution and durability. The combined effect of the heterostructure and compositional gradient was most effectively realized in Ti-C/N-(1.2). Moreover, Ti-C/N-(1.2) demonstrated remarkable durability for hydrogen evolution reaction, maintaining stability for 48 h at a current density of −100 mA cm⁻² in universal pH electrolytes. Importantly, a two-electrode electrolysis system utilizing a Ti-C/N-(1.2) cathode achieved outstanding long-term stability, operating for 1170 h at a current density of −100 mA cm⁻² in artificial seawater solution. These results establish Ti-C/N-(x) as a promising electrocatalyst for sustainable hydrogen production, demonstrating exceptional durability and efficiency across diverse electrochemical applications.

开发高效、耐用的多功能水裂解催化剂是推进能源工业制氢的必要条件。本文通过化学气相沉积法合成了具有可控成分梯度的ti基碳化物和氮化物（Ti-C/N-(x)，其中x为C/N原子比）异质结构，形成了具有异质结构和垂直C/N梯度的结构。在合成的样品中，具有富c表面和明显垂直梯度的Ti-C/N-(1.2)在电化学析氢和耐久性方面被确定为最佳组成。异质结构和成分梯度的联合作用在Ti-C/N-(1.2)中得到了最有效的实现。此外，Ti-C/N-(1.2)在析氢反应中表现出显著的耐久性，在通用pH电解质中，在−100 mA cm−2的电流密度下保持48小时的稳定性。重要的是，采用Ti-C/N-(1.2)阴极的双电极电解系统实现了出色的长期稳定性，在人工海水溶液中以−100 mA cm−2的电流密度运行1170小时。这些结果表明Ti-C/N-(x)是一种很有前途的可持续制氢电催化剂，在各种电化学应用中表现出卓越的耐用性和效率。

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引用次数: 0

Highly hard water tolerant bio-based non-ionic surfactant with strong stain removal efficiency for household cleaning 高度耐硬水的生物基非离子表面活性剂，具有很强的污渍去除效率，适用于家庭清洁

IF 9.2 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Materials and Technologies

Pub Date : 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01845

Homely Isaya Mtui , Shi-Zhong Yang , Bo-Zhong Mu

Surfactants are widely used, especially in the cleaning industry; however, most commercial options remain petrochemical-based, raising concerns due to their non-renewability, toxicity, high dosage requirements, and poor biodegradability. This has intensified the search for sustainable, eco-friendly alternatives. To achieve this appealing solution, this study designed and developed a novel N-(2-(2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanamido)ethyl)palmitamide (PHHAEPA) bio-based non-ionic surfactant from renewable δ-gluconolactone (a sugar-based material) and methyl palmitate (derived from waste triglycerides) through a simple and efficient method. The amide intermediate and final surfactant products were structurally characterized using GC/FID, HPLC, FT-IR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. In additive-free systems, the PHHAEPA sugar-based surfactant decreased the surface tension of deionized water to 23.153 mN/m at a very low critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 4.559 × 10⁻⁵ mol/L. It exhibited strong tolerance to Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions up to 1.0 × 10⁵ and 5 × 10⁴ mg/L, respectively. At 0.1 % (w/w), it also exhibited high cleaning efficiency, removing an average of 73 % of various stains from white cloth. Furthermore, it showed strong stabilization of oil-water Pickering emulsions, high foamability and foam stability, excellent wettability, high biodegradability, and low toxicity. These findings substantiate our hypothesis that PHHAEPA sugar-based non-ionic surfactant in additive-free formulations represents a safe and sustainable alternative to petrochemical ones, exhibiting high stain-removal efficiency at low dosages even under harsh environmental conditions.

表面活性剂的应用非常广泛，特别是在清洁行业；然而，大多数商业选择仍然以石化为基础，由于其不可再生性、毒性、高剂量要求和生物降解性差，引起了人们的关注。这加强了对可持续、环保替代品的探索。为了实现这一理想的解决方案，本研究以可再生的δ-葡萄糖酸内酯（糖基材料）和棕榈酸甲酯（来源于废甘油三酯）为原料，通过简单有效的方法设计并开发了一种新型的N-（2-（2,3,4,5,6-五羟基己胺）乙基）棕榈酰胺（PHHAEPA）生物基非离子表面活性剂。采用GC/FID、HPLC、FT-IR、1H NMR和13C NMR对酰胺中间体和最终表面活性剂产物进行了结构表征。在无添加剂体系中，PHHAEPA糖基表面活性剂将去离子水的表面张力降低到23.153 mN/m，临界胶束浓度（CMC）为4.559 × 10−5 mol/L。对Ca2+和Mg2+离子的耐受性分别为1.0 × 105和5 × 104 mg/L。在0.1% （w/w）时，它也表现出很高的清洁效率，平均去除白布上73%的各种污渍。此外，它还具有较强的油水酸洗乳稳定性、高起泡性和泡沫稳定性、优异的润湿性、高生物降解性和低毒性。这些发现证实了我们的假设，即PHHAEPA糖基非离子表面活性剂在无添加剂配方中代表了一种安全且可持续的石化产品替代品，即使在恶劣的环境条件下，也能在低剂量下表现出高的除污效率。

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引用次数: 0

Extremely durable integrated metallic micromesh for multifunctional transparent electromagnetic interference shielding 极为耐用的集成金属微网，用于多功能透明电磁干扰屏蔽

IF 9.2 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Materials and Technologies

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01844

Wei Xie , Yu Yan , Mengqi Tian , Zeqi Nie , Yapeng Zhang , Yige Xiong , Zhengwen Shuang , Jianhua Li , Guangzhao Qin , Huigao Duan , Guanhua Zhang

The escalating threat of electromagnetic pollution demands advanced electromagnetic shielding structures that simultaneously deliver optical transparency and environmental adaptability for mission-critical optoelectronic systems. Unfortunately, most transparent conductive materials are sensitive to extreme environmental conditions and are prone to oxidation and corrosion, resulting in structural degradation and eventual failure. Balancing high-efficiency electromagnetic shielding with exceptional optical transmittance under extreme operating circumstances remains a critical challenge. Herein, we present an innovative copper micromesh architecture with quasi-periodic ring-nested array structure conformally integrated with Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ protective layers (CM@AT). By reasonable structural design and optimization, the CM@AT film exhibits superior optical transmittance (T₅₅₀ = 86.2 %), low sheet resistance (Rs = 0.073 Ω sq⁻¹), excellent shielding effectiveness of 28.9 dB. It also offers remarkable mechanical durability (99 % conductivity retention after 18,000 bending cycles). Furthermore, atomic-layer-deposited Al₂O₃/TiO₂ nanolaminates afford the CM@AT film great extreme environmental durability in various harsh environments, such as extreme low and high temperature shock (−80 °C to 400 °C), and strong acid/alkali/salt corrosion resistance. Additionally, as a transparent heater, it exceeds 100 °C within 60 s (2 V DC), and demonstrates high thermal stability at saturation temperatures. The transparent multifunctional electromagnetic shielding film holds great potential for optoelectronic equipment.

不断升级的电磁污染威胁需要先进的电磁屏蔽结构，同时为关键任务光电系统提供光学透明度和环境适应性。不幸的是，大多数透明导电材料对极端环境条件很敏感，容易氧化和腐蚀，导致结构退化和最终失效。在极端工作环境下平衡高效电磁屏蔽和特殊的光透射率仍然是一个关键的挑战。在此，我们提出了一种创新的铜微网结构，其准周期性环状嵌套阵列结构与Al2O3和TiO2保护层共形集成（CM@AT）。通过合理的结构设计和优化，CM@AT薄膜具有优异的透光率（T550 = 86.2%）、低片材电阻（Rs = 0.073 Ω sq−1）和28.9 dB的优异屏蔽效果。它还具有卓越的机械耐久性（18000次弯曲循环后99%的导电性保持）。此外，原子层沉积的Al2O3/TiO2纳米层材料使CM@AT薄膜在各种恶劣环境下具有极高的环境耐久性，例如极低和高温冲击（- 80°C至400°C），以及很强的酸/碱/盐耐腐蚀性。此外，作为透明加热器，它在60秒内（2 V DC）超过100°C，并且在饱和温度下具有很高的热稳定性。透明多功能电磁屏蔽膜在光电设备上具有很大的应用潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing the electrochemical performances of sodium-ion battery dry-processed anodes by designing a binary conductive network 通过设计二元导电网络来提高钠离子电池干法阳极的电化学性能

IF 9.2 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Materials and Technologies

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01843

Hongquan Gao , Zhifei Song , Haoran Li, Quan Liao, Suhui Wang, Tong Wu, Haitao Zhou, Jianchun Wu

Dry-processed hard carbon anodes promise to significantly enhance the energy density of sodium-ion batteries, meeting the demands of next-generation, low-cost, high-performance sodium-ion batteries. It is still highly demanding to optimize the conductive agents of dry-processed electrodes to improve the rate performance of thick electrodes. We constructed a “point-line” synergistic conductive network using carbon nanotubes and Super P binary conductive agent within the anode active material by a semi-dry process of fiberization. The “point-line” synergistic conductive network structure effectively enhances the electrode's electrical conductivity and sodium storage capacitance processes, as well as sodium-ion diffusion coefficients, resulting in faster electrochemical kinetics. The rigid network structure formed by the conductive agent and fibrillated polytetrafluoroethylene strengthens the electrode's mechanical tensile strength, suppresses electrode volume expansion, facilitates the formation of a superior solid electrolyte interphase film, and ultimately promotes cycling stability. The reaction between the conductive agent and polytetrafluoroethylene reveals a novel mechanism involving the reaction of oxygen-containing functional groups with CF radicals. The half-cells with the dry-processed hard carbon anodes incorporating this binary conductive agent, even at a high loading of 20.1 mg/cm², could maintain a stable areal capacity of 4.5 mAh/cm² over 25 cycles. The full cells with dry-processed hard carbon anodes exhibit a discharge capacity retention of 73.06 % at 3C compared to that at 0.3C, and 83.0 % capacity retention after 500 cycles at 0.5C, demonstrating excellent rate and cycling performance. We believe that this work provides a new strategy for designing a “point-line” synergistic conductive network in dry-processed electrodes to develop high-performance sodium-ion batteries for commercial applications.

干处理硬碳阳极有望显著提高钠离子电池的能量密度，满足下一代低成本、高性能钠离子电池的需求。为了提高厚电极的速率性能，对干法电极的导电剂进行优化仍然是一个很高的要求。利用碳纳米管和Super P二元导电剂在阳极活性材料内采用半干法纤维化工艺构建了“点-线”协同导电网络。“点-线”协同导电网络结构有效地提高了电极的电导率和钠存储电容过程，以及钠离子扩散系数，从而加快了电化学动力学。导电剂与纤化聚四氟乙烯形成的刚性网络结构增强了电极的机械拉伸强度，抑制了电极体积膨胀，有利于形成优越的固体电解质间相膜，最终促进循环稳定性。导电剂与聚四氟乙烯的反应揭示了含氧官能团与CF自由基反应的新机制。在含有这种二元导电剂的干处理硬碳阳极的半电池中，即使在20.1 mg/cm2的高负载下，也可以在25次循环中保持4.5 mAh/cm2的稳定面积容量。采用干法处理的硬质碳阳极的全电池在3C下的放电容量保持率为73.06%，而在0.5C下循环500次后的放电容量保持率为83.0%，表现出优异的倍率和循环性能。我们相信，这项工作为在干加工电极中设计“点线”协同导电网络提供了一种新的策略，以开发用于商业应用的高性能钠离子电池。

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引用次数: 0

Synergistic enhancement of CO2-curing and fiber-reinforcement for developing sustainable recycled aggregate concrete with superior toughness and micro-structure 二氧化碳固化与纤维增强协同增强，开发具有优异韧性和微结构的可持续再生骨料混凝土

IF 9.2 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Materials and Technologies

Pub Date : 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01841

Changqing Wang , Jiaqi Jiao , Youchao Zhang , Huixia Wu , Zhiming Ma

The growing demand for sustainable construction materials has driven the application of carbonation modification and steel fiber reinforcement to enhance the performance and environmental benefits of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). This study employs in-situ CT scanning and mechanical testing to systematically analyze the mechanical behavior, microstructural evolution, and engineering applicability of carbonated modified fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete (CM-FR-RAC). Results indicate that carbonation modification significantly improves compressive strength (by ∼28 %) and toughness (by ∼35 %) while substantially reducing porosity and promoting CO₂ sequestration. Steel fibers effectively inhibit crack propagation, optimize pore structure, and enhance durability and load-bearing capacity. Additionally, predictive models for mechanical and microstructural properties under varying fiber contents were proposed and validated, demonstrating excellent fitting accuracy and engineering relevance. CM-FR-RAC emerges as a promising low-carbon, high-performance construction material.

对可持续建筑材料日益增长的需求推动了碳化改性和钢纤维增强的应用，以提高再生骨料混凝土（RAC）的性能和环境效益。本研究采用原位CT扫描与力学试验相结合的方法，系统分析碳化改性纤维增强再生骨料混凝土（CM-FR-RAC）的力学行为、微观结构演变及工程适用性。结果表明，碳化改性显著提高了抗压强度（提高~ 28%）和韧性（提高~ 35%），同时大大降低了孔隙率，促进了CO₂的固存。钢纤维有效抑制裂纹扩展，优化孔隙结构，提高耐久性和承载能力。此外，提出并验证了不同纤维含量下力学和微观结构性能的预测模型，证明了良好的拟合精度和工程相关性。CM-FR-RAC是一种很有前途的低碳、高性能建筑材料。

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引用次数: 0

Porous organic framework SNW-1/polyethyleneimine-coated polyamide membrane with high flux for wastewater treatment 高通量多孔有机骨架SNW-1/聚乙烯亚胺包覆聚酰胺膜处理废水

IF 9.2 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Materials and Technologies

Pub Date : 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01834

Hafiza Nadia Rashid , Dilshad Hussain , Hua-Ming Xiao , Muhammad Najam-ul-Haq

Porous organic frameworks (POFs) are functional materials with tiny pores created by connecting organic monomer building blocks, leading to long-lasting porosity and outstanding stability. In this study, a POF is prepared via a Schiff-base network (SNW) reaction and attached to a polyamide membrane (PA) via dead-end filtration. The resulting 3 SNW-1/PEI-coated PA membrane is used for the first time for oil-water separation and Congo red (CR) removal. The modified membrane demonstrates significant superhydrophilicity and superoleophobicity, with a water contact angle (WCA) of 16° and an underwater oil contact angle (OCA) of 164°, enabling it to retain over 97 % of oil and 99 % of the CR dye. SNW-1 nanoparticles provide sufficient surface roughness, and PEI provides free amine groups for selective CR removal via electrostatic interactions and oil retention due to its superoleophobic characteristics. The modified membrane exhibits improved oil-water emulsion separation efficiency up to 6 cycles, good antifouling properties, and stable flux over 60 min. The coated membrane shows improved stability even after immersion in various pH and high salt concentration solutions. This work highlights the potential of developing POF-based multifunctional membranes through a simple surface modification strategy for waste water treatment.

多孔有机框架（POFs）是一种功能材料，通过连接有机单体构建块而产生微小的孔隙，从而具有持久的孔隙性和出色的稳定性。在本研究中，通过希夫碱网络（SNW）反应制备了POF，并通过终端过滤附着在聚酰胺膜（PA）上。制备的3 SNW-1/ pei包覆PA膜首次用于油水分离和刚果红（CR）去除。改性膜具有明显的超亲水性和超疏油性，水接触角（WCA）为16°，水下油接触角（OCA）为164°，可保留97%以上的油和99%以上的CR染料。SNW-1纳米颗粒提供足够的表面粗糙度，PEI提供自由胺基，通过静电相互作用选择性去除CR，并且由于其超疏油特性而保留油。改性膜的油水乳液分离效率可达6次，具有良好的防污性能，通量稳定在60 min以上。即使在不同pH值和高盐浓度的溶液中浸泡，涂层膜也显示出更好的稳定性。这项工作强调了通过简单的表面改性策略开发基于pof的多功能膜用于废水处理的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Supercapacitors beyond energy storage: Multi-functional devices for sensing, actuation, and smart systems 超越能量存储的超级电容器：传感、驱动和智能系统的多功能设备

IF 9.2 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Materials and Technologies

Pub Date : 2025-12-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01840

Jannatul Shahrin Ananna , Md. Towsif Ur Rahman , Protity Saha , Syed Shaheen Shah , Bong-Joong Kim , Md. Abdul Aziz , A. J. Saleh Ahammad

Supercapacitors (SCs) are evolving from passive high-power energy storage units into active, multifunctional elements that simultaneously store energy, sense, actuate, harvest, and communicate. This review critically examines how electrodes, electrolytes, separators, and current collectors can be engineered to couple charge storage with secondary functions such as mechanical, chemical, and thermal sensing, electrochemical actuation, electrochromism, self-healing, and self-charging. Rather than cataloguing demonstrations, we compare material families (carbonaceous materials, conducting polymers, transition metal oxides, MXenes, MOFs) and device architectures (flexible, stretchable, micro-, fiber/yarn and structural SCs) using common figures of merit: energy/power density, sensitivity, response time, durability, safety, and integration complexity. Particular attention is given to trade-offs between capacitance and transduction sensitivity, energy density and mechanical robustness, and multifunctionality and long-term stability under coupled electro-chemo-mechanical loading. We highlight cross-cutting design strategies such as hierarchical porosity, interfacial/spacing engineering, healable solid and gel electrolytes, and 3D or textile-integrated formats, and assess their practicality for wearable systems, soft robotics, e-skin, smart windows, and IoT nodes. Finally, we identify key gaps, including limited energy density, inadequate standards for benchmarking multifunctional performance, and immature system-level integration, and outline research directions towards manufacturable, safe, and truly smart SC-based power–sensing–actuation platforms.

超级电容器（SCs）正从被动的大功率储能单元发展为主动的多功能元件，能够同时存储能量、感知、驱动、收获和通信。这篇综述批判性地研究了电极、电解质、分离器和集流器如何设计成将电荷存储与次要功能（如机械、化学和热感测、电化学驱动、电致变色、自修复和自充电）耦合在一起。我们没有对演示进行分类，而是比较了材料家族（碳质材料、导电聚合物、过渡金属氧化物、MXenes、mof）和器件架构（柔性、可拉伸、微、纤维/纱线和结构SCs），使用了常见的优点数字：能量/功率密度、灵敏度、响应时间、耐久性、安全性和集成复杂性。特别关注电容和转导灵敏度之间的权衡，能量密度和机械稳健性，以及电化学-机械耦合负载下的多功能和长期稳定性。我们强调了交叉设计策略，如分层孔隙度，界面/间距工程，可愈合的固体和凝胶电解质，以及3D或纺织集成格式，并评估了它们在可穿戴系统，软机器人，电子皮肤，智能窗口和物联网节点中的实用性。最后，我们确定了关键的差距，包括有限的能量密度，对多功能性能的基准标准不足，以及不成熟的系统级集成，并概述了可制造，安全和真正智能的基于sc的功率传感驱动平台的研究方向。

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引用次数: 0

A sustainable strategy to produce biodegradable electrodes for the electrochemical detection of rutin and quercetin in grape samples 葡萄样品中芦丁和槲皮素电化学检测可生物降解电极的可持续生产策略

IF 9.2 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Materials and Technologies

Pub Date : 2025-12-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01830

Geanderson Emilio de Almeida , Emanuel Airton de Oliveira Farias , Cláudio Guilherme de Sousa Macedo , Ismagno Alves de Carvalho , Manuela Nunes da Silva , Káliton Pereira Mororó , Márcia Eduarda Marinho Nunes , Thays Beatryce Pereira Vilante , Fábio de Oliveira Silva Ribeiro , Amando Oliveira Matias , Carla Eiras

The development of environmentally friendly electrochemical platforms is essential to reduce the environmental impact of disposable sensors while maintaining high analytical performance. This study reports a biodegradable sensor fabricated from a gelatin- and gum-based matrix derived from Amburana cearensis (GAmb) exudate, replacing conventional polymers with renewable, biodegradable materials. The device was produced by stencil printing using a conductive ink formulated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and an aqueous GAmb solution. As a proof-of-concept, the sensor was used to detect quercetin (QCT) and rutin (RU), natural antioxidants present in grapes. The sensor exhibited remarkable analytical performance, with a linear response over 1–100 μM and detection limits of 25.6 nM for QCT and 9.1 nM for RU. Interference studies showed signal variation of less than 10 % in the presence of standard components of the grape matrix and up to 30 % in the presence of pesticides. The analysis of grape extracts required minimal sample preparation, allowing for precise quantification of QCT and RT concentrations in real samples. Recovery rates close to 102.3 % for RU and 100.2 % for QCT demonstrated the effectiveness of the method. Additionally, soil biodegradation tests showed the device's environmental friendliness: it lost structural integrity within 10 days when in contact with soil. On the other hand, maintain functionality for up to 180 days under appropriate storage conditions. This approach provides a sustainable strategy for green sensor technology and bioelectronics, offering new perspectives for the monitoring of bioactive compounds aligned with the principles of the circular economy.

开发环境友好型电化学平台对于减少一次性传感器对环境的影响，同时保持高分析性能至关重要。本研究报告了一种可生物降解的传感器，该传感器是由源自Amburana cearensis （GAmb）渗出液的明胶和牙龈基基质制成的，用可再生的、可生物降解的材料取代了传统的聚合物。该器件采用多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）和GAmb水溶液配制的导电油墨进行模板印刷。作为概念验证，该传感器被用于检测葡萄中存在的天然抗氧化剂槲皮素（QCT）和芦丁（RU）。该传感器具有良好的分析性能，线性响应在1 ~ 100 μM范围内，QCT和RU的检出限分别为25.6 nM和9.1 nM。干扰研究表明，在葡萄基质的标准成分存在下，信号变化小于10%，在农药存在下，信号变化高达30%。葡萄提取物的分析需要最少的样品制备，允许在实际样品中精确定量QCT和RT浓度。RU和QCT的回收率分别接近102.3%和100.2%，证明了该方法的有效性。此外，土壤生物降解测试表明，该设备的环境友好性：当与土壤接触时，它会在10天内失去结构完整性。另一方面，在适当的存储条件下，保持功能长达180天。这种方法为绿色传感器技术和生物电子学提供了一种可持续的战略，为监测符合循环经济原则的生物活性化合物提供了新的视角。

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