Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01829
Shuang Yin, Sheng Fu, Yibo Wang, Rongda Zhao, Liang Liu
High-entropy layered double hydroxides (HE-LDHs) are widely used as oxygen evolution catalysts due to their elemental diversity, lattice distortion and excellent stability. The cocktail effect and exquisite synthesis technology have made the customization of materials possible in recent years. This review centers on the effective synthesis strategies of HE-LDHs and their recent application progress in the alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Furthermore, it also explores performance enhancement strategies for HE-LDHs, including surface modification by doping, exfoliation of layered structures, defect engineering, and heterojunction construction. Finally, it proposes future perspectives for HE-LDHs, which provides valuable insights and references for researchers to obtain the next-generation OER materials.
{"title":"Advanced high entropy LDHs electrocatalysts: Synthesis and performance enhancement strategies for alkaline oxygen evolution reaction","authors":"Shuang Yin, Sheng Fu, Yibo Wang, Rongda Zhao, Liang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01829","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01829","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-entropy layered double hydroxides (HE-LDHs) are widely used as oxygen evolution catalysts due to their elemental diversity, lattice distortion and excellent stability. The cocktail effect and exquisite synthesis technology have made the customization of materials possible in recent years. This review centers on the effective synthesis strategies of HE-LDHs and their recent application progress in the alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Furthermore, it also explores performance enhancement strategies for HE-LDHs, including surface modification by doping, exfoliation of layered structures, defect engineering, and heterojunction construction. Finally, it proposes future perspectives for HE-LDHs, which provides valuable insights and references for researchers to obtain the next-generation OER materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01829"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-21DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01825
Tayyaba Kanwal , Vittorio Loddo , Claudio Maria Pecoraro , Giovanni Palmisano , Sarah Hamdan , Zhe Wang , Israa Othman , Leonardo Palmisano , Marianna Bellardita
Recent research on the valorization of biomass has received a lot of interest as it allows the obtaining of products with high added value. In this regard, this study explores aerobic and anaerobic heterogeneous photocatalytic partial oxidation under both UV and simulated solar irradiation of glycerol and glucose in aqueous medium using bismuth oxyhalide-based photocatalysts BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I). Moreover, noble metal-free BiOX-TiO2 (P25) composites were prepared through a simple ball milling procedure. Both the formation of partial oxidation compounds, namely 1,3-dihydroxyacetone, glyceraldehyde and glycolic acid from glycerol and arabinose and formic acid from glucose in solution, and the production of CO2 and H2 in the gas phase, were followed. Pure BiOBr and BiOCl proved to be more effective than bare TiO2 P25 (one of the most used and studied photocatalysts) affording a higher selectivity towards high added value products whilst the composites samples displayed high glycerol conversion values that reached 62 %. Particularly noteworthy was the effectiveness of BiOCl-P25 and BiOBr-P25 samples containing 5 and 7 wt% of BiOCl or BiOBr with respect to P25, in promoting also H2 formation under simulated sunlight irradiation and without the presence of noble metal species such as Pt. To the best of our knowledge, BiOX-TiO2 photocatalysts have never been used for the photoreforming of glycerol and glucose.
{"title":"Solar driven photocatalytic glycerol and glucose reforming via noble metals free BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I)-TiO2 composites","authors":"Tayyaba Kanwal , Vittorio Loddo , Claudio Maria Pecoraro , Giovanni Palmisano , Sarah Hamdan , Zhe Wang , Israa Othman , Leonardo Palmisano , Marianna Bellardita","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01825","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01825","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent research on the valorization of biomass has received a lot of interest as it allows the obtaining of products with high added value. In this regard, this study explores aerobic and anaerobic heterogeneous photocatalytic partial oxidation under both UV and simulated solar irradiation of glycerol and glucose in aqueous medium using bismuth oxyhalide-based photocatalysts BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I). Moreover, noble metal-free BiOX-TiO<sub>2</sub> (P25) composites were prepared through a simple ball milling procedure. Both the formation of partial oxidation compounds, namely 1,3-dihydroxyacetone, glyceraldehyde and glycolic acid from glycerol and arabinose and formic acid from glucose in solution, and the production of CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> in the gas phase, were followed. Pure BiOBr and BiOCl proved to be more effective than bare TiO<sub>2</sub> P25 (one of the most used and studied photocatalysts) affording a higher selectivity <!--> <!-->towards high added value products whilst the composites samples displayed high glycerol conversion values that reached 62 %. Particularly noteworthy was the effectiveness of BiOCl-P25 and BiOBr-P25 samples containing 5 and 7 wt% of BiOCl or BiOBr with respect to P25, in promoting also H<sub>2</sub> formation under simulated sunlight irradiation and without the presence of noble metal species such as Pt. To the best of our knowledge, BiOX-TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalysts have never been used for the photoreforming of glycerol and glucose.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01825"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-20DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01823
Mohsen Karimi , Mohammad Shirzad , Behzad Vaferi
The construction of a process to produce bio-oil from biomass pyrolysis, as well as optimizing and controlling its operation, requires accurate prediction of yield under varying process conditions and feedstock properties. The existing models often fail to capture the complex relationship between bio-oil yield and feedstock properties and operating parameters. This study applies three well-known machine learning (ML) classes, i.e., adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS), artificial neural networks, and least-squares support vector regression to predict the bio-oil yield. 419 sets of experimental measurements about the achievable bio-oil yield from 40 biomass types at a wide range of pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, residence time, and gas flow rate are used for training these intelligent models and monitoring the reliability of their simulation performance. The relevancy test approved that the gas flow rate and heating rate, with the Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.392 and − 0.202, have the highest impact on the bio-oil yield. The statistical accuracy monitoring of the ML models confirmed that the ANFIS model outperformed all alternatives, achieving the mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), absolute average relative deviation (AARD), and correlation coefficient (R) of 2.18, 3.69, 6.45 %, and 0.95541, respectively. This outstanding simulation performance of the ANFIS model is related to its hybrid architecture that integrates interpretable fuzzy rules with artificial neural network adaptability. The applicability domain investigation identifies seven outliers and one out-of-leverage sample among the experimental databank.
{"title":"Employing diverse machine learning approaches to estimate the achievable bio-oil yield from sustainable biomass sources","authors":"Mohsen Karimi , Mohammad Shirzad , Behzad Vaferi","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01823","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01823","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The construction of a process to produce bio-oil from biomass pyrolysis, as well as optimizing and controlling its operation, requires accurate prediction of yield under varying process conditions and feedstock properties. The existing models often fail to capture the complex relationship between bio-oil yield and feedstock properties and operating parameters. This study applies three well-known machine learning (ML) classes, i.e., adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS), artificial neural networks, and least-squares support vector regression to predict the bio-oil yield. 419 sets of experimental measurements about the achievable bio-oil yield from 40 biomass types at a wide range of pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, residence time, and gas flow rate are used for training these intelligent models and monitoring the reliability of their simulation performance. The relevancy test approved that the gas flow rate and heating rate, with the Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.392 and − 0.202, have the highest impact on the bio-oil yield. The statistical accuracy monitoring of the ML models confirmed that the ANFIS model outperformed all alternatives, achieving the mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), absolute average relative deviation (AARD), and correlation coefficient (R) of 2.18, 3.69, 6.45 %, and 0.95541, respectively. This outstanding simulation performance of the ANFIS model is related to its hybrid architecture that integrates interpretable fuzzy rules with artificial neural network adaptability. The applicability domain investigation identifies seven outliers and one out-of-leverage sample among the experimental databank.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01823"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-20DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01826
Jun-Kai Yeh, Jih-Jen Wu
Carbon-rich potassium poly(heptazine imide) (CKPHI) was synthesized via a direct ionothermal method using a supramolecular complex comprising 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine (TAP), melamine (MA), and cyanuric acid. Increasing the TAP-to-MA ratio in the precursor promotes substitution of nitrogen atoms in the π-conjugated aromatic framework with carbon atoms and partial conversion of terminal amine groups into cyano and CH moieties, thereby increasing the carbon-to‑nitrogen (C/N) ratio in the resulting CKPHIs. This structural tuning significantly influences light absorption, charge separation, and surface charge transfer behavior, leading to optimized photocatalytic performance of potassium poly(heptazine imide) for simultaneous water reduction and glycerol oxidation. Under AM 1.5G solar illumination (100 mW cm−2) in 10 vol% aqueous glycerol solution, Pt-loaded CKPHI achieves high yields of hydrogen (1648 μmol g−1 h−1), glyceraldehyde (1260 μmol g−1 h−1), dihydroxyacetone (390 μmol g−1 h−1), and cyclic diglycerol (39 μmol g−1 h−1), with glyceraldehyde selectivity reaching 75 %. Moreover, Pt/CKPHI enables stoichiometric hydrogen evolution and selective glycerol oxidation under anaerobic conditions via a direct photocarrier redox pathway, effectively suppressing undesirable CC bond cleavage and overoxidation to carbon dioxide by reactive oxygen species. This work highlights the critical role of structural engineering in ionic carbon nitrides for improving charge dynamics and achieving efficient charge balance in photocatalytic hydrogen generation coupled with biomass valorization.
{"title":"Carbon-rich potassium poly(heptazine imide) for stoichiometric photocatalytic water reduction to hydrogen and glycerol oxidation to high-value products via a direct photocarrier redox pathway","authors":"Jun-Kai Yeh, Jih-Jen Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01826","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01826","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon-rich potassium poly(heptazine imide) (CKPHI) was synthesized via a direct ionothermal method using a supramolecular complex comprising 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine (TAP), melamine (MA), and cyanuric acid. Increasing the TAP-to-MA ratio in the precursor promotes substitution of nitrogen atoms in the π-conjugated aromatic framework with carbon atoms and partial conversion of terminal amine groups into cyano and C<img>H moieties, thereby increasing the carbon-to‑nitrogen (C/N) ratio in the resulting CKPHIs. This structural tuning significantly influences light absorption, charge separation, and surface charge transfer behavior, leading to optimized photocatalytic performance of potassium poly(heptazine imide) for simultaneous water reduction and glycerol oxidation. Under AM 1.5G solar illumination (100 mW cm<sup>−2</sup>) in 10 vol% aqueous glycerol solution, Pt-loaded CKPHI achieves high yields of hydrogen (1648 μmol g<sup>−1</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>), glyceraldehyde (1260 μmol g<sup>−1</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>), dihydroxyacetone (390 μmol g<sup>−1</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>), and cyclic diglycerol (39 μmol g<sup>−1</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>), with glyceraldehyde selectivity reaching 75 %. Moreover, Pt/CKPHI enables stoichiometric hydrogen evolution and selective glycerol oxidation under anaerobic conditions via a direct photocarrier redox pathway, effectively suppressing undesirable C<img>C bond cleavage and overoxidation to carbon dioxide by reactive oxygen species. This work highlights the critical role of structural engineering in ionic carbon nitrides for improving charge dynamics and achieving efficient charge balance in photocatalytic hydrogen generation coupled with biomass valorization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01826"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01824
Riya Aneja, Anuj Chauhan, Vipin Kumar Saini
The selective removal of CO2 from biogas is crucial for producing biomethane (Bio-CNG) with higher calorific value and cleaner combustion properties. In this work, acid activation of montmorillonite (MMT) was systematically optimized to enhance its performance as a low-cost, sustainable adsorbent for CO2/CH4 separation. Using a rotatable central composite design (RCCD) within the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) framework, the effects of acid concentration, activation temperature, and treatment time on CO2 adsorption capacity and CO2/CH4 selectivity were investigated. Seventeen acid-activated clay samples (AC − 1 to AC-17) were synthesized, and their adsorption behavior was modeled with the Sips equation. The optimal conditions (acid concentration = 1.9 N, temperature = 28 °C, contact time = 247 min) yielded an optimized acid-activated clay (OAC) with a CO2 uptake of 1.76 mmol·g−1 and a CO2/CH4 selectivity of 121 at 1000 kPa, in close agreement with the predicted value of 118. Structural and textural analysis confirmed significant improvements in surface area (60 to 194 m2·g−1) and pore volume (0.33 to 0.43 cm3·g−1), attributed to dealumination and the formation of silanol groups. Working capacity analysis under PSA (1 bar)/VSA (1 Torr) conditions confirmed the practical separation potential of OAC. These findings demonstrate that optimized acid-activated clays provide a scalable and economical pathway for biogas upgrading, bridging the gap between high-performance synthetic adsorbents and low-cost natural materials.
{"title":"Optimizing CO2/CH4 selectivity using acid-activated clay for biogas upgrading: A response surface study","authors":"Riya Aneja, Anuj Chauhan, Vipin Kumar Saini","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01824","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01824","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The selective removal of CO<sub>2</sub> from biogas is crucial for producing biomethane (Bio-CNG) with higher calorific value and cleaner combustion properties. In this work, acid activation of montmorillonite (MMT) was systematically optimized to enhance its performance as a low-cost, sustainable adsorbent for CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> separation. Using a rotatable central composite design (RCCD) within the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) framework, the effects of acid concentration, activation temperature, and treatment time on CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption capacity and CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> selectivity were investigated. Seventeen acid-activated clay samples (AC − 1 to AC-17) were synthesized, and their adsorption behavior was modeled with the Sips equation. The optimal conditions (acid concentration = 1.9 N, temperature = 28 °C, contact time = 247 min) yielded an optimized acid-activated clay (OAC) with a CO<sub>2</sub> uptake of 1.76 mmol·g<sup>−1</sup> and a CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> selectivity of 121 at 1000 kPa, in close agreement with the predicted value of 118. Structural and textural analysis confirmed significant improvements in surface area (60 to 194 m<sup>2</sup>·g<sup>−1</sup>) and pore volume (0.33 to 0.43 cm<sup>3</sup>·g<sup>−1</sup>), attributed to dealumination and the formation of silanol groups. Working capacity analysis under PSA (1 bar)/VSA (1 Torr) conditions confirmed the practical separation potential of OAC. These findings demonstrate that optimized acid-activated clays provide a scalable and economical pathway for biogas upgrading, bridging the gap between high-performance synthetic adsorbents and low-cost natural materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01824"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An earnest need to mitigate global climate change encompasses capturing greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the environment, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2). Thus, innovations in the field of CO2 capture are a prime necessity and gaining supreme importance. The current review has predominantly focused upon deciphering the CO2 capture capabilities of wonder two-dimensional (2D) MXenes materials. MXenes with superb surface area outperform traditional materials in adsorption capacity. Besides, high suitability for surface functionalization adorns MXenes material for selective adsorption of CO2 with the least energy consumption, outshining them from conventional amine-based adsorbents. The remarkable regeneration and durability abilities of MXenes build a new era of affordable and sustainable carbon capture and storage (CCS) practices. Replacing hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching with green MXenes synthesis techniques, such as microwave-assisted, electrochemical etching, and LiF process, significantly reduces the environmental impacts as well as enhances the scalability. The life cycle assessment (LCA) studies thus reveal that the implication of MXenes in CO2 capture reduces the GHG emissions as compared to traditional coal-based adsorbents, which utilise non-renewable energy resources. Introducing the surface functional groups and noble metal doping in the structure of MXenes further push the CO2 capture limits of these materials by embellishing their gas adsorption properties. Discussing mechanisms involved in the MXenes-based CO2 capture and their integration with CCS, along with the thermodynamics involved through various lab-scale studies and their practical advantages, the current review may aid the scientific community in further advancements. Conclusively, MXenes-based CO2 capture supports SDGs 11 and 13 pertaining to capturing and removal of air pollutants and provides a sustainable, economic, scalable, and highly efficient way for a cleaner and greener future. However, the challenges about the present process are identified and their suggested addressal have been discussed along with the impact of integrating more advanced computational modelling and ML-based techniques on the resilience of MXenes-based CO2 capture techniques.
{"title":"The role of MXenes in carbon capture and storage: Innovations and environmental impact","authors":"Priyanka Mahajan , Virat Khanna , Mansi Sharma , Kamaljit Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01819","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01819","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An earnest need to mitigate global climate change encompasses capturing greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the environment, particularly carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>). Thus, innovations in the field of CO<sub>2</sub> capture are a prime necessity and gaining supreme importance. The current review has predominantly focused upon deciphering the CO<sub>2</sub> capture capabilities of wonder two-dimensional (2D) MXenes materials. MXenes with superb surface area outperform traditional materials in adsorption capacity. Besides, high suitability for surface functionalization adorns MXenes material for selective adsorption of CO<sub>2</sub> with the least energy consumption, outshining them from conventional amine-based adsorbents. The remarkable regeneration and durability abilities of MXenes build a new era of affordable and sustainable carbon capture and storage (CCS) practices. Replacing hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching with green MXenes synthesis techniques, such as microwave-assisted, electrochemical etching, and LiF process, significantly reduces the environmental impacts as well as enhances the scalability. The life cycle assessment (LCA) studies thus reveal that the implication of MXenes in CO<sub>2</sub> capture reduces the GHG emissions as compared to traditional coal-based adsorbents, which utilise non-renewable energy resources. Introducing the surface functional groups and noble metal doping in the structure of MXenes further push the CO<sub>2</sub> capture limits of these materials by embellishing their gas adsorption properties. Discussing mechanisms involved in the MXenes-based CO<sub>2</sub> capture and their integration with CCS, along with the thermodynamics involved through various lab-scale studies and their practical advantages, the current review may aid the scientific community in further advancements. Conclusively, MXenes-based CO<sub>2</sub> capture supports SDGs 11 and 13 pertaining to capturing and removal of air pollutants and provides a sustainable, economic, scalable, and highly efficient way for a cleaner and greener future. However, the challenges about the present process are identified and their suggested addressal have been discussed along with the impact of integrating more advanced computational modelling and ML-based techniques on the resilience of MXenes-based CO<sub>2</sub> capture techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01819"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01821
Mohammad Ramezanzadeh , Bahram Ramezanzadeh , Mohammad Mahdavian , Seyed Masoud Etezad
A multifunctional bilayer self-polishing coating system was developed using an epoxy polyamide zinc phosphate primer and a vinyl chloride copolymer–rosin topcoat reinforced with silver-doped bioactive calcium phosphate-based hydroxyapatite (HA) nanosheets decorated with zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-8) and loaded with L-cysteine (LC-ZIF-8@Ag-HA). This nanohybrid simultaneously provides anti-corrosion, antibacterial, and antifouling functions tailored for harsh marine environments. Structural, chemical, morphological, and thermal characterization (FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, BET, and TGA) confirmed successful synthesis and integration. Antibacterial analysis revealed inhibition rates of 98.77 % against Staphylococcus aureus and 92.34 % against Escherichia coli, along with disk inhibition zones of 9.12 mm and 8.11 mm, respectively. The nanohybrid was embedded into the topcoat to formulate a smart paint (VCC/LC-ZIF-8@Ag-HA), demonstrating robust passive barrier properties (log |Z|₁₀mHz = 8.86 after 113 days in 3.5 wt% NaCl) and sustained active anticorrosion performance through 80 days of salt spray exposure. Mechanical durability was validated via scratch resistance under 3800 g load, crack-free flexibility under bending, and a 49.37 % reduction in cathodic delamination radius. The coating also showed a 22 % improvement in pull-off adhesion after accelerated aging. Field immersion tests in the Persian Gulf confirmed antifouling efficacy with complete suppression of barnacle and microbial growth after 170 days. The integration of LC-ZIF-8@Ag-HA into this bilayer matrix presents a sustainable route to next-generation marine coatings, uniting long-term protection, self-polishing behavior, and environmentally benign biocidal activity.
{"title":"Eco-engineered self-polishing vinyl–epoxy marine coating with L-cysteine-functionalized/silver-doped hydroxyapatite/ZIF-8 nanohybrids: Integrated anti-corrosion, antibacterial, and anti-fouling functions","authors":"Mohammad Ramezanzadeh , Bahram Ramezanzadeh , Mohammad Mahdavian , Seyed Masoud Etezad","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01821","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01821","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A multifunctional bilayer self-polishing coating system was developed using an epoxy polyamide zinc phosphate primer and a vinyl chloride copolymer–rosin topcoat reinforced with silver-doped bioactive calcium phosphate-based hydroxyapatite (HA) nanosheets decorated with zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-8) and loaded with L-cysteine (LC-ZIF-8@Ag-HA). This nanohybrid simultaneously provides anti-corrosion, antibacterial, and antifouling functions tailored for harsh marine environments. Structural, chemical, morphological, and thermal characterization (FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, BET, and TGA) confirmed successful synthesis and integration. Antibacterial analysis revealed inhibition rates of 98.77 % against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and 92.34 % against <em>Escherichia coli</em>, along with disk inhibition zones of 9.12 mm and 8.11 mm, respectively. The nanohybrid was embedded into the topcoat to formulate a smart paint (VCC/LC-ZIF-8@Ag-HA), demonstrating robust passive barrier properties (log |Z|₁₀<sub>mHz</sub> = 8.86 after 113 days in 3.5 wt% NaCl) and sustained active anticorrosion performance through 80 days of salt spray exposure. Mechanical durability was validated via scratch resistance under 3800 g load, crack-free flexibility under bending, and a 49.37 % reduction in cathodic delamination radius. The coating also showed a 22 % improvement in pull-off adhesion after accelerated aging. Field immersion tests in the Persian Gulf confirmed antifouling efficacy with complete suppression of barnacle and microbial growth after 170 days. The integration of LC-ZIF-8@Ag-HA into this bilayer matrix presents a sustainable route to next-generation marine coatings, uniting long-term protection, self-polishing behavior, and environmentally benign biocidal activity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01821"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145840392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01822
Liubao Nie , Kunyuan Liu , Jing Gu , Hong Tian , Honggang Fan , Haoran Yuan
For the recycling of waste wind turbine blades (WWTBs), pyrolysis has been proven to be a promising method for the recovery of organic components. This study systematically investigated the co-pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and balsa wood (BW) blends by integrating thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry (TG-MS) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) to explore their characteristics, kinetics, and underlying reaction mechanisms. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed significant interactions, evidenced by a decrease in the maximum decomposition temperature of PET and an increase in that of BW in the blends. A notable synergistic effect, optimally achieved at a 1:1 blending ratio, enhanced mass loss and reduced the apparent activation energy, as determined by model-free kinetic methods. Kinetic analysis via the distributed activation energy model (DAEM) indicated that the pyrolysis of PET and BW conformed to the single-Gaussian DAEM (SG-DAEM) and double Gaussian DAEM (DG-DAEM), respectively, with the mixture necessitating a triple Gaussian DAEM (TG-DAEM). The fitting further deconvoluted the co-pyrolysis process into distinct reaction stages corresponding to the decomposition of cellulose/hemicellulose, lignin, and PET. Moreover, their weighting factors effectively reflecting the contribution of each component. Py-GC/MS results demonstrated that co-pyrolysis significantly altered product distribution, promoting the formation of aromatics and aldehydes while suppressing phenols, esters, and ketones. A reaction mechanism was proposed, indicating that radicals and acids derived from BW pyrolysis catalyze PET depolymerization and facilitate secondary reactions, such as decarboxylation and esterification, thereby shaping the final product slate. This work provides fundamental insights and experimental data crucial for developing efficient pyrolysis-based recycling strategies for WWTBs.
{"title":"Unveiling synergistic mechanisms and kinetic behaviors in co-pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate and balsa wood from waste wind turbine blades","authors":"Liubao Nie , Kunyuan Liu , Jing Gu , Hong Tian , Honggang Fan , Haoran Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01822","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01822","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For the recycling of waste wind turbine blades (WWTBs), pyrolysis has been proven to be a promising method for the recovery of organic components. This study systematically investigated the <em>co</em>-pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and balsa wood (BW) blends by integrating thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry (TG-MS) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) to explore their characteristics, kinetics, and underlying reaction mechanisms. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed significant interactions, evidenced by a decrease in the maximum decomposition temperature of PET and an increase in that of BW in the blends. A notable synergistic effect, optimally achieved at a 1:1 blending ratio, enhanced mass loss and reduced the apparent activation energy, as determined by model-free kinetic methods. Kinetic analysis via the distributed activation energy model (DAEM) indicated that the pyrolysis of PET and BW conformed to the single-Gaussian DAEM (SG-DAEM) and double Gaussian DAEM (DG-DAEM), respectively, with the mixture necessitating a triple Gaussian DAEM (TG-DAEM). The fitting further deconvoluted the co-pyrolysis process into distinct reaction stages corresponding to the decomposition of cellulose/hemicellulose, lignin, and PET. Moreover, their weighting factors effectively reflecting the contribution of each component. Py-GC/MS results demonstrated that co-pyrolysis significantly altered product distribution, promoting the formation of aromatics and aldehydes while suppressing phenols, esters, and ketones. A reaction mechanism was proposed, indicating that radicals and acids derived from BW pyrolysis catalyze PET depolymerization and facilitate secondary reactions, such as decarboxylation and esterification, thereby shaping the final product slate. This work provides fundamental insights and experimental data crucial for developing efficient pyrolysis-based recycling strategies for WWTBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01822"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01820
Kaixiang Ren , Jianhui Li , Hai-Wen Li , Yongtao Li
Hydride ions (H−) have emerged as compelling charge carriers for hydrogen and energy storage, distinguished by their exceptional polarizability, robust reducibility and high redox potential. While hydride ion batteries hold transformative potential across energy technologies, progress remains constrained by limited material discovery and subpar ionic conductivity in existing systems. This review systematically deciphers hydrogen transport mechanisms in state-of-the-art hydride conductors, including vacancy-mediated hopping, interstitial migration, phase-transition-assisted diffusion, and charge-carrier clustering. Critical insights into the regulatory role of A-site cation dynamics and hydrogen-site selectivity in governing these pathways are elucidated. Building on these fundamentals, this review discusses strategies for material modification that leverage these transport mechanisms to enhance the diffusion kinetics of hydrogen anions and improve material performance. Complementing experimental advances, computational descriptors derived from density functional theory (e.g., bandgap energy, defect formation energy, and migration energy) are analyzed as predictive tools for material innovation. By bridging mechanistic understanding with performance-driven design, this work charts a roadmap to overcome current limitations in hydride ion conduction, accelerating the realization of efficient, durable and sustainable energy systems.
{"title":"Hydride ionic conductors: Bridging ionic transport mechanisms and design strategies for sustainable energy systems","authors":"Kaixiang Ren , Jianhui Li , Hai-Wen Li , Yongtao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01820","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01820","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydride ions (H<sup>−</sup>) have emerged as compelling charge carriers for hydrogen and energy storage, distinguished by their exceptional polarizability, robust reducibility and high redox potential. While hydride ion batteries hold transformative potential across energy technologies, progress remains constrained by limited material discovery and subpar ionic conductivity in existing systems. This review systematically deciphers hydrogen transport mechanisms in state-of-the-art hydride conductors, including vacancy-mediated hopping, interstitial migration, phase-transition-assisted diffusion, and charge-carrier clustering. Critical insights into the regulatory role of A-site cation dynamics and hydrogen-site selectivity in governing these pathways are elucidated. Building on these fundamentals, this review discusses strategies for material modification that leverage these transport mechanisms to enhance the diffusion kinetics of hydrogen anions and improve material performance. Complementing experimental advances, computational descriptors derived from density functional theory (e.g., bandgap energy, defect formation energy, and migration energy) are analyzed as predictive tools for material innovation. By bridging mechanistic understanding with performance-driven design, this work charts a roadmap to overcome current limitations in hydride ion conduction, accelerating the realization of efficient, durable and sustainable energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01820"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01818
B.D.D. Cruz , A.S. Castro , N. Pereira , C.R. Tubio , M. Tariq , J.M.S.S. Esperança , P.M. Martins , S. Lanceros-Méndez , D.M. Correia
Humidity monitoring assessment is vital across fields such as agriculture, food processing, environmental monitoring, and healthcare, particularly within the framework of Agriculture 4.0, where smart sensing technologies enable efficient resource management and crop optimization. In this work, a sustainable cellulose acetate (CA)-based humidity sensor incorporating the ionic liquid (IL) bis(1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium) tetrachlorocobaltate (II) ([Bmim]₂[CoCl₄]) was developed and assessed.
This study explores the incorporation of different contents (0–40 % wt.) of the IL into a CA matrix to obtain a hydrochromic and electrically responsive composite for humidity sensing. The CA/IL composite presents a blue colour at room temperature, but when immersed in water, it changes to transparent. The incorporation of IL increases porosity and wettability, enhancing the electrical selectivity of the material. Higher performance was achieved for the CA/[Bmim]₂[CoCl₄] blend with 20 wt% IL which enabled reliable relative humidity sensing in the 50–90 % RH range. This response was demonstrated through impedance-based measurements (−33 kΩ/%RH at 10 kHz) and distinct hidrochromic variations, allowing effective soil moisture monitoring across 20–90 % RH.
This optimized formulation demonstrates strong potential for practical humidity monitoring applications, particularly in soil moisture sensing for sustainable agriculture. The findings highlight a natural-based material with improved sensitivity and dual-modality readout, supporting the development of environmentally friendly smart sensors.
{"title":"Ionic liquid–cellulose acetate composites as humidity sensors for agriculture 4.0 and related technologies","authors":"B.D.D. Cruz , A.S. Castro , N. Pereira , C.R. Tubio , M. Tariq , J.M.S.S. Esperança , P.M. Martins , S. Lanceros-Méndez , D.M. Correia","doi":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.susmat.2025.e01818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Humidity monitoring assessment is vital across fields such as agriculture, food processing, environmental monitoring, and healthcare, particularly within the framework of Agriculture 4.0, where smart sensing technologies enable efficient resource management and crop optimization. In this work, a sustainable cellulose acetate (CA)-based humidity sensor incorporating the ionic liquid (IL) bis(1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium) tetrachlorocobaltate (II) ([Bmim]₂[CoCl₄]) was developed and assessed.</div><div>This study explores the incorporation of different contents (0–40 % wt.) of the IL into a CA matrix to obtain a hydrochromic and electrically responsive composite for humidity sensing. The CA/IL composite presents a blue colour at room temperature, but when immersed in water, it changes to transparent. The incorporation of IL increases porosity and wettability, enhancing the electrical selectivity of the material. Higher performance was achieved for the CA/[Bmim]₂[CoCl₄] blend with 20 wt% IL which enabled reliable relative humidity sensing in the 50–90 % RH range. This response was demonstrated through impedance-based measurements (−33 kΩ/%RH at 10 kHz) and distinct hidrochromic variations, allowing effective soil moisture monitoring across 20–90 % RH.</div><div>This optimized formulation demonstrates strong potential for practical humidity monitoring applications, particularly in soil moisture sensing for sustainable agriculture. The findings highlight a natural-based material with improved sensitivity and dual-modality readout, supporting the development of environmentally friendly smart sensors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22097,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Materials and Technologies","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article e01818"},"PeriodicalIF":9.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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