Pub Date : 2009-03-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200903.0027
S. Jien, C. Chiu, Tsai-Huei Chen
Two representative soil pedons under natural broadleaf stands in the Lienhuachih Experiment Forest in central Taiwan were selected to investigate their soil characteristics and evaluate soil genesis processes. The studied soils were acidic (pH 3.80~4.92) with low organic carbon contents (＜4%) and extremely low base saturation (＜5%), which correspond to forest soils in tropical and subtropical regions. Brunification and laterization were found in forest soils where well crystalline iron and aluminum contents are relatively high (＞50%). There was an illuviation phenomenon of clay and free Fe and Al oxides (Fe(subscript d) and Al(subscript d)) in the studied soils, whereas amorphous Fe and Al oxides (Fe(subscript o) and Al(subscript o)) and organic Fe and Al complexes (Fe(subscript p) and Al(subscript p)) were predominant forms in the surface soils of this forest due to effects of the soil organic matter. Well-developed soils were found at the footslope site owing to higher contents of well crystalline Fe and Al oxides compared to those at the backslope site. Soils at the footslope site with bisequences were classified as Typic Hapludults, and those at the backslope site were classified as Typic Dystrudepts. We concluded that the soils have undergone strong weathering under paleoclimatic conditions. These soils had been disturbed in the past and had gone in new genesis directions due to erosion and colluvial conditions resulting from the unstable topography and frequent tectonic episodes.
{"title":"Soil Characteristics and Genesis Processes of a Subtropical Low-Elevation Mountain Forest in Central Taiwan","authors":"S. Jien, C. Chiu, Tsai-Huei Chen","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200903.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200903.0027","url":null,"abstract":"Two representative soil pedons under natural broadleaf stands in the Lienhuachih Experiment Forest in central Taiwan were selected to investigate their soil characteristics and evaluate soil genesis processes. The studied soils were acidic (pH 3.80~4.92) with low organic carbon contents (＜4%) and extremely low base saturation (＜5%), which correspond to forest soils in tropical and subtropical regions. Brunification and laterization were found in forest soils where well crystalline iron and aluminum contents are relatively high (＞50%). There was an illuviation phenomenon of clay and free Fe and Al oxides (Fe(subscript d) and Al(subscript d)) in the studied soils, whereas amorphous Fe and Al oxides (Fe(subscript o) and Al(subscript o)) and organic Fe and Al complexes (Fe(subscript p) and Al(subscript p)) were predominant forms in the surface soils of this forest due to effects of the soil organic matter. Well-developed soils were found at the footslope site owing to higher contents of well crystalline Fe and Al oxides compared to those at the backslope site. Soils at the footslope site with bisequences were classified as Typic Hapludults, and those at the backslope site were classified as Typic Dystrudepts. We concluded that the soils have undergone strong weathering under paleoclimatic conditions. These soils had been disturbed in the past and had gone in new genesis directions due to erosion and colluvial conditions resulting from the unstable topography and frequent tectonic episodes.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"246 1","pages":"27-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81920754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-03-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200903.0061
Shaw-Shien Lin, I. Shiau, Shang-Tzen Chang
In this study, the antioxidant activities of the leaf extract of Acacia confusa and constituents isolated from its ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction were investigated for the first time using various in vitro assays. Ten antioxidant compounds, namely, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester (1), 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyl-flavone (2), myricetin 3-O-(3”-O-galloyl)-α-rhamnopyranoside (3), myricetin 3-O-(3”-O-galloyl)-α-rhamnopyranoside 7-methyl ether (4), myricetin 3-O-(2”-O-galloyl)-α-rhamnopyranoside 7-methyl ether (5), myricetin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside (6), myricetin-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside (7), myricetin 3-O-(2”-O-galloyl)-α-rhamnopyranoside (8), quercetin-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside (9), and europetin-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside (10) were isolated and identified from the leaf extract. In addition, their 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity, superoxide radical-scavenging activity, and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) were compared with catechin (as the positive control). As to the DPPH-scavenging activity, all compounds except for 1 and 2 displayed greater antioxidant capacities than catechin (EC50=10.3 μM), and all of their TEAC values were higher than that of catechin (3.49 mM of trolox) except for 1, 6, 9, and 10. In addition, all compounds except for 1, 2, 5, and 6, also expressed as high a superoxide radical scavenging activity as catechin (EC50=7.4 μM).
本研究首次采用各种体外实验方法研究了金合欢叶提取物及其乙酸乙酯(EtOAc)组分的抗氧化活性。十种抗氧化化合物，分别为3,4,5-三羟基苯甲酸甲酯(1)、5,7,3'，4'-四羟基黄酮(2)、杨梅素3- o -(3 '- o -没食子基)-α-鼠李核苷(3)、杨梅素3- o -(3 '- o -没食子基)-α-鼠李核苷7-甲基醚(4)、杨梅素3- o -(2 '- o -没食子基)-α-鼠李核苷7-甲基醚(5)、杨梅素3- o -β-葡萄糖苷(6)、杨梅素3- o -(2 '- o -没食子基)-α-鼠李核苷(7)、杨梅素3- o -(2 '- o -没食子基)-α-鼠李核苷(8)、槲皮素3- o -α-鼠李核苷(9)、从其叶提取物中分离鉴定出欧洲素-3- o -α-鼠李糖苷(10)。此外，以儿茶素为阳性对照，比较了其1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼基(DPPH)自由基清除活性、超氧化物自由基清除活性和trolox等效抗氧化能力(TEAC)。在dpph清除活性方面，除1和2外，其余化合物的抗氧化能力均高于儿茶素(EC50=10.3 μM);除1、6、9和10外，其余化合物的TEAC值均高于儿茶素(3.49 mM的trolox)。此外，除1、2、5和6外，其余化合物的超氧自由基清除活性均与儿茶素相当(EC50=7.4 μM)。
{"title":"Antioxidant Activity of Constituents from the Methanolic Extract of Acacia confusa Leaves","authors":"Shaw-Shien Lin, I. Shiau, Shang-Tzen Chang","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200903.0061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200903.0061","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the antioxidant activities of the leaf extract of Acacia confusa and constituents isolated from its ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction were investigated for the first time using various in vitro assays. Ten antioxidant compounds, namely, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester (1), 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyl-flavone (2), myricetin 3-O-(3”-O-galloyl)-α-rhamnopyranoside (3), myricetin 3-O-(3”-O-galloyl)-α-rhamnopyranoside 7-methyl ether (4), myricetin 3-O-(2”-O-galloyl)-α-rhamnopyranoside 7-methyl ether (5), myricetin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside (6), myricetin-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside (7), myricetin 3-O-(2”-O-galloyl)-α-rhamnopyranoside (8), quercetin-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside (9), and europetin-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside (10) were isolated and identified from the leaf extract. In addition, their 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity, superoxide radical-scavenging activity, and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) were compared with catechin (as the positive control). As to the DPPH-scavenging activity, all compounds except for 1 and 2 displayed greater antioxidant capacities than catechin (EC50=10.3 μM), and all of their TEAC values were higher than that of catechin (3.49 mM of trolox) except for 1, 6, 9, and 10. In addition, all compounds except for 1, 2, 5, and 6, also expressed as high a superoxide radical scavenging activity as catechin (EC50=7.4 μM).","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"44 1","pages":"61-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89468450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-03-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200903.0075
T. Hsu, Shih‐Wen Chung
Nomenclature of some species in tribe Neottieae and subtribe Goodyerinae (Orchidaceae) from China and Taiwan are revised according to recently published phylogenetic and taxonomic studies. As Listera is now included in Neottia, 2 new names (N. fukuyamae and N. chenii) and 3 new combinations (N. fangii, N. fugongensis and N. microphylla) are proposed. The recently described Chamaegastrodia nanlingensis is transferred to Odontochilus based on its floral morphology. The new name, O.guangdongensis, is proposed to prevent homonymy after the combination.
根据近年来发表的系统发育和分类研究，对中国和台湾地区兰科新兰科和古兰科的部分种的命名进行了修订。由于Listera现在已被纳入Neottia，因此提出了2个新名称(N. fukuyamae和N. chenii)和3个新组合(N. fangii, N. fugongensis和N. microphylla)。根据其花的形态特征，最近描述的南岭Chamaegastrodia nanlingensis被转移到Odontochilus。新名称O.guangdongensis的提出是为了防止组合后的同音。
{"title":"Nomencleture Changes of Some Orchids in China and Taiwan","authors":"T. Hsu, Shih‐Wen Chung","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200903.0075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200903.0075","url":null,"abstract":"Nomenclature of some species in tribe Neottieae and subtribe Goodyerinae (Orchidaceae) from China and Taiwan are revised according to recently published phylogenetic and taxonomic studies. As Listera is now included in Neottia, 2 new names (N. fukuyamae and N. chenii) and 3 new combinations (N. fangii, N. fugongensis and N. microphylla) are proposed. The recently described Chamaegastrodia nanlingensis is transferred to Odontochilus based on its floral morphology. The new name, O.guangdongensis, is proposed to prevent homonymy after the combination.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"200 1","pages":"75-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76236027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-12-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200812.0301
M. Su, C. Hsieh, C. Tsou, Jenn‐Che Wang
【Summary】 During our botanical exploration of the mountains of Chihpen, Taitung County in September 2005, we collected an unknown Camellia which was subsequently identified as Camellia kissi Wallich, a species widely distributed from the Himalayas to South China. The newly recorded species is easily distinguished from its congeners in Taiwan by the pyriform capsules. In the present article, a description, line drawing, photos taken in the wild, and a key to the species of Camellia section Paracamellia in Taiwan are provided. The conservation status for C. kissi is also evaluated.
{"title":"Camellia kissi Wallich (Theaceae): A Newly Recorded Tree from Taiwan","authors":"M. Su, C. Hsieh, C. Tsou, Jenn‐Che Wang","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200812.0301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200812.0301","url":null,"abstract":"【Summary】 During our botanical exploration of the mountains of Chihpen, Taitung County in September 2005, we collected an unknown Camellia which was subsequently identified as Camellia kissi Wallich, a species widely distributed from the Himalayas to South China. The newly recorded species is easily distinguished from its congeners in Taiwan by the pyriform capsules. In the present article, a description, line drawing, photos taken in the wild, and a key to the species of Camellia section Paracamellia in Taiwan are provided. The conservation status for C. kissi is also evaluated.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"301-307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91386554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-12-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200812.0287
Rongjun Chen, Hsiang-Hua Wang, Ching-Yuh Wang
To determine the appropriate way to control the lead tree (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) de. Wit), an invasive plant in Taiwan, 3 concentrations with an equal amount of glyphosate (18.8 mmole) were applied in spring and summer, respectively, and glyphosate residues in the plants and soils were monitored. A good control effect was observed with injecting a commercial product of glyphosate without dilution, especially in spring. Measurements of glyphosate residues in the upper (25 cm above the upper injection hole), middle (between the 2 injection holes), and lower (25 cm below the lower injection hole) parts of the lead tree, as well as in forest soils in spring and summer experiments showed that this herbicide began to sharply dissipate after treatment, which was accelerated by high temperatures and heavy rainfall from typhoons. In the spring experiment, it required ca. 1 yr for glyphosate residues in both the lead trees and soils to drop to a few parts per million, while this period was further shortened in the summer experiment. Thus, there is only a small possibility of glyphosate pollution of the soil environment of lead tree forests. Analysis of glyphosate in xylem and phloem from different parts of the plants revealed that after injection, glyphosate gradually diffused acropetally, basipetally, and laterally from the xylem tissue to the surrounding phloem tissue. Glyphosate appeared to preferentially diffuse to and accumulate in phloem near the injection hole for further long-distance translocation in phloem tissue.
为确定台湾入侵植物铅树(Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) de. Wit)的防治方法，在春季和夏季分别施用等量(18.8 mmol)草甘膦3种浓度，监测草甘膦在植物和土壤中的残留量。不稀释注射草甘膦市售产品防治效果良好，特别是在春季。春夏试验对铅树上部(注射孔上方25 cm)、中部(两个注射孔之间)和下部(注射孔下方25 cm)以及森林土壤中草甘膦残留量的测定表明，处理后草甘膦开始急剧消散，高温和台风强降雨加速了这一过程。在春季试验中，铅树和土壤中的草甘膦残留量需要大约1年的时间才能降到百万分之几，而在夏季试验中，这一时间进一步缩短。因此，草甘膦污染铅林土壤环境的可能性很小。对不同部位木质部和韧皮部中草甘膦的分析表明，注射后，草甘膦从木质部组织向周围韧皮部组织逐渐向纵向、纵向和横向扩散。草甘膦似乎优先向注射孔附近的韧皮部扩散和积累，以便在韧皮部组织中进一步远距离转运。
{"title":"Dissipation of Glyphosate Injected into the Lead Tree (Leucaena leucocephala) in Different Seasons in Taiwan","authors":"Rongjun Chen, Hsiang-Hua Wang, Ching-Yuh Wang","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200812.0287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200812.0287","url":null,"abstract":"To determine the appropriate way to control the lead tree (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) de. Wit), an invasive plant in Taiwan, 3 concentrations with an equal amount of glyphosate (18.8 mmole) were applied in spring and summer, respectively, and glyphosate residues in the plants and soils were monitored. A good control effect was observed with injecting a commercial product of glyphosate without dilution, especially in spring. Measurements of glyphosate residues in the upper (25 cm above the upper injection hole), middle (between the 2 injection holes), and lower (25 cm below the lower injection hole) parts of the lead tree, as well as in forest soils in spring and summer experiments showed that this herbicide began to sharply dissipate after treatment, which was accelerated by high temperatures and heavy rainfall from typhoons. In the spring experiment, it required ca. 1 yr for glyphosate residues in both the lead trees and soils to drop to a few parts per million, while this period was further shortened in the summer experiment. Thus, there is only a small possibility of glyphosate pollution of the soil environment of lead tree forests. Analysis of glyphosate in xylem and phloem from different parts of the plants revealed that after injection, glyphosate gradually diffused acropetally, basipetally, and laterally from the xylem tissue to the surrounding phloem tissue. Glyphosate appeared to preferentially diffuse to and accumulate in phloem near the injection hole for further long-distance translocation in phloem tissue.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"22 1","pages":"287-299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76247055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-06-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200806.0155
Kuo-Tsai Wang, E. I. Wang, Y. Perng
The purpose of the study was to prepare Fenglachien papers, a kind of high-caliber coated paper mostly for Chinese calligraphic use made of coated handmade paper. The parameters studied for the coating and color formulations included the boon papers, white complex pigments. various hued pigments and their concentrations, binders, and additives such as a wax emulsion, an insolubilizer, and a photostabilizer. All coated papers were evaluated for their light-fastness through UV irradiation, as this is one of the most important preservation characteristics for colored Fenglachien paper. We also tested the light fastness of glossy golden-and silver-colored pearlite pigments used for color-painting and pattern-printing on the coated papers. The results indicated that the 2 kinds of base papers performed differently in terms of the white and colored pigments. The colored pigments interacted with the binders in complicated ways, and there appeared to be no rule for the changes observed. For the same colors, a more-saturated hue had better light-fastness than a paler hue. Among the white pigments, precipitated silica had the best light-fastness performance, while titanium dioxide fared the worst. The wax emulsion and insolubilizer contributed positively to the light-fastness of the Fenglachien paper. The tested photostabilizer, however, did not appear to have the anticipated efficacy. Certain synthetic golden pigments showed good light-fastness that allowed for the substitution for actual gold foil flakes for pattern-printing of Fenglachien graphic designs.
{"title":"Light-fast Performance of Coated Handmade Papers","authors":"Kuo-Tsai Wang, E. I. Wang, Y. Perng","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200806.0155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200806.0155","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study was to prepare Fenglachien papers, a kind of high-caliber coated paper mostly for Chinese calligraphic use made of coated handmade paper. The parameters studied for the coating and color formulations included the boon papers, white complex pigments. various hued pigments and their concentrations, binders, and additives such as a wax emulsion, an insolubilizer, and a photostabilizer. All coated papers were evaluated for their light-fastness through UV irradiation, as this is one of the most important preservation characteristics for colored Fenglachien paper. We also tested the light fastness of glossy golden-and silver-colored pearlite pigments used for color-painting and pattern-printing on the coated papers. The results indicated that the 2 kinds of base papers performed differently in terms of the white and colored pigments. The colored pigments interacted with the binders in complicated ways, and there appeared to be no rule for the changes observed. For the same colors, a more-saturated hue had better light-fastness than a paler hue. Among the white pigments, precipitated silica had the best light-fastness performance, while titanium dioxide fared the worst. The wax emulsion and insolubilizer contributed positively to the light-fastness of the Fenglachien paper. The tested photostabilizer, however, did not appear to have the anticipated efficacy. Certain synthetic golden pigments showed good light-fastness that allowed for the substitution for actual gold foil flakes for pattern-printing of Fenglachien graphic designs.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"15 1","pages":"155-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73150186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200709.0241
C. Martin, T. Lin, C. Hsu, Shin‐Hwei Lin
Chlorophyll concentrations, Crassulacean acid metabolism AM) acid fluctuations, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured in individuals of the epiphytic orchid Bulbophylum japonicum growing on 3 different host tree species in a subtropical rainforest in northeastern Taiwan. No differences in any of the physiological measures were found. Thus, although the host tree species vary considerably in leaf morphology, bark characteristics, and elemental composition of stem flow water, such differences did not substantially impact the physiology of this epiphytic orchid. These results may reflect the slow growth rates and minimal nutrient requirements of this slow-growing, shade-adapted orchid. The findings of this study help explain the lack of host specificity in this epiphyte and perhaps in many other species.
{"title":"No Effect of Host Tree Species on the Physiology of the Epiphytic Orchid Bulbophyllum japonicum in a Subtropical Rainforest in Northeastern Taiwan","authors":"C. Martin, T. Lin, C. Hsu, Shin‐Hwei Lin","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200709.0241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200709.0241","url":null,"abstract":"Chlorophyll concentrations, Crassulacean acid metabolism AM) acid fluctuations, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured in individuals of the epiphytic orchid Bulbophylum japonicum growing on 3 different host tree species in a subtropical rainforest in northeastern Taiwan. No differences in any of the physiological measures were found. Thus, although the host tree species vary considerably in leaf morphology, bark characteristics, and elemental composition of stem flow water, such differences did not substantially impact the physiology of this epiphytic orchid. These results may reflect the slow growth rates and minimal nutrient requirements of this slow-growing, shade-adapted orchid. The findings of this study help explain the lack of host specificity in this epiphyte and perhaps in many other species.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"117 1","pages":"241-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79402671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-03-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200703.0001
H. Hsiao, T. Lin, J. Hwong, Chih Chien Huang, N. Lin
This paper examines weekly wet-only precipitation chemistry in the Lienhuachi Experimental Forest between October 2004 and September 2005. The volume-weighted mean annual pH was 4.84, lower than the Taiwan Environmental Protection Adminstration's criterion for acid rain (pH＜5.0). It was also lower than the value measured 13 years ago at the same site (5.51), despite decreases in the emissions of acidic pollutants over the same period of time. Coincident decreases in the emission of particulate pollutants with high concentrations of acid-neutralizing base cations, as well as differences in the collection methods (wet-only versus bulk precipitation) are possible explanations for the observed differences in precipitation pH. Seasonally, pH was lower in spring and winter than in summer and fall. This pattern is in agreement with many other studies throughout Taiwan and is often attributed to the high contribution of pollutants transported from China in the winter and spring. The rates of S and inorganic N deposition, of 11.5 and 13.8 kg ha-1 yr-1, respectively, were higher than those in the northeastern US where high acid deposition is a major concern in forest nutrient cycling and health. The impacts of such high acidic deposition on forest ecosystems need to be thoroughly examined. The rate of S deposition observed in the Lienhuachi Experimental Forest is similar to those of several other forest ecosystems in central Taiwan, whereas the rate of N deposition at the Lienhuachi Experimental Forest is considerably higher. It appears that areas of high N deposition are more localized than those of S deposition. The application of commercial fertilizers around the Lienhuachi Experimental Forest may explain the observed higher N deposition at our study site compared to other forest ecosystems in central Taiwan.
本文研究了2004年10月~ 2005年9月连花池实验林周降水化学特征。体积加权年平均pH值为4.84，低于台湾环保局酸雨标准(pH<5.0)。尽管同期酸性污染物的排放量有所减少，但该指数仍低于13年前同一地点的测量值(5.51)。高浓度的酸中和碱阳离子同时减少了颗粒污染物的排放，以及收集方法的差异(纯湿降水与大量降水)可能是观测到的降水pH差异的解释。从季节上看，春季和冬季的pH值低于夏季和秋季。这种模式与台湾各地的许多其他研究一致，通常归因于冬季和春季从中国输送的污染物的高贡献。S和无机N沉降速率分别为11.5和13.8 kg / h -1年-1，高于美国东北部地区，后者的高酸性沉降是森林养分循环和健康的主要关注点。需要彻底审查这种高酸性沉积对森林生态系统的影响。连花池实验林的S沉降速率与台湾中部其他几个森林生态系统相似，而N沉降速率在连花池实验林明显更高。高氮沉积区似乎比S沉积区更局域化。连花池实验林周边施用商业肥料可能解释了本研究点与台湾中部其他森林生态系统相比所观察到的高氮沉降。
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Pub Date : 2006-09-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200609.0281
Hsueh-Ching Wang, T. Lin
Hemispherical photography has been used to study forest canopy geometry and understory light environments for approximately half a century. Several studies have examined some potential problems and limitations of hemispherical photography from image acquisition and storage to analysis. General users of hemispherical photography should be aware of situations when these problems might have major impact on their studies, and of solutions to many of the problems, which rely on advances in techniques and associated computer technology. In this study, we examined the influences of camera type, resolution, compression, and the image analysis package on the estimation of canopy light transmittance using hemispherical photography. The results indicate that compression did not affect the estimation of canopy light transmittance in our studied forest but resolution did; higher resolutions yielded higher estimates of canopy light transmittance. We found that storing uncompressed images is much more time consuming, which can be a disadvantage in the field when the time-period suitable for hemispherical photograph acquisition is limited. We recommend the use of compressed high-resolution images in forests with dense canopies because they provide better distinction between small plant components and gaps. Digital and film camera systems differed in estimates of canopy light transmittance by more than 5%, as did different analytical packages. Any cross-study comparison must look into the resolution, software, and camera system being used. If canopy light transmittance differs by less than 10%, researchers should interpret their results with great caution. We also found that estimates of indirect light transmittance were less robust than direct light transmittance. This is because there is less uncertainty in the calculation of transmittance for the center of a hemispherical photograph which at subtropical latitudes is mostly located in the sun path and contributes more to direct than indirect light transmittance.
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Pub Date : 2006-09-01DOI: 10.7075/TJFS.200609.0317
A. Bonyad
Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is 1 of the main exotic species in commercial plantations in northern Iran. These plantations are situated in the Caspian forests of Iran, which border the southern coast of the Caspian Sea and cover an area of 1.9×10^6 ha. For the present experiment, unthinned, and lightly and moderately thinned stands were selected as 3 populations. Data were collected from a total of 180 trees among the different stand densities. For basal area analysis, 93 plots were measured. Variables such as diameter at breast height (dbh), total height, tree volume, bark thickness, basal area per hectare, crown length, and crown diameter were measured. The growth rate ratios of dbh in the lightly and moderately thinned stands were 1.09 and 1.18, while the mean annual increments of basal area growth rates in the 2 thinned populations were 1.186 and 1.20, respectively. Moderate thinning increased the volume of stands by about 20.60% of the stand volume. This analysis indicated that moderate thinning drastically affected the basal area and the growth rate of volume. After thinning, dimensions of live crowns increased and more branches were evident. Percentages of live crown ratios in the 3 study populations were calculated to be 41.23, 43.87, and 44.52%. Growth rate interpretations were supported by statistical multivariate analysis of variance using Wilk's (Λ) and Hotelling's T(superscript 2 subscript 2) tests. Wilk's test was carried out on a mean vector of 6 variables in the 3 study populations. The null-hypothesis (F(subscript c)=14.435＞F(subscript t)=4.37) was rejected at the 0.01 level of significance. Thus, the results indicated that moderate thinning significantly influenced increased growth rates of planted loblolly pine stands.
{"title":"Silvicultural Thinning Intensity Effects on Increasing the Growth of Planted Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) Stands in Northern Iran","authors":"A. Bonyad","doi":"10.7075/TJFS.200609.0317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7075/TJFS.200609.0317","url":null,"abstract":"Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is 1 of the main exotic species in commercial plantations in northern Iran. These plantations are situated in the Caspian forests of Iran, which border the southern coast of the Caspian Sea and cover an area of 1.9×10^6 ha. For the present experiment, unthinned, and lightly and moderately thinned stands were selected as 3 populations. Data were collected from a total of 180 trees among the different stand densities. For basal area analysis, 93 plots were measured. Variables such as diameter at breast height (dbh), total height, tree volume, bark thickness, basal area per hectare, crown length, and crown diameter were measured. The growth rate ratios of dbh in the lightly and moderately thinned stands were 1.09 and 1.18, while the mean annual increments of basal area growth rates in the 2 thinned populations were 1.186 and 1.20, respectively. Moderate thinning increased the volume of stands by about 20.60% of the stand volume. This analysis indicated that moderate thinning drastically affected the basal area and the growth rate of volume. After thinning, dimensions of live crowns increased and more branches were evident. Percentages of live crown ratios in the 3 study populations were calculated to be 41.23, 43.87, and 44.52%. Growth rate interpretations were supported by statistical multivariate analysis of variance using Wilk's (Λ) and Hotelling's T(superscript 2 subscript 2) tests. Wilk's test was carried out on a mean vector of 6 variables in the 3 study populations. The null-hypothesis (F(subscript c)=14.435＞F(subscript t)=4.37) was rejected at the 0.01 level of significance. Thus, the results indicated that moderate thinning significantly influenced increased growth rates of planted loblolly pine stands.","PeriodicalId":22180,"journal":{"name":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science","volume":"36 1","pages":"317-326"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81039798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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