Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117782
Mingming Li , Wenxiang Wang , Yang Wu , Zheng Wei , Jiawang You , Yongjun Li , Lianfeng Sun , Tao He
In the case of one-dimensional systems, Luttinger liquid states are typically anticipated, which have previously been identified primarily in nanoscopic devices fabricated from isolated bundles of single- or multi-walled carbon nanotubes. In this study, the electrical transport properties of aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube arrays were investigated. The resistance of both aligned arrays and those covered with metal Mo exhibits a strong dependence on temperature, demonstrating a power-law relationship of R∼T–α below 100 K. The Luttinger liquid behavior was modulated by tuning the electron-transport channels via alerting the number of walls that contribute to the conductance within the multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The exponent α, derived theoretically as a parameter that depends on the number of conducting channels, exhibits minimal variation across the arrays and declines rapidly with the tubular structure opening due to the solid-solid reaction between the magnetron-sputtered molybdenum and the carbon atoms.
在一维系统中，鲁丁格液态是典型的预期状态，以前主要在由孤立的单壁或多壁碳纳米管束制成的纳米器件中发现过这种状态。本研究调查了排列整齐的多壁碳纳米管阵列的电传输特性。排列整齐的阵列和覆盖金属 Mo 的阵列的电阻都与温度有很大关系，在 100 K 以下呈现出 R∼T-α 的幂律关系。通过调节多壁碳纳米管内对电导有贡献的管壁数量来调整电子传输通道，从而调节了鲁丁格液体行为。从理论上推导出的指数α是一个取决于传导通道数量的参数，它在整个阵列中的变化极小，并随着管状结构的打开而迅速减小，这是因为磁控溅射钼和碳原子之间发生了固-固反应。
{"title":"Modulation of Luttinger liquid behavior by multi-channel electron transport in aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube arrays","authors":"Mingming Li , Wenxiang Wang , Yang Wu , Zheng Wei , Jiawang You , Yongjun Li , Lianfeng Sun , Tao He","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117782","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117782","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the case of one-dimensional systems, Luttinger liquid states are typically anticipated, which have previously been identified primarily in nanoscopic devices fabricated from isolated bundles of single- or multi-walled carbon nanotubes. In this study, the electrical transport properties of aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube arrays were investigated. The resistance of both aligned arrays and those covered with metal Mo exhibits a strong dependence on temperature, demonstrating a power-law relationship of <em>R∼T</em><sup>–<em>α</em></sup> below 100 K. The Luttinger liquid behavior was modulated by tuning the electron-transport channels via alerting the number of walls that contribute to the conductance within the multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The exponent <em>α</em>, derived theoretically as a parameter that depends on the number of conducting channels, exhibits minimal variation across the arrays and declines rapidly with the tubular structure opening due to the solid-solid reaction between the magnetron-sputtered molybdenum and the carbon atoms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 117782"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A rhodamine-carbazole dyad has been synthesized and electropolymerized to generate thin films. The spectroelectrochemical properties of the resulting polymer are investigated both in absorption and emission. We show that the luminescence of the rhodamine unit is partially quenched by the carbazole moiety and this quenching is strongly enhanced upon oxidation. A reversible switch of the emission intensity between two redox states is demonstrated, but the stability is strongly dependent on the film thickness and proportion of carbazole in the polymerization medium. This luminescence quenching can be used to follow the electropolymerization reaction since a strong decrease of intensity occurs as soon as the oxidative coupling reaction starts.
{"title":"Oxidative electrofluorochromism of rhodamine in electropolymerized rhodamine-carbazole dyads","authors":"Jennifer Calderon-Mora , Baptiste Maillot , Jean-Frédéric Audibert , Philippe Decorse , Isabelle Bonnamour , Roxanne Mollandin de Boissy , Florian Guier , Ulrich Darbost , Vitor Brasiliense , Fabien Miomandre","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117779","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117779","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A rhodamine-carbazole dyad has been synthesized and electropolymerized to generate thin films. The spectroelectrochemical properties of the resulting polymer are investigated both in absorption and emission. We show that the luminescence of the rhodamine unit is partially quenched by the carbazole moiety and this quenching is strongly enhanced upon oxidation. A reversible switch of the emission intensity between two redox states is demonstrated, but the stability is strongly dependent on the film thickness and proportion of carbazole in the polymerization medium. This luminescence quenching can be used to follow the electropolymerization reaction since a strong decrease of intensity occurs as soon as the oxidative coupling reaction starts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"310 ","pages":"Article 117779"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-10DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117780
Hengkang Zhang , Leyan Yin , Yurui Wang , Yuxing Chen , Shiyan Liu , Qiufeng Ye , Kuankuan Ren , Zhiyao Yao , Bingquan Wang , Bo Yao , Gang He , Qing Yu , Xinmin Lv , Zebo Fang
Compared with lead halide perovskite, bismuth-based perovskite has lower toxicity and air stability, demonstrating enormous potential for application, among them, Cs3Bi2I9 materials has been researched as an alternative to lead-based perovskite for application of optoelectronic devices. It is crucial for the realization of high-performance photodetectors which need high-quality perovskite thin films. Here, we prepared a lead-free, all-inorganic, Cs3Bi2I9 perovskite-like amorphous films by spin coating method, and diethyl ether was added as an anti-solvent at different times of spin-coating. The results show that the homogeneous and dense Cs3Bi2I9 amorphous films can be obtained by adding anti-solvent at 14 s. Furthermore, Cs3Bi2I9 perovskite-like UV photodetector achieved extremely low dark current around ∼ pA range, high sensitivity of 1.10 × 104 was fabricated. Our research shows that the preparation of Cs3Bi2I9 amorphous films by the simple antisolvent-assisted spin-coating method are very promising for optoelectronic device.
{"title":"Ultra-low dark current and high sensitivity lead-free perovskite–like photodetector realized by anti-solvent optimization Cs3Bi2I9 amorphous film","authors":"Hengkang Zhang , Leyan Yin , Yurui Wang , Yuxing Chen , Shiyan Liu , Qiufeng Ye , Kuankuan Ren , Zhiyao Yao , Bingquan Wang , Bo Yao , Gang He , Qing Yu , Xinmin Lv , Zebo Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compared with lead halide perovskite, bismuth-based perovskite has lower toxicity and air stability, demonstrating enormous potential for application, among them, Cs<sub>3</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub>I<sub>9</sub> materials has been researched as an alternative to lead-based perovskite for application of optoelectronic devices. It is crucial for the realization of high-performance photodetectors which need high-quality perovskite thin films. Here, we prepared a lead-free, all-inorganic, Cs<sub>3</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub>I<sub>9</sub> perovskite-like amorphous films by spin coating method, and diethyl ether was added as an anti-solvent at different times of spin-coating. The results show that the homogeneous and dense Cs<sub>3</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub>I<sub>9</sub> amorphous films can be obtained by adding anti-solvent at 14 s. Furthermore, Cs<sub>3</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub>I<sub>9</sub> perovskite-like UV photodetector achieved extremely low dark current around ∼ pA range, high sensitivity of 1.10 × 10<sup>4</sup> was fabricated. Our research shows that the preparation of Cs<sub>3</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub>I<sub>9</sub> amorphous films by the simple antisolvent-assisted spin-coating method are very promising for optoelectronic device.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 117780"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117778
Bishwajit Mandal , M. Raveendra Kiran , Samarendra Pratap Singh
Low voltage-operating light-stimulated organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are attracting huge attention due to their potential for developing photonic neuromorphic synapse-based neural networks resembling the human brain. The OFETs based on environment friendly biocompatible materials and processability are highly desired for realizing photo synaptic elements. In this report, we demonstrate a low voltage-operating Xanthan gum-gated poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl) thieno[3,2-b] thiophene) [PBTTT-C14] based OFETs, exhibiting photo synaptic behavior at 0.3 V. The basic photo response parameters such as photoresponsivity, detectivity, and photocurrent to dark current ratio of the OFETs are estimated to quantify the photo synaptic behavior of the OFETs. We report the fundamental neurobiological characteristics such as excitatory post-synaptic current (EPSC), pair pulse facilitation (PPF), short-term plasticity (STP), long-term plasticity (LTP), learning-forgetting-memorizing (LFM), and conversion of STP to LTP for the Xanthan gum-gated PBTTT-C14-based OFETs. Furthermore, we showcase the electronic "OR" logic operations by employing the OFETs and replicate the Pavlovian conditioning experiment to mimic the associative learning phenomenon. Using these photo synaptic OFETs, we replicate human emotion and mood-swing-dependence learning and memory behavior which is an important aspect of cognitive learning. The OFETs exhibit fairly low energy consumption 100 pJ per optical operation to perform synaptic responses. We interpret and attribute the observed neuromorphic behavior to the charge-trapping occurring at the semiconductor-dielectric interface and bulk traps in OFETs. The presented results broaden opportunities to the device communities for building artificial complex neural networks using energy-efficient bio-polymer gated photo synaptic OFETs.
{"title":"Xanthan gum biopolymer gated low voltage-operating photo synaptic organic field-effect transistor for neuromorphic electronics","authors":"Bishwajit Mandal , M. Raveendra Kiran , Samarendra Pratap Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117778","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117778","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low voltage-operating light-stimulated organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are attracting huge attention due to their potential for developing photonic neuromorphic synapse-based neural networks resembling the human brain. The OFETs based on environment friendly biocompatible materials and processability are highly desired for realizing photo synaptic elements. In this report, we demonstrate a low voltage-operating Xanthan gum-gated poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl) thieno[3,2-<em>b</em>] thiophene) [PBTTT-C14] based OFETs, exhibiting photo synaptic behavior at <span><math><mo>−</mo></math></span>0.3 V. The basic photo response parameters such as photoresponsivity, detectivity, and photocurrent to dark current ratio of the OFETs are estimated to quantify the photo synaptic behavior of the OFETs. We report the fundamental neurobiological characteristics such as excitatory post-synaptic current (EPSC), pair pulse facilitation (PPF), short-term plasticity (STP), long-term plasticity (LTP), learning-forgetting-memorizing (LFM), and conversion of STP to LTP for the Xanthan gum-gated PBTTT-C14-based OFETs. Furthermore, we showcase the electronic \"OR\" logic operations by employing the OFETs and replicate the Pavlovian conditioning experiment to mimic the associative learning phenomenon. Using these photo synaptic OFETs, we replicate human emotion and mood-swing-dependence learning and memory behavior which is an important aspect of cognitive learning. The OFETs exhibit fairly low energy consumption <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>100 pJ per optical operation to perform synaptic responses. We interpret and attribute the observed neuromorphic behavior to the charge-trapping occurring at the semiconductor-dielectric interface and bulk traps in OFETs. The presented results broaden opportunities to the device communities for building artificial complex neural networks using energy-efficient bio-polymer gated photo synaptic OFETs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"310 ","pages":"Article 117778"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-06DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117776
Nawal Alghamdi , Ahmed G. El-Shamy
Thermoelectric (TE) aerogels, as new class of TE materials, and their devices have recently captured the attention of the scientific community, as they have the features of both TE materials and aerogels in harvesting heat to electricity, low density, high porosity, super-low thermal conductivity, abundance, affordability and being environmentally friendly compared to the traditional TE materials. Therefore, the progress in fabrication processes of organic, inorganic and their hybrid aerogels has been extensively grown nowadays to obtain desirable TE aerogels and overcome their limitations in terms of low figure of merit (zT), scalability, mechanical durability, long-term stability, and reliability of flexible and stretchable thermoelectric aerogels are challenges today. This drives the researchers, in the last two decades, to increase the development of TE aerogels and reach the unobtainable TE modules, with new and desirable modular architectures (thicknesses/surfaces) and bendable features at the same time. Therefore, this study does not only introduce a summary of recent works in terms of their (organic, inorganic, and/or hybrid) structures, fabrication methods, TE functions, and key factors impacting TE functions and their related mechanisms, but it answers some important questions such as: Why is the aerogel considered as an important TE material?. And another question is: Is it possible to achieve a polymeric (PEDOT:PSS and/or others) aerogel with high electrical conductivity σ > 100 Scm−1 and low thermal conductivity k < 100 mWmK−1 without any additives?. And also another pivotal question: To what extent can aerogels replace the traditional TE materials?. Then, the wide range/variety of TE aerogel applications such as generators, single, dual and/or multifunction sensors, internet of things (IoT), thermocells, and ocean (marine) energy harvesting have been briefly described. In conclusions, the highlights on the current challenges and some preliminary proposals for future work perspectives are offered.
热电气凝胶（TE）作为一类新型的热电材料及其装置最近引起了科学界的关注，因为与传统的热电材料相比，热电气凝胶具有热电材料和气凝胶的双重特点，即集热发电、低密度、高孔隙率、超低导热率、丰富性、经济性和环保性。因此，有机、无机及其混合气凝胶的制造工艺在当今得到了广泛的发展，以获得理想的热电效应气凝胶，并克服其在低优点系数（zT）、可扩展性、机械耐久性、长期稳定性以及柔性和可拉伸热电气凝胶的可靠性等方面的局限性，这些都是当今面临的挑战。这促使研究人员在过去二十年中加大了对热电气凝胶的开发力度，并同时利用新的、理想的模块结构（厚度/表面）和可弯曲特性来实现无法实现的热电模块。因此，本研究不仅从（有机、无机和/或混合）结构、制造方法、TE 功能、影响 TE 功能的关键因素及其相关机制等方面介绍了最新研究成果，还回答了一些重要问题，如为什么气凝胶被认为是一种重要的 TE 材料？另一个问题是：是否有可能在不使用任何添加剂的情况下实现具有高电导率 σ > 100 Scm-1 和低热导率 k < 100 mWmK-1 的聚合物（PEDOT:PSS 和/或其他）气凝胶？还有另一个关键问题：气凝胶能在多大程度上取代传统的 TE 材料？然后，简要介绍了 TE 气凝胶的广泛/多样化应用，如发电机、单传感器、双传感器和/或多功能传感器、物联网（IoT）、热电偶和海洋能量采集。最后，重点介绍了当前面临的挑战以及对未来工作前景的一些初步建议。
{"title":"A review on the recent progress in thermoelectric aerogels: Fabrications, generators, marine harvesting, sensors, and thermocells applications","authors":"Nawal Alghamdi , Ahmed G. El-Shamy","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117776","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117776","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermoelectric (TE) aerogels, as new class of TE materials, and their devices have recently captured the attention of the scientific community, as they have the features of both TE materials and aerogels in harvesting heat to electricity, low density, high porosity, super-low thermal conductivity, abundance, affordability and being environmentally friendly compared to the traditional TE materials. Therefore, the progress in fabrication processes of organic, inorganic and their hybrid aerogels has been extensively grown nowadays to obtain desirable TE aerogels and overcome their limitations in terms of low figure of merit (<em>zT</em>), scalability, mechanical durability, long-term stability, and reliability of flexible and stretchable thermoelectric aerogels are challenges today. This drives the researchers, in the last two decades, to increase the development of TE aerogels and reach the unobtainable TE modules, with new and desirable modular architectures (thicknesses/surfaces) and bendable features at the same time. Therefore, this study does not only introduce a summary of recent works in terms of their (organic, inorganic, and/or hybrid) structures, fabrication methods, TE functions, and key factors impacting TE functions and their related mechanisms, but it answers some important questions such as: Why is the aerogel considered as an important TE material?. And another question is: Is it possible to achieve a polymeric (PEDOT:PSS and/or others) aerogel with high electrical conductivity σ > 100 Scm<sup>−1</sup> and low thermal conductivity <em>k</em> < 100 mWmK<sup>−1</sup> without any additives?. And also another pivotal question: To what extent can aerogels replace the traditional TE materials?. Then, the wide range/variety of TE aerogel applications such as generators, single, dual and/or multifunction sensors, internet of things (IoT), thermocells, and ocean (marine) energy harvesting have been briefly described. In conclusions, the highlights on the current challenges and some preliminary proposals for future work perspectives are offered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"310 ","pages":"Article 117776"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117777
Asit Hait , Varghese Maria Angela , Paliyottil Kesavan Bhagyanath , Predhanekar Mohamed Imran , Nattamai.S.P. Bhuvanesh , Samuthira Nagarajan
This study focused on designing small donor-acceptor (D-A) frameworks for resistive memory devices. We synthesized five new organic molecules using pyridine bridged to benzothiazole and various donor moieties (triphenylamine, naphthalene, benzothiophene, t-butyl phenyl, and mesityl group) via Suzuki cross-coupling to study their memory performance. The compounds with triphenylamine and naphthalene exhibited good semiconductor behavior, with a band gap of 3.11 eV and 3.44 eV, respectively. The benzothiazole moiety, employed as a shallow trap in the acceptor segment, demonstrated the SRAM characteristics of all devices. This study examined how varying the potency of electron-donating substituents impacts charge transfer and volatile memory behavior in a small D-A system. Memory devices with triphenylamine and naphthalene donors showed binary SRAM behavior with high ON/OFF ratios of 2.82 × 103 and 2.36 × 103, while t-butylphenyl and mesityl donors exhibited lower ratios of 1.43 × 101 and 4.08 × 101, respectively. All the compounds exhibited switching characteristics at a low threshold voltage of −1 to −1.3 V. The analysis of HOMO, LUMO energy levels, and ESP images of all compounds from the DFT study, collectively indicate charge transfer and trapping are the operative mechanisms in volatile SRAM devices.
{"title":"Design and synthesis of pyridine-bridged benzothiazole-based D-A system for SRAM memory devices","authors":"Asit Hait , Varghese Maria Angela , Paliyottil Kesavan Bhagyanath , Predhanekar Mohamed Imran , Nattamai.S.P. Bhuvanesh , Samuthira Nagarajan","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117777","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117777","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focused on designing small donor-acceptor (D-A) frameworks for resistive memory devices. We synthesized five new organic molecules using pyridine bridged to benzothiazole and various donor moieties (triphenylamine, naphthalene, benzothiophene, t-butyl phenyl, and mesityl group) via Suzuki cross-coupling to study their memory performance. The compounds with triphenylamine and naphthalene exhibited good semiconductor behavior, with a band gap of 3.11 eV and 3.44 eV, respectively. The benzothiazole moiety, employed as a shallow trap in the acceptor segment, demonstrated the SRAM characteristics of all devices. This study examined how varying the potency of electron-donating substituents impacts charge transfer and volatile memory behavior in a small D-A system. Memory devices with triphenylamine and naphthalene donors showed binary SRAM behavior with high ON/OFF ratios of 2.82 × 10<sup>3</sup> and 2.36 × 10<sup>3</sup>, while t-butylphenyl and mesityl donors exhibited lower ratios of 1.43 × 10<sup>1</sup> and 4.08 × 10<sup>1</sup>, respectively. All the compounds exhibited switching characteristics at a low threshold voltage of −1 to −1.3 V. The analysis of HOMO, LUMO energy levels, and ESP images of all compounds from the DFT study, collectively indicate charge transfer and trapping are the operative mechanisms in volatile SRAM devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 117777"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117775
Muhammad Jamshaid Shabbir , Ruqyya Aqeel , Miqdad Hassan , Farhan Sadiq , Imran Sadiq , N. Bano , Abdul Moqeet Hai , Robert C. Pullar , Muhammad Raheel , Muhammad Talha Arif , Samreen Saeed , Saira Riaz , Shahzad Naseem
This research article describes the synthesis of composite materials by combining T-type hexagonal ferrite and reduced Graphene Oxide using the standard ceramic process. The Calcium-based T-type hexagonal ferrite was synthesized by using the sol-gel auto-combustion method while the reduced graphene oxide by adopting the Hummer method. The crystallite size varied in the range of 23.38 -39.16 nm as calculated from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. Consequently, the lattice parameters 'a' and 'c' decreased from 5.9 to 5.1 Å and from 29.92 to 28.32 Å, respectively. The use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed a range of particle sizes at the surface, varying from 1.70 nm to 3.85 nm. Moreover, the saturation and remanence magnetization values demonstrated an increasing trend with T-type hexaferrites concentration whereas the coercivity decreased. The UV–vis near-infrared spectra exhibited substantial light absorption, characterized by a wide absorption range in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) region (700–1100 nm) which indicates its use in Photothermal therapy (PTT). The Calcium T- type hexaferrite exhibited clear peaks in the blue, green, violet, and yellow spectra in its photoluminescence (PL) properties. These peaks are believed to be caused by oxygen vacancies and defects. The synthesized samples displayed a lossy behavior in the polarization-electric field (P-E) loop, with saturation polarization levels exceeding remnant polarization, which is an amenable condition for lossy behavior. Most importantly, the synthesized materials had significant thermal responses when exposed to an alternation (AC) magnetic field, indicating their potential use in magnetic hyperthermia applications.
本文介绍了利用标准陶瓷工艺将 T 型六方铁氧体和还原型氧化石墨烯合成复合材料的过程。钙基 T 型六方铁氧体采用溶胶-凝胶自燃法合成，还原型氧化石墨烯采用悍马法合成。根据 X 射线衍射（XRD）数据计算得出的晶体尺寸变化范围为 23.38 -39.16 nm。因此，晶格参数 "a "和 "c "分别从 5.9 Å 降至 5.1 Å 和从 29.92 Å 降至 28.32 Å。原子力显微镜（AFM）显示了表面的颗粒尺寸范围，从 1.70 纳米到 3.85 纳米不等。此外，饱和磁化值和剩磁磁化值随着 T 型六氟化碳浓度的增加而呈上升趋势，而矫顽力则有所下降。紫外-可见光近红外光谱显示了大量的光吸收，其特点是在可见光和近红外（NIR）区域（700-1100 nm）有很宽的吸收范围，这表明它可用于光热疗法（PTT）。T 型六价钙铁的光致发光（PL）特性在蓝色、绿色、紫色和黄色光谱中表现出明显的峰值。这些峰值被认为是由氧空位和缺陷引起的。合成样品在极化-电场（P-E）环路中显示出有损行为，饱和极化水平超过了残余极化，这是有损行为的一个有利条件。最重要的是，合成材料在暴露于交变（交流）磁场时具有显著的热反应，这表明它们在磁性热疗应用中具有潜在的用途。
{"title":"Synergetic effect of hexaferrite and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in photothermal therapy and hyperthermia applications","authors":"Muhammad Jamshaid Shabbir , Ruqyya Aqeel , Miqdad Hassan , Farhan Sadiq , Imran Sadiq , N. Bano , Abdul Moqeet Hai , Robert C. Pullar , Muhammad Raheel , Muhammad Talha Arif , Samreen Saeed , Saira Riaz , Shahzad Naseem","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117775","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117775","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research article describes the synthesis of composite materials by combining T-type hexagonal ferrite and reduced Graphene Oxide using the standard ceramic process. The Calcium-based T-type hexagonal ferrite was synthesized by using the sol-gel auto-combustion method while the reduced graphene oxide by adopting the Hummer method. The crystallite size varied in the range of 23.38 -39.16 nm as calculated from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. Consequently, the lattice parameters 'a' and 'c' decreased from 5.9 to 5.1 Å and from 29.92 to 28.32 Å, respectively. The use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed a range of particle sizes at the surface, varying from 1.70 nm to 3.85 nm. Moreover, the saturation and remanence magnetization values demonstrated an increasing trend with T-type hexaferrites concentration whereas the coercivity decreased. The UV–vis near-infrared spectra exhibited substantial light absorption, characterized by a wide absorption range in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) region (700–1100 nm) which indicates its use in Photothermal therapy (PTT). The Calcium T- type hexaferrite exhibited clear peaks in the blue, green, violet, and yellow spectra in its photoluminescence (PL) properties. These peaks are believed to be caused by oxygen vacancies and defects. The synthesized samples displayed a lossy behavior in the polarization-electric field (P-E) loop, with saturation polarization levels exceeding remnant polarization, which is an amenable condition for lossy behavior. Most importantly, the synthesized materials had significant thermal responses when exposed to an alternation (AC) magnetic field, indicating their potential use in magnetic hyperthermia applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 117775"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117774
Hui-Ping Li , Cai-Yan Gao , Yongjie Chen , Xin-Heng Fan , Ying-Feng Li , Lian-Ming Yang
The past years have witnessed the rapid development of organic conjugated polymer thermoelectric (TE) materials profiting from new combinations of popular donor and acceptor units as well as the exploration for novel classes of donors and/or acceptors. Nevertheless, the relationship between the structures and properties of those TE materials remains far less known due probably to the complexity of variables involved in this regard. Factually, minimizing structural variables is more helpful to gain an in-depth insight into the structure–property relationship. In this work, two DA alternative copolymers were designed and synthesized by the Stille coupling reaction of the difluorinated benzotriazole acceptor unit with the N- or Si-substituted cyclopentadithiophene (CPD) donor unit, and systematically compared with the previously reported C-substituted analogue to reveal the influence of the heteroatom-tailored donor engineering on the molecular configuration and the physicochemical properties of the polymers. As a result, the FeCl3-doped N-substituted polymer harvested a largest Seebeck coefficient of approximately 162.4 µV K−1 as well as a highest electrical conductivity of about 12.8 S cm−1, profiting primarily from a higher carrier mobility resulting from the good ππ stacking and a shallower HOMO level. As anticipated, a best power factor was achieved to be around 11.6 µW m−1 K−2, which is around one order of magnitude higher than that of the Si-substituted one, even much higher than that of C-substituted P(CPD-BTA-2F). This research is expected to afford an important guidance for purposefully designing the high-performance TE polymers in the future.
过去几年来，有机共轭聚合物热电（TE）材料发展迅速，其中得益于常用供体和受体单元的新组合，以及对新型供体和/或受体的探索。然而，这些热电材料的结构与性能之间的关系仍然鲜为人知，这可能是由于这方面涉及的变量非常复杂。事实上，尽量减少结构变量更有助于深入了解结构与性能之间的关系。在这项工作中，通过二氟苯并三唑受体单元与 N 或 Si 取代的环戊二烯噻吩（CPD）供体单元的 Stille 偶联反应，设计并合成了两种 DA 替代共聚物，并与之前报道的 C 取代类似物进行了系统比较，以揭示杂原子定制供体工程对聚合物分子构型和理化性质的影响。结果，掺杂了 FeCl3 的 N 取代聚合物获得了最大的塞贝克系数（约 162.4 µV K-1）和最高的导电率（约 12.8 S cm-1），这主要得益于良好的 ππ 堆叠和较浅的 HOMO 水平带来的较高载流子迁移率。正如预期的那样，最佳功率因数达到了约 11.6 µW m-1 K-2，比硅取代的功率因数高出约一个数量级，甚至远高于 C 取代的 P(CPD-BTA-2F)。这项研究有望为今后有针对性地设计高性能 TE 聚合物提供重要指导。
{"title":"An investigation into effects of heteroatom-tailored donor engineering on thermoelectric performance of cyclopentadithiophene-based copolymers","authors":"Hui-Ping Li , Cai-Yan Gao , Yongjie Chen , Xin-Heng Fan , Ying-Feng Li , Lian-Ming Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117774","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117774","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The past years have witnessed the rapid development of organic conjugated polymer thermoelectric (TE) materials profiting from new combinations of popular donor and acceptor units as well as the exploration for novel classes of donors and/or acceptors. Nevertheless, the relationship between the structures and properties of those TE materials remains far less known due probably to the complexity of variables involved in this regard. Factually, minimizing structural variables is more helpful to gain an in-depth insight into the structure–property relationship. In this work, two D<img>A alternative copolymers were designed and synthesized by the Stille coupling reaction of the difluorinated benzotriazole acceptor unit with the N- or Si-substituted cyclopentadithiophene (CPD) donor unit, and systematically compared with the previously reported C-substituted analogue to reveal the influence of the heteroatom-tailored donor engineering on the molecular configuration and the physicochemical properties of the polymers. As a result, the FeCl<sub>3</sub>-doped N-substituted polymer harvested a largest Seebeck coefficient of approximately 162.4 µV K<sup>−1</sup> as well as a highest electrical conductivity of about 12.8 S cm<sup>−1</sup>, profiting primarily from a higher carrier mobility resulting from the good π<img>π stacking and a shallower HOMO level. As anticipated, a best power factor was achieved to be around 11.6 µW m<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−2</sup>, which is around one order of magnitude higher than that of the Si-substituted one, even much higher than that of C-substituted P(CPD-BTA-2F). This research is expected to afford an important guidance for purposefully designing the high-performance TE polymers in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 117774"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142571396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MXene based ternary composite photonic device was fabricated and characterized for the detection of different illuminations. The single chain polymer-cobalt phthallocyanine (SCP-CoPc) carrying metallised pthalocyanine macro ring was used as a polymer for the preparation of ternary composite. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) were used to differentiate MXene/ZnO/SCP-CoPc composite prepared. The presence of Ti, C, O, Zn and Co elements in the structure of the composite was confirmed by EDX. The electrical properties of planar interdigital coated MXene/ZnO/SCP-CoPc (1:1:1 by wt) were investigated for photovoltaic application. The photo-generated carriers contribute to the current flow, and the linear photoconductivity behaviour in current measurements with different illuminations such as 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mW/cm2 indicates the possible photo device use of MXene/ZnO/SCP-CoPc nanocomposite. The photocurrent increased from 20 mA/cm2 to 100 mA/cm2 with the light intensity at 0.5 V was tuned from 28 to 280 μA. The forbidden energy gap (Eg) value of the MXene/ZnO/SCP-CoPc ternary composite from optical measurements was found to be 2.36 eV. Experimental results showed that the presence of SCP-CoPc and ZnO (zinc oxide) in the ternary nanocomposite increased the ε' and ε" values of MXene. The ε′ and ε″ of the ternary composite is 13.0, 26217 at 1 kHz and room temperature, respectively. The current-time results suggest that MXene based ternary composite photonic device is a self driven photodevice as the device can detect light without any external voltage bias.
{"title":"Photonic device application of a self-driven MXene based nanocomposite","authors":"Kadir Demirelli , Ayşegül Dere , Esra Barım , Hülya Tuncer , Fahrettin Yakuphanoğlu","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117770","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117770","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>MXene based ternary composite photonic device was fabricated and characterized for the detection of different illuminations. The single chain polymer-cobalt phthallocyanine (SCP-CoPc) carrying metallised pthalocyanine macro ring was used as a polymer for the preparation of ternary composite. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) were used to differentiate MXene/ZnO/SCP-CoPc composite prepared. The presence of Ti, C, O, Zn and Co elements in the structure of the composite was confirmed by EDX. The electrical properties of planar interdigital coated MXene/ZnO/SCP-CoPc (1:1:1 by wt) were investigated for photovoltaic application. The photo-generated carriers contribute to the current flow, and the linear photoconductivity behaviour in current measurements with different illuminations such as 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mW/cm<sup>2</sup> indicates the possible photo device use of MXene/ZnO/SCP-CoPc nanocomposite. The photocurrent increased from 20 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> to 100 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> with the light intensity at 0.5 V was tuned from 28 to 280 μA. The forbidden energy gap (Eg) value of the MXene/ZnO/SCP-CoPc ternary composite from optical measurements was found to be 2.36 eV. Experimental results showed that the presence of SCP-CoPc and ZnO (zinc oxide) in the ternary nanocomposite increased the ε' and ε\" values of MXene. The ε′ and ε″ of the ternary composite is 13.0, 26217 at 1 kHz and room temperature, respectively. The current-time results suggest that MXene based ternary composite photonic device is a self driven photodevice as the device can detect light without any external voltage bias.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 117770"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142560989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117771
Khizar Hayat, Misbah Kiran, Muhammad Imran Yousaf
Metal and metal oxide materials are mostly used to tune the optical characteristics. The optical and systemic effects of pure Cobalt Oxide (Co3O4) are examined by knocking out the dissimilar assemblage of Manganese (Mn) ions using the co-precipitation method. Graphene oxide (GO) reduces the optical band gap and enhances the effects of ethical Co3O4 and MnCo3O4 by hydrothermal procedure. The percentage of Mn over pure Co3O4 was 0.09 wt%, 0.18 wt%, 0.27 wt%, and GO doped over MnCo3O4 was 1 wt%. Remarkably, spinel-type cobalt oxide has two participation band gaps at 494 nm and 772 nm of nanocomposites which then shifted from 494 nm to 510 nm and 772 nm to 779 nm with the doping of GO. The result describes that the band gap was minimized from 1.76 eV to 1.59 eV respectively to accommodate the density of states by doping of Mn ions and GO. Conductivity and optical absorbance were also increased by doping assemblage of Mn ions and GO. XRD peaks show the FCC crystalline structure of Co3O4, and the GO peak disappeared for @MnCo3O4, indicating that GO was completely reduced to rGO during the synthesis process.
金属和金属氧化物材料通常用于调节光学特性。通过共沉淀法去除锰（Mn）离子的异种组合，研究了纯氧化钴（Co3O4）的光学效应和系统效应。通过水热法，氧化石墨烯（GO）降低了光带隙，增强了伦理 Co3O4 和 MnCo3O4 的效果。锰在纯 Co3O4 中的比例分别为 0.09 wt%、0.18 wt%、0.27 wt%，而 GO 在 MnCo3O4 中的掺杂比例为 1 wt%。值得注意的是，尖晶石型氧化钴在纳米复合材料的 494 纳米和 772 纳米处有两个参与带隙，随着 GO 的掺入，带隙从 494 纳米转移到 510 纳米，从 772 纳米转移到 779 纳米。结果表明，通过掺杂锰离子和 GO，带隙分别从 1.76 eV 减小到 1.59 eV，以适应态密度。锰离子和 GO 的掺杂组合还提高了导电性和光吸收率。XRD 峰显示了 Co3O4 的 FCC 晶体结构，@MnCo3O4 的 GO 峰消失，表明在合成过程中 GO 已完全还原为 rGO。
{"title":"Tuning structural and optical properties of GO@Mn-doped Co3O4 hybrid nanocomposite by a facile synthesis","authors":"Khizar Hayat, Misbah Kiran, Muhammad Imran Yousaf","doi":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117771","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.synthmet.2024.117771","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metal and metal oxide materials are mostly used to tune the optical characteristics. The optical and systemic effects of pure Cobalt Oxide (Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) are examined by knocking out the dissimilar assemblage of Manganese (Mn) ions using the co-precipitation method. Graphene oxide (GO) reduces the optical band gap and enhances the effects of ethical Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and MnCo<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> by hydrothermal procedure. The percentage of Mn over pure Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> was 0.09 wt%, 0.18 wt%, 0.27 wt%, and GO doped over MnCo<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> was 1 wt%. Remarkably, spinel-type cobalt oxide has two participation band gaps at 494 nm and 772 nm of nanocomposites which then shifted from 494 nm to 510 nm and 772 nm to 779 nm with the doping of GO. The result describes that the band gap was minimized from 1.76 eV to 1.59 eV respectively to accommodate the density of states by doping of Mn ions and GO. Conductivity and optical absorbance were also increased by doping assemblage of Mn ions and GO. XRD peaks show the FCC crystalline structure of Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, and the GO peak disappeared for @MnCo<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, indicating that GO was completely reduced to rGO during the synthesis process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22245,"journal":{"name":"Synthetic Metals","volume":"309 ","pages":"Article 117771"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142538783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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