Pub Date : 2022-10-19DOI: 10.21423/bovine-vol56no1p53-59
L. Burciaga-Robles, C. McMullen, A. Bras, Mariana Guerra-Maupome, Rodolfo A. Nava-Gaspar, R. Rademacher, S. Hannon, Victor E. Mercado-Talamantes, C. Booker
In this large-pen commercial field trial, mixed beef-breed bulls and heifers were randomly allocated at feedlot arrival to 1 of 2 experimental groups: ENRO or TULA. Animals in the ENRO group (10 multi-pen lots; 2037 animals) received a subcutaneous injection of enrofloxacin at a dosage of 3.4 mg/lb (7.5 mg/kg) body weight once at allocation. Animals in the TULA group (10 multi-pen lots; 2036 animals) received a subcutaneous injection of tulathromycin at a dosage of 1.1 mg/lb (2.5 mg/kg) body weight once at allocation. Study animals were housed by experimental group in commercial feedlot pens and followed from allocation until slaughter. There were no statistical differences detected in any of the animal health or feedlot performance outcome variables between the experimental groups at the P < 0.050 level. Given the lack of detectable statistical differences in animal health and feedlot performance outcome variables in the current study, the relative cost effectiveness of metaphylaxis programs utilizing enrofloxacin or tulathromycin in mixed beef-breed bulls and heifers at high risk of developing bovine respiratory disease should be dependent on the relative cost of each program, as well as any intangible attributes such as syringability, storage requirements, potential for antimicrobial resistance, etc.
{"title":"evaluation of arrival metaphylaxis with enrofloxacin compared to tulathromycin in feedlot cattle at high risk of developing bovine respiratory disease in Mexico","authors":"L. Burciaga-Robles, C. McMullen, A. Bras, Mariana Guerra-Maupome, Rodolfo A. Nava-Gaspar, R. Rademacher, S. Hannon, Victor E. Mercado-Talamantes, C. Booker","doi":"10.21423/bovine-vol56no1p53-59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21423/bovine-vol56no1p53-59","url":null,"abstract":" \u0000In this large-pen commercial field trial, mixed beef-breed bulls and heifers were randomly allocated at feedlot arrival to 1 of 2 experimental groups: ENRO or TULA. Animals in the ENRO group (10 multi-pen lots; 2037 animals) received a subcutaneous injection of enrofloxacin at a dosage of 3.4 mg/lb (7.5 mg/kg) body weight once at allocation. Animals in the TULA group (10 multi-pen lots; 2036 animals) received a subcutaneous injection of tulathromycin at a dosage of 1.1 mg/lb (2.5 mg/kg) body weight once at allocation. Study animals were housed by experimental group in commercial feedlot pens and followed from allocation until slaughter. There were no statistical differences detected in any of the animal health or feedlot performance outcome variables between the experimental groups at the P < 0.050 level. Given the lack of detectable statistical differences in animal health and feedlot performance outcome variables in the current study, the relative cost effectiveness of metaphylaxis programs utilizing enrofloxacin or tulathromycin in mixed beef-breed bulls and heifers at high risk of developing bovine respiratory disease should be dependent on the relative cost of each program, as well as any intangible attributes such as syringability, storage requirements, potential for antimicrobial resistance, etc.","PeriodicalId":22281,"journal":{"name":"The Bovine practitioner","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89639287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-19DOI: 10.21423/bovine-vol56no1p60-68
E. Egolf, M. Kristula, D. Stefanovski
The effect of different management strategies on dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and bacterial populations in newly recycled sand (RS) were compared on three commercial dairy farms in southeastern Pennsylvania during late spring and summer. DM increased by 0.98%, OM decreased by 0.05%, and bacterial numbers were not different comparing arranging RS into one windrow and turning 3 times to forming a static pile. RS stored outside had fewer coliform bacteria compared to when stored inside under cover. RS should be stored for a minimum of 22 days before placement back into the cow stalls to minimize the numbers of bacteria associated with mastitis.
{"title":"Comparison of the effect of different management strategies on the quality of recycled sand used for bedding in free stalls in southeastern Pennsylvania","authors":"E. Egolf, M. Kristula, D. Stefanovski","doi":"10.21423/bovine-vol56no1p60-68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21423/bovine-vol56no1p60-68","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of different management strategies on dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and bacterial populations in newly recycled sand (RS) were compared on three commercial dairy farms in southeastern Pennsylvania during late spring and summer. DM increased by 0.98%, OM decreased by 0.05%, and bacterial numbers were not different comparing arranging RS into one windrow and turning 3 times to forming a static pile. RS stored outside had fewer coliform bacteria compared to when stored inside under cover. RS should be stored for a minimum of 22 days before placement back into the cow stalls to minimize the numbers of bacteria associated with mastitis.","PeriodicalId":22281,"journal":{"name":"The Bovine practitioner","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83381955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-19DOI: 10.21423/bovine-vol56no1p1-13
B. Johnson, D. Amrine, R. Larson, B. White
Data from 14 U.S. feedlots from January 1, 2017, through December 31, 2020, were evaluated for disease treatment on the probability of being terminally diagnosed with heart disease (HD). The study objective was two-fold: 1) determine the association between the number of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) treatments (0,1,2,3+) and HD, and 2) determine the association of common feedlot disease treatment (AIP, BRD, Complex Disease, GI+Bloat, Other), and cohort demographics with HD. Data were analyzed using generalized mixed-effects models to evaluate the probability of terminal HD. Covariates of interest include: BRD treatments, feedlot disease category, average cohort arrival weight, arrival year, arrival quarter, feedlot elevation and sex. The number of BRD treatments was associated with HD (P < 0.01). Cattle requiring additional BRD treatments increased their probability of not finishing the feeding period due to HD. The magnitude of this association was influenced by average cohort arrival weight, feedlot elevation, sex and arrival quarter (P < 0.01). Feedlot disease categories were associated with the probability of not finishing the feeding phase due to a HD diagnosis (P < 0.01). The magnitude of this association was influenced by average cohort arrival weight, and feedlot elevation (P < 0.01). Sex was influenced by feedlot elevation on the probability of not finishing due to HD diagnosis (P < 0.01) with higher elevations having a greater probability of HD. The majority of HD cattle were railed prior to death at the feedlot (9 of the 15 per 10,000 cattle received).
{"title":"Association of feedlot disease treatments on the probability of heart disease syndrome in U.S. feedlot cattle","authors":"B. Johnson, D. Amrine, R. Larson, B. White","doi":"10.21423/bovine-vol56no1p1-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21423/bovine-vol56no1p1-13","url":null,"abstract":"Data from 14 U.S. feedlots from January 1, 2017, through December 31, 2020, were evaluated for disease treatment on the probability of being terminally diagnosed with heart disease (HD). The study objective was two-fold: 1) determine the association between the number of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) treatments (0,1,2,3+) and HD, and 2) determine the association of common feedlot disease treatment (AIP, BRD, Complex Disease, GI+Bloat, Other), and cohort demographics with HD. Data were analyzed using generalized mixed-effects models to evaluate the probability of terminal HD. Covariates of interest include: BRD treatments, feedlot disease category, average cohort arrival weight, arrival year, arrival quarter, feedlot elevation and sex. The number of BRD treatments was associated with HD (P < 0.01). Cattle requiring additional BRD treatments increased their probability of not finishing the feeding period due to HD. The magnitude of this association was influenced by average cohort arrival weight, feedlot elevation, sex and arrival quarter (P < 0.01). Feedlot disease categories were associated with the probability of not finishing the feeding phase due to a HD diagnosis (P < 0.01). The magnitude of this association was influenced by average cohort arrival weight, and feedlot elevation (P < 0.01). Sex was influenced by feedlot elevation on the probability of not finishing due to HD diagnosis (P < 0.01) with higher elevations having a greater probability of HD. The majority of HD cattle were railed prior to death at the feedlot (9 of the 15 per 10,000 cattle received).","PeriodicalId":22281,"journal":{"name":"The Bovine practitioner","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90769503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-03DOI: 10.21423/bovine-vol55no2p79-88
Caleb H. Glover, A. Woolums, R. Berghaus, Isaiah J. Smith, L. Carlson
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is the most important ocular disease of cattle. Prevention and control of the disease can prove challenging, and the list of potential etiologic agents has expanded in recent years. Little has been recently published characterizing IBK outbreaks at the herd level. This case series investigation was conducted to describe the disease characteristics and management practices in herds affected by IBK outbreaks in 1 practice area in West Virginia in 2019. Seven producers were interviewed: 6 cowcalf producers and 1 stocker producer. Producers were asked questions pertaining to disease severity and management, such as herd health protocols and husbandry. In addition, organisms from each of the herds were identified by culture and/or PCR. Results revealed a range of disease incidence as well as similarities and differences in management practices among herds. The interpretability of results is limited due to small sample size and data collection method; however, results suggest that some herds in the area where producerswere interviewed experienced severe IBK outbreaks, and that some management practices relevant to IBK were similar between herds. Results also suggest that further study to identify poorly characterized IBK risk factors is warranted.
{"title":"description of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis outbreaks in West Virginia beef herds","authors":"Caleb H. Glover, A. Woolums, R. Berghaus, Isaiah J. Smith, L. Carlson","doi":"10.21423/bovine-vol55no2p79-88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21423/bovine-vol55no2p79-88","url":null,"abstract":"Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is the most important ocular disease of cattle. Prevention and control of the disease can prove challenging, and the list of potential etiologic agents has expanded in recent years. Little has been recently published characterizing IBK outbreaks at the herd level. This case series investigation was conducted to describe the disease characteristics and management practices in herds affected by IBK outbreaks in 1 practice area in West Virginia in 2019. Seven producers were interviewed: 6 cowcalf producers and 1 stocker producer. Producers were asked questions pertaining to disease severity and management, such as herd health protocols and husbandry. In addition, organisms from each of the herds were identified by culture and/or PCR. Results revealed a range of disease incidence as well as similarities and differences in management practices among herds. The interpretability of results is limited due to small sample size and data collection method; however, results suggest that some herds in the area where producerswere interviewed experienced severe IBK outbreaks, and that some management practices relevant to IBK were similar between herds. Results also suggest that further study to identify poorly characterized IBK risk factors is warranted.","PeriodicalId":22281,"journal":{"name":"The Bovine practitioner","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90749314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.21423/bovine-vol55no2p125-133
S. Capik, H. Moberly, R. Larson
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) continues to greatly affect beef, dairy, and veal production systems. Vaccination against the bacteria involved is common, yet questions remain regarding efficacy. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the evidence for effects of vaccinating United States or Canadian beef, dairy, or veal calves for Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, or Histophilus somni on BRD-related morbidity, mortality, or postmortem lung lesions. Comprehensive searches were performed of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CAB Abstracts via OVID. The Bovine Practitioner and references of relevant systematic reviews were searched by hand. Major commercial vaccine producers were queried for additional product information. Peer-reviewed, published after 1979, full text available in English, performed in the US/Canada, control group included, sufficient evidence of randomization/blinding, and correct statistical methods were essential criteria for inclusion in the review. Five studies met the criteria. Of them, 1 investigated a H. somni and M. haemolytica vaccine in feeder calves, 1 studied M. haemolytica vaccination in feeder calves, 1 evaluated a different commercially available M. haemolytica vaccine and 1 experimental M. haemolytica vaccine in young Holstein calves, and 1 investigated multiple vaccines for P. multocida or M. haemolytica or combinations thereof in nursing beef calves. There are too few repeated studies on comparable populations to support further analysis of BRD bacterial vaccine efficacy in North American cattle.
{"title":"Systematic review of vaccine efficacy against Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni in North American cattle","authors":"S. Capik, H. Moberly, R. Larson","doi":"10.21423/bovine-vol55no2p125-133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21423/bovine-vol55no2p125-133","url":null,"abstract":"Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) continues to greatly affect beef, dairy, and veal production systems. Vaccination against the bacteria involved is common, yet questions remain regarding efficacy. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the evidence for effects of vaccinating United States or Canadian beef, dairy, or veal calves for Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, or Histophilus somni on BRD-related morbidity, mortality, or postmortem lung lesions. Comprehensive searches were performed of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CAB Abstracts via OVID. The Bovine Practitioner and references of relevant systematic reviews were searched by hand. Major commercial vaccine producers were queried for additional product information. Peer-reviewed, published after 1979, full text available in English, performed in the US/Canada, control group included, sufficient evidence of randomization/blinding, and correct statistical methods were essential criteria for inclusion in the review. Five studies met the criteria. Of them, 1 investigated a H. somni and M. haemolytica vaccine in feeder calves, 1 studied M. haemolytica vaccination in feeder calves, 1 evaluated a different commercially available M. haemolytica vaccine and 1 experimental M. haemolytica vaccine in young Holstein calves, and 1 investigated multiple vaccines for P. multocida or M. haemolytica or combinations thereof in nursing beef calves. There are too few repeated studies on comparable populations to support further analysis of BRD bacterial vaccine efficacy in North American cattle.","PeriodicalId":22281,"journal":{"name":"The Bovine practitioner","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82468264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.21423/bovine-vol55no2p108-114
Gabryelle Gilliam, B. White, C. Dodd
Personnel management is one of the keys to developing and maintaining a successful veterinary practice. The research objective was to identify factors influencing administrative personnel and veterinarian turnover, as well as compensation packages of owners, new associates, and 10-year associates. A web-based questionnaire was sent to AVC and AABP list-serves consisting of approximately 2,007 members; 125 complete responses were received. Multivariable models were created using factors identified as associated with the outcome variables with a significance level of P < 0.05. Lower administrative personnel turnover was associated with the presence of veterinarian retirement plans, asset protection plans, new associate compensation packages, and the number of veterinarians leaving the practice. Lower veterinarian turnover was associated with veterinarian ownership and the number of administrative personnel leaving the practice. Higher owner compensation packages were associated with longer practice establishment, use of marketing plans, and more veterinarian annual vacation days. Higher compensation packages for 10-year associates were associated with the number of administrative personnel, more all-veterinarian and all-staff meetings, fewer veterinarian hours per week, more hiring of administrative personnel, and fewer administrative personnel leaving the practice. Administrative personnel and veterinarian turnover were impacted by business management practices and number of personnel.
{"title":"Factors influencing administrative personnel and veterinarian turnover and compensation packages in rural mixed-animal practices over a 5-year period","authors":"Gabryelle Gilliam, B. White, C. Dodd","doi":"10.21423/bovine-vol55no2p108-114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21423/bovine-vol55no2p108-114","url":null,"abstract":"Personnel management is one of the keys to developing and maintaining a successful veterinary practice. The research objective was to identify factors influencing administrative personnel and veterinarian turnover, as well as compensation packages of owners, new associates, and 10-year associates. A web-based questionnaire was sent to AVC and AABP list-serves consisting of approximately 2,007 members; 125 complete responses were received. Multivariable models were created using factors identified as associated with the outcome variables with a significance level of P < 0.05. Lower administrative personnel turnover was associated with the presence of veterinarian retirement plans, asset protection plans, new associate compensation packages, and the number of veterinarians leaving the practice. Lower veterinarian turnover was associated with veterinarian ownership and the number of administrative personnel leaving the practice. Higher owner compensation packages were associated with longer practice establishment, use of marketing plans, and more veterinarian annual vacation days. Higher compensation packages for 10-year associates were associated with the number of administrative personnel, more all-veterinarian and all-staff meetings, fewer veterinarian hours per week, more hiring of administrative personnel, and fewer administrative personnel leaving the practice. Administrative personnel and veterinarian turnover were impacted by business management practices and number of personnel.","PeriodicalId":22281,"journal":{"name":"The Bovine practitioner","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82566865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.21423/bovine-vol55no2p120-124
Robert P. Ruffin, S. Lawhon, B. Lubbers, S. Capik
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in beef and dairy cattle in North America. Of the significant bacteria implicated in BRD cases, Mannheimia haemolytica is the most common microbe isolated in clinical cases, yet little is known about its environmental survivability. The objective of this study was to examine relative survivability of M. haemolytica on metal, wood, and plastic under varying environmental conditions. Microenvironments were constructed at approximately 37℉ (3℃), 71℉ (22℃), and 97℉ (36℃) using plastic containers and monitored for temperature and humidity. Stainless steel, polypropylene, and wood spheres were inoculated with M. haemolytica, placed in each microenvironment, and cultured for viable bacteria at 0, 2, 6, 24, and 48 h after inoculation. Presence or absence of growth of M. haemolytica was confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Both wood and plastic materials supported the recovery of viable bacteria for a much longer duration than stainless steel. Additionally, increased temperature and decreased humidity lowered bacterial viability. These results demonstrate that both material and environment are factors related to M. haemolytica survival, which has potential biosecurity implications when managing BRD in beef and dairy operations.
{"title":"Evaluating the environmental survivability of Mannheimia haemolytica on various potential fomites","authors":"Robert P. Ruffin, S. Lawhon, B. Lubbers, S. Capik","doi":"10.21423/bovine-vol55no2p120-124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21423/bovine-vol55no2p120-124","url":null,"abstract":"Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in beef and dairy cattle in North America. Of the significant bacteria implicated in BRD cases, Mannheimia haemolytica is the most common microbe isolated in clinical cases, yet little is known about its environmental survivability. The objective of this study was to examine relative survivability of M. haemolytica on metal, wood, and plastic under varying environmental conditions. Microenvironments were constructed at approximately 37℉ (3℃), 71℉ (22℃), and 97℉ (36℃) using plastic containers and monitored for temperature and humidity. Stainless steel, polypropylene, and wood spheres were inoculated with M. haemolytica, placed in each microenvironment, and cultured for viable bacteria at 0, 2, 6, 24, and 48 h after inoculation. Presence or absence of growth of M. haemolytica was confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Both wood and plastic materials supported the recovery of viable bacteria for a much longer duration than stainless steel. Additionally, increased temperature and decreased humidity lowered bacterial viability. These results demonstrate that both material and environment are factors related to M. haemolytica survival, which has potential biosecurity implications when managing BRD in beef and dairy operations.","PeriodicalId":22281,"journal":{"name":"The Bovine practitioner","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76175604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.21423/bovine-vol55no2p140-152
J. Denis-Robichaud, Marie-Ève Tremblay Cléroux, S. Buczinski, Marie-Lou Gauthier, J. Dubuc, D. Francoz
The objective of this study was to describe the proportion of enteric and respiratory pathogens and diseases in unvaccinated pre-weaned dairy heifers, in their first 2 weeks of life (exam 1), and at 4- to 8-weeks old (exam 2). Heifers from 20 dairy herds were examined and sampled twice for respiratory and enteric pathogens and diseases. Respiratory health score and ultrasonographic lung consolidation were assessed, and nasopharyngeal swabs, blood samples, and feces samples were collected. The prevalence for each disease and pathogen was described, and the difference between exams 1 and 2 was assessed. A total of 198 heifers were included at exam 1, and 182 of them were examined again at exam 2. At exam 1, the prevalence of respiratory diseases (positive clinical score or presence of lung consolidation) and diarrhea was 18% and 23%, respectively. At exam 2, the prevalence of respiratory diseases and diarrhea was 62% and 13%, respectively. Heifers were less likely to have respiratory diseases and pathogens at exam 1 than exam 2, and were more likely to have diarrhea at exam 1 than exam 2. These results help in understanding the dynamic of respiratory and enteric pathogens and diseases.
{"title":"Assessment of the evolution of the proportion of respiratory and enteric pathogens and diseases in pre-weaned unvaccinated dairy heifers from Québec, Canada","authors":"J. Denis-Robichaud, Marie-Ève Tremblay Cléroux, S. Buczinski, Marie-Lou Gauthier, J. Dubuc, D. Francoz","doi":"10.21423/bovine-vol55no2p140-152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21423/bovine-vol55no2p140-152","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to describe the proportion of enteric and respiratory pathogens and diseases in unvaccinated pre-weaned dairy heifers, in their first 2 weeks of life (exam 1), and at 4- to 8-weeks old (exam 2). Heifers from 20 dairy herds were examined and sampled twice for respiratory and enteric pathogens and diseases. Respiratory health score and ultrasonographic lung consolidation were assessed, and nasopharyngeal swabs, blood samples, and feces samples were collected. The prevalence for each disease and pathogen was described, and the difference between exams 1 and 2 was assessed. A total of 198 heifers were included at exam 1, and 182 of them were examined again at exam 2. At exam 1, the prevalence of respiratory diseases (positive clinical score or presence of lung consolidation) and diarrhea was 18% and 23%, respectively. At exam 2, the prevalence of respiratory diseases and diarrhea was 62% and 13%, respectively. Heifers were less likely to have respiratory diseases and pathogens at exam 1 than exam 2, and were more likely to have diarrhea at exam 1 than exam 2. These results help in understanding the dynamic of respiratory and enteric pathogens and diseases.","PeriodicalId":22281,"journal":{"name":"The Bovine practitioner","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79889219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.21423/bovine-vol55no2p115-119
J. Robbins, Rachel S. Williams, R. Derscheid, Brett Boyum, C. Spangler
Humane euthanasia is a crucial component of dairy farm animal welfare programs. When using either a gunshot or captive bolt, the frontal-sinus area is well established as the primary shot location, but a secondary shot is often used as well. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 2 different secondary shot locations. Cattle from a commercial dairy operation (n = 44) were randomly assigned to receive a secondary shot in the frontal-sinus or poll location and clinical signs of consciousness were assessed. A subsample of adult cattle heads (n = 6) were also evaluated to assess the extent of trauma. With the exception of heartbeat, all signs of sensibility were absent immediately following the first frontal-sinus shot and remained absent until confirmation of death, regardless of treatment (P > 0.05). Relatively fewer animals shot in the poll location had a heartbeat 5 min after being shot (P = 0.03). Pathology results on the subsample of adult cattle showed poll shots rarely penetrated beyond the cerebrum and only 1 of 6 animals had a severed brainstem. We conclude the frontal-sinus and poll locations are similarly effective secondary shot locations, and brainstem damage may not be necessary for irreversible insensibility and death.
{"title":"Comparison of frontal-sinus and poll shot locations as secondary methods for euthanizing dairy cattle with a penetrating captive bolt gun","authors":"J. Robbins, Rachel S. Williams, R. Derscheid, Brett Boyum, C. Spangler","doi":"10.21423/bovine-vol55no2p115-119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21423/bovine-vol55no2p115-119","url":null,"abstract":"Humane euthanasia is a crucial component of dairy farm animal welfare programs. When using either a gunshot or captive bolt, the frontal-sinus area is well established as the primary shot location, but a secondary shot is often used as well. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 2 different secondary shot locations. Cattle from a commercial dairy operation (n = 44) were randomly assigned to receive a secondary shot in the frontal-sinus or poll location and clinical signs of consciousness were assessed. A subsample of adult cattle heads (n = 6) were also evaluated to assess the extent of trauma. With the exception of heartbeat, all signs of sensibility were absent immediately following the first frontal-sinus shot and remained absent until confirmation of death, regardless of treatment (P > 0.05). Relatively fewer animals shot in the poll location had a heartbeat 5 min after being shot (P = 0.03). Pathology results on the subsample of adult cattle showed poll shots rarely penetrated beyond the cerebrum and only 1 of 6 animals had a severed brainstem. We conclude the frontal-sinus and poll locations are similarly effective secondary shot locations, and brainstem damage may not be necessary for irreversible insensibility and death.","PeriodicalId":22281,"journal":{"name":"The Bovine practitioner","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83691655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.21423/bovine-vol55no2p134-139
S. Rutten-Ramos, S. Simjee, J. L. Bargen, G. Vogel
Daily feedlot records from steer and heifer lots slaughtered between January 2015 and December 2020 were evaluated for timing of tylosin programs and death events. Tylosin applications were described as Any/None (1/0) in the first 30 days-on-feed, Any in the middle feeding period, and Any/None (1/0) in the last 30 days-on-feed. The final analysis included 125,520 lots of cattle with 18,814,224 head placed. By year, week of the year, week on feed, sex type, hundred-weight at placement and tylosin program, weekly deaths were summarized as deaths per thousand head fed (Deaths_K). Using continuously fed tylosin lots as baseline for each summarized category, excess Deaths_K were calculated for each program. For each hundredweight group, mixed analysis of variance models were developed to assess differences in excess Deaths_K across tylosin programs. Overall, cattle not fed tylosin in the first 30 d in the feedlot experienced higher Deaths_K than cattle that were. Differences in excess death loss across tylosin programs were greater among cattle placed under 800 lb (363 kg) compared to heavier cattle.
{"title":"Retrospective evaluation of excess death loss in feedlot cattle associated with in-feed tylosin application programs","authors":"S. Rutten-Ramos, S. Simjee, J. L. Bargen, G. Vogel","doi":"10.21423/bovine-vol55no2p134-139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21423/bovine-vol55no2p134-139","url":null,"abstract":"Daily feedlot records from steer and heifer lots slaughtered between January 2015 and December 2020 were evaluated for timing of tylosin programs and death events. Tylosin applications were described as Any/None (1/0) in the first 30 days-on-feed, Any in the middle feeding period, and Any/None (1/0) in the last 30 days-on-feed. The final analysis included 125,520 lots of cattle with 18,814,224 head placed. By year, week of the year, week on feed, sex type, hundred-weight at placement and tylosin program, weekly deaths were summarized as deaths per thousand head fed (Deaths_K). Using continuously fed tylosin lots as baseline for each summarized category, excess Deaths_K were calculated for each program. For each hundredweight group, mixed analysis of variance models were developed to assess differences in excess Deaths_K across tylosin programs. Overall, cattle not fed tylosin in the first 30 d in the feedlot experienced higher Deaths_K than cattle that were. Differences in excess death loss across tylosin programs were greater among cattle placed under 800 lb (363 kg) compared to heavier cattle.","PeriodicalId":22281,"journal":{"name":"The Bovine practitioner","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74636885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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