Pub Date : 2022-12-29DOI: 10.21423/bovine-vol56no2p16-28
W. I. Jumper, C. Huston, Robert W. Willis, David R. Smith
The objective of this study was to describe U.S. cow-calf producer access to and use of technology for managing cattle health and production records (CHPR). We anonymously surveyed 14,294 U.S. cow-calf producers. Multivariable logistic regression by manual forward variable selection was used to test demographic factors for association with CHPR-keeping technology outcomes. Smartphones, computers, and internet were available to 85.2%, 92.9%, and 88.7% of respondents, respectively. Factors associated with interest in a smartphone-based CHPR-keeping system included: smartphone use (OR = 7.7; compared to not using a smartphone), respondent age (≤ 54 years: OR = 4.8; 55-64 years: OR = 2.6; 65-74 years: OR = 1.5; compared to ≥75 years), electronic survey response (OR = 2.2; compared to paper), respondent keeps any form of CHPR (OR = 2.0; compared to no CHPR use), respondent education level (some college up to completed Bachelor’s degree: OR = 1.4; post-graduate or professional degree: OR = 1.5; compared to high-school diploma or less), cow-calf operation is not primary income source (OR = 1.3; compared to cow-calf operation being primary income source), region of the U.S. (midwest: OR = 1.1; mountain: OR = 0.8; northeast: OR = 1.4; northern plains: OR = 0.9; southeast: OR = 1.4; southern plains: OR = 1.0; compared to west) and respondent herd size (50-199 head: OR = 1.2; ≥ 200 head: OR = 1.4; compared to ≤ 49 head). Technology needed for electronic CHPR-keeping is common among U.S. cow-calf producers, however, individual demographic characteristics modified interest in electronic CHPR-keeping.
{"title":"Survey of U.S. cow-calf producer access to and use of technology for cattle health and production record-keeping purposes","authors":"W. I. Jumper, C. Huston, Robert W. Willis, David R. Smith","doi":"10.21423/bovine-vol56no2p16-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21423/bovine-vol56no2p16-28","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to describe U.S. cow-calf producer access to and use of technology for managing cattle health and production records (CHPR). We anonymously surveyed 14,294 U.S. cow-calf producers. Multivariable logistic regression by manual forward variable selection was used to test demographic factors for association with CHPR-keeping technology outcomes. Smartphones, computers, and internet were available to 85.2%, 92.9%, and 88.7% of respondents, respectively. Factors associated with interest in a smartphone-based CHPR-keeping system included: smartphone use (OR = 7.7; compared to not using a smartphone), respondent age (≤ 54 years: OR = 4.8; 55-64 years: OR = 2.6; 65-74 years: OR = 1.5; compared to ≥75 years), electronic survey response (OR = 2.2; compared to paper), respondent keeps any form of CHPR (OR = 2.0; compared to no CHPR use), respondent education level (some college up to completed Bachelor’s degree: OR = 1.4; post-graduate or professional degree: OR = 1.5; compared to high-school diploma or less), cow-calf operation is not primary income source (OR = 1.3; compared to cow-calf operation being primary income source), region of the U.S. (midwest: OR = 1.1; mountain: OR = 0.8; northeast: OR = 1.4; northern plains: OR = 0.9; southeast: OR = 1.4; southern plains: OR = 1.0; compared to west) and respondent herd size (50-199 head: OR = 1.2; ≥ 200 head: OR = 1.4; compared to ≤ 49 head). Technology needed for electronic CHPR-keeping is common among U.S. cow-calf producers, however, individual demographic characteristics modified interest in electronic CHPR-keeping.","PeriodicalId":22281,"journal":{"name":"The Bovine practitioner","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88032867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-29DOI: 10.21423/bovine-vol56no2p38-46
John I. Szasz, T. Bryant, L. Bryant, M. Streeter, J. Hutcheson, D. Renter
This study’s objectives were to assess health and performance outcomes in yearling steers randomized to pens with 4-day, 7-day, 10-day, or 13-day postmetaphylaxis intervals (PMI) following arrival administration of tildipirosin (ZuprevoR). The primary objective was to assess linear or non-linear responses to different PMI. Crossbred beef steers (N = 8,160), 648 lb overall mean body weight, were allocated to 40 pens, in 10 blocks, over a 3-week period. Study blocks were defined by arrival and processing date. Data were analyzed using mixed models for a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit. Across all pens and blocks, the incidence of BRD first pulls, morbidity (temperature > 103.5°F), mortality, and removals were: 11.67%, 9.20%, 0.89% and 0.92%, respectively. During the first 45 days, there were linear relationships between PMI and BRD morbidity (P = 0.006) and BRD first pulls (P = 0.003) indicating that apparent incidence decreased linearly as PMI increased. Over the entire feeding period (mean = 217 days), apparent BRD morbidity also decreased linearly (P = 0.01) as PMI increased; however, there was a quadratic (non-linear) relationship between BRD first pulls and PMI (group means 12.0%, 12.9%, 11.08% and 9.49%, respectively). There were no significant associations (P values > 0.10) between PMI and BRD relapses, first treatment success, case fatality, mortality or any live and carcass performance measures. In this study, longer PMI (fewer days eligible for treatment) led to reduced BRD first treatments, with no evidence for negative impacts on mortality or performance.
{"title":"Health and performance outcomes from a randomized clinical trial of post-metaphylactic intervals following tildipirosin metaphylaxis for control of naturally occurring BRD in commingled lightweight yearling steers in a commercial feedlot","authors":"John I. Szasz, T. Bryant, L. Bryant, M. Streeter, J. Hutcheson, D. Renter","doi":"10.21423/bovine-vol56no2p38-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21423/bovine-vol56no2p38-46","url":null,"abstract":"This study’s objectives were to assess health and performance outcomes in yearling steers randomized to pens with 4-day, 7-day, 10-day, or 13-day postmetaphylaxis intervals (PMI) following arrival administration of tildipirosin (ZuprevoR). The primary objective was to assess linear or non-linear responses to different PMI. Crossbred beef steers (N = 8,160), 648 lb overall mean body weight, were allocated to 40 pens, in 10 blocks, over a 3-week period. Study blocks were defined by arrival and processing date. Data were analyzed using mixed models for a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit. Across all pens and blocks, the incidence of BRD first pulls, morbidity (temperature > 103.5°F), mortality, and removals were: 11.67%, 9.20%, 0.89% and 0.92%, respectively. During the first 45 days, there were linear relationships between PMI and BRD morbidity (P = 0.006) and BRD first pulls (P = 0.003) indicating that apparent incidence decreased linearly as PMI increased. Over the entire feeding period (mean = 217 days), apparent BRD morbidity also decreased linearly (P = 0.01) as PMI increased; however, there was a quadratic (non-linear) relationship between BRD first pulls and PMI (group means 12.0%, 12.9%, 11.08% and 9.49%, respectively). There were no significant associations (P values > 0.10) between PMI and BRD relapses, first treatment success, case fatality, mortality or any live and carcass performance measures. In this study, longer PMI (fewer days eligible for treatment) led to reduced BRD first treatments, with no evidence for negative impacts on mortality or performance.","PeriodicalId":22281,"journal":{"name":"The Bovine practitioner","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73972143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-29DOI: 10.21423/bovine-vol56no2p62-69
Cynthia A. Fallness, E. Rollin, B. Heins, R. Berghaus
Maintenance of the cold chain post-manufacturing for livestock vaccines is the most important way to ensure maximum product efficacy and safety. Often, it is unknown if refrigerators used for farm storage are operating in the recommended temperature interval (RTI) for vaccine storage of 36°F to 46°F (2°C to 8°C), and whether or not they are able to maintain those temperatures as the ambient room temperature changes. In order to evaluate the performance of different styles of refrigerators on dairy farms and veterinary clinics in the southeast United States, a convenience sample of 20 refrigerators was selected for the placement of digital data loggers to monitor the internal refrigerator and ambient temperatures over 5 months from July to November 2021. The percentage of time that refrigerators spent outside the RTI ranged from 0% to 80% with a median of 22%. The percentage of time outside the RTI was significantly greater for household refrigerators (37%) compared to commercial refrigerators (2.2%), while mini-refrigerators (27%) were intermediate. The estimated mean daily temperature range (MDTR) of household refrigerators (9.5°F, 5.3°C) was also significantly greater than that for commercial (5.4°F, 3°C) or mini (5.8°F, 3.2°C) refrigerators. Implications of the study show the necessity for proper temperature monitoring, staff training and record keeping to ensure vaccine efficacy and product safety, and ultimately improve animal health and productivity.
{"title":"Maintenance of the last step of the cold chain: on-farm refrigerator storage and performance","authors":"Cynthia A. Fallness, E. Rollin, B. Heins, R. Berghaus","doi":"10.21423/bovine-vol56no2p62-69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21423/bovine-vol56no2p62-69","url":null,"abstract":"Maintenance of the cold chain post-manufacturing for livestock vaccines is the most important way to ensure maximum product efficacy and safety. Often, it is unknown if refrigerators used for farm storage are operating in the recommended temperature interval (RTI) for vaccine storage of 36°F to 46°F (2°C to 8°C), and whether or not they are able to maintain those temperatures as the ambient room temperature changes. In order to evaluate the performance of different styles of refrigerators on dairy farms and veterinary clinics in the southeast United States, a convenience sample of 20 refrigerators was selected for the placement of digital data loggers to monitor the internal refrigerator and ambient temperatures over 5 months from July to November 2021. The percentage of time that refrigerators spent outside the RTI ranged from 0% to 80% with a median of 22%. The percentage of time outside the RTI was significantly greater for household refrigerators (37%) compared to commercial refrigerators (2.2%), while mini-refrigerators (27%) were intermediate. The estimated mean daily temperature range (MDTR) of household refrigerators (9.5°F, 5.3°C) was also significantly greater than that for commercial (5.4°F, 3°C) or mini (5.8°F, 3.2°C) refrigerators. Implications of the study show the necessity for proper temperature monitoring, staff training and record keeping to ensure vaccine efficacy and product safety, and ultimately improve animal health and productivity.","PeriodicalId":22281,"journal":{"name":"The Bovine practitioner","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87542914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-29DOI: 10.21423/bovine-vol56no2p70-78
A. L. Jones, R. Berghaus, Allen A. Kalatari, B. Credille, H. Naikare, B. Heins, JeremiahT. Saliki, R. Wilkes
The objective of the study was to conduct and compare seroprevalence and molecular detection of Anaplasma marginale-infected beef herds in Georgia, and to identify herd risk factors associated with A. marginale-positive herds. Herd information from the beef operations was collected from the sampled herds through a questionnaire to determine practices that may affect the risk of herd infections with A. marginale. Blood samples were collected from 1,059 adult beef cattle (≥ 2 years) from 33 herds. Overall, 8.12% of cattle and 42% of herds were cELISA antibody-positive. Seventy-seven percent of plasma samples from a subset of corresponding seropositive samples (n = 73) were PCR positive. All of the 406 seronegative samples were negative by PCR. There was almost perfect agreement by Cohen’s kappa statistics between PCR and cELISA (k = 0.85). Survey response rate was 100%. Surprisingly, 27% of the producer respondents had not heard of anaplasmosis. Survey also revealed that many producers had management procedures at their operations that could potentially cause mechanical transmission of A. marginale. About 55% of respondents did not always disinfect tools between animals and 88% of the operations used the same needle to inject more than one animal. Over 80% of the producer respondents had brought in new cattle onto their operations in the last 3 years from the time of this study. Given the 8% seroprevalence in Georgia beef cattle and the reported survey findings from this study, educational programs on effective preventive management practices to control bovine anaplasmosis is warranted.
{"title":"Seroprevalence and molecular detection of Anaplasma marginale infected beef herds in Georgia, USA","authors":"A. L. Jones, R. Berghaus, Allen A. Kalatari, B. Credille, H. Naikare, B. Heins, JeremiahT. Saliki, R. Wilkes","doi":"10.21423/bovine-vol56no2p70-78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21423/bovine-vol56no2p70-78","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the study was to conduct and compare seroprevalence and molecular detection of Anaplasma marginale-infected beef herds in Georgia, and to identify herd risk factors associated with A. marginale-positive herds. Herd information from the beef operations was collected from the sampled herds through a questionnaire to determine practices that may affect the risk of herd infections with A. marginale. Blood samples were collected from 1,059 adult beef cattle (≥ 2 years) from 33 herds. Overall, 8.12% of cattle and 42% of herds were cELISA antibody-positive. Seventy-seven percent of plasma samples from a subset of corresponding seropositive samples (n = 73) were PCR positive. All of the 406 seronegative samples were negative by PCR. There was almost perfect agreement by Cohen’s kappa statistics between PCR and cELISA (k = 0.85). Survey response rate was 100%. Surprisingly, 27% of the producer respondents had not heard of anaplasmosis. Survey also revealed that many producers had management procedures at their operations that could potentially cause mechanical transmission of A. marginale. About 55% of respondents did not always disinfect tools between animals and 88% of the operations used the same needle to inject more than one animal. Over 80% of the producer respondents had brought in new cattle onto their operations in the last 3 years from the time of this study. Given the 8% seroprevalence in Georgia beef cattle and the reported survey findings from this study, educational programs on effective preventive management practices to control bovine anaplasmosis is warranted.","PeriodicalId":22281,"journal":{"name":"The Bovine practitioner","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88217047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-29DOI: 10.21423/bovine-vol56no2p47-61
Alexis C. Thompson, David R. Smith
Pre-weaned beef and dairy calves that fail to receive maternal antibodies are more susceptible to disease. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to evaluate the association between failed transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) and disease in pre-weaned beef and dairy calves. Three databases were searched for relevant studies that evaluated calves diagnosed with FTPI at ≤8 days of age and recorded incidence of disease pre-weaning. Twenty-three, out of 182 identified references, were relevant and contained 46 studies. Twelve studies evaluated the effect of FTPI on morbidity, 18 on mortality, 8 on diarrhea, and 8 on pneumonia. Forty-two of 46 studies (91.3%) reported greater risk for disease among FTPI calves. The strength of association between FTPI and disease varied and was not resolved by subgrouping by outcome, animal type, test, cut-off point, or cumulative incidence of disease. Failed transfer of passive immunity is a component cause of calf disease that may have a greater impact in some populations than others.
{"title":"Failed transfer of passive immunity is a component cause of pre-weaning disease in beef and dairy calves: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Alexis C. Thompson, David R. Smith","doi":"10.21423/bovine-vol56no2p47-61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21423/bovine-vol56no2p47-61","url":null,"abstract":" \u0000Pre-weaned beef and dairy calves that fail to receive maternal antibodies are more susceptible to disease. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to evaluate the association between failed transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) and disease in pre-weaned beef and dairy calves. Three databases were searched for relevant studies that evaluated calves diagnosed with FTPI at ≤8 days of age and recorded incidence of disease pre-weaning. Twenty-three, out of 182 identified references, were relevant and contained 46 studies. Twelve studies evaluated the effect of FTPI on morbidity, 18 on mortality, 8 on diarrhea, and 8 on pneumonia. Forty-two of 46 studies (91.3%) reported greater risk for disease among FTPI calves. The strength of association between FTPI and disease varied and was not resolved by subgrouping by outcome, animal type, test, cut-off point, or cumulative incidence of disease. Failed transfer of passive immunity is a component cause of calf disease that may have a greater impact in some populations than others.","PeriodicalId":22281,"journal":{"name":"The Bovine practitioner","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83398681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-29DOI: 10.21423/bovine-vol56no2p2-37
W. I. Jumper, C. Huston, Robert L. Willis, David R. Smith
The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with veterinary involvement in cattle health and production record (CHPR) management on U.S. cow-calf operations. We anonymously surveyed 14,294 cow-calf producers across the U.S. Multivariable logistic regression by manual forward variable selection was used to test demographic factors for association with veterinary involvement in CHPR management outcomes. A total of 3,741 (26%) responses were received, with 3,641 (97%) actively involved in cow-calf production. Of these, 2,216 of 3,486 (64%) said local veterinarians were their primary source of cattle health, treatment, and vaccination information. If available, 1,067 of 3,382 (32%) respondents would pay a veterinarian to analyze CHPR and provide management advice based on that information. Factors associated with willingness to pay a veterinarian for CHPR-keeping services include region (midwest: OR = 1.5; mountain: OR = 1.3; northeast: OR = 1.4; northern plains: OR = 1.8; southern plains: OR = 1.7; southeast: OR = 1.9; compared to west), cow-calf operation is not respondent’s primary income source (OR = 1.4; compared to being respondent’s primary income source), respondent records antibiotic treatments (OR = 1.4; compared to not recording antibiotic treatments), respondent education level (post-graduate or professional degree: OR = 1.4; some college up to completed Bachelor’s degree: OR = 1.1; compared to high-school diploma or less). A meaningful number of respondents were willing to pay a veterinarian for CHPR management services depending on region, income source, antibiotic record use and education level.
{"title":"Survey of veterinary involvement in cattle health and production record-keeping on U.S. cow-calf operations","authors":"W. I. Jumper, C. Huston, Robert L. Willis, David R. Smith","doi":"10.21423/bovine-vol56no2p2-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21423/bovine-vol56no2p2-37","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with veterinary involvement in cattle health and production record (CHPR) management on U.S. cow-calf operations. We anonymously surveyed 14,294 cow-calf producers across the U.S. Multivariable logistic regression by manual forward variable selection was used to test demographic factors for association with veterinary involvement in CHPR management outcomes. A total of 3,741 (26%) responses were received, with 3,641 (97%) actively involved in cow-calf production. Of these, 2,216 of 3,486 (64%) said local veterinarians were their primary source of cattle health, treatment, and vaccination information. If available, 1,067 of 3,382 (32%) respondents would pay a veterinarian to analyze CHPR and provide management advice based on that information. Factors associated with willingness to pay a veterinarian for CHPR-keeping services include region (midwest: OR = 1.5; mountain: OR = 1.3; northeast: OR = 1.4; northern plains: OR = 1.8; southern plains: OR = 1.7; southeast: OR = 1.9; compared to west), cow-calf operation is not respondent’s primary income source (OR = 1.4; compared to being respondent’s primary income source), respondent records antibiotic treatments (OR = 1.4; compared to not recording antibiotic treatments), respondent education level (post-graduate or professional degree: OR = 1.4; some college up to completed Bachelor’s degree: OR = 1.1; compared to high-school diploma or less). A meaningful number of respondents were willing to pay a veterinarian for CHPR management services depending on region, income source, antibiotic record use and education level.","PeriodicalId":22281,"journal":{"name":"The Bovine practitioner","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83533137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-19DOI: 10.21423/bovine-vol56no1p40-52
H. A. Rojas, B. White, D. Amrine, R. Larson, S. Capik
The purpose of this study was to utilize retrospective commercial feedlot data to evaluate the potential associations between pen housing management factors and first treatment BRD incidence during the first 45 days on feed (DOF). Our study population included 1,733 cohorts of feedlot cattle representing 188,188 total animals from 2018 to 2020. Our explanatory variables of interest in this study were pen area per animal and bunk space per animal. These variables were categorized as either having below, adequate, or above recommended pen area/bunk space per animal-based guidelines from the central United States. Our data were analyzed with a generalized linear mixed model utilizing a binomial link function. Results demonstrated that pen housing management factors were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with BRD incidence in the first 45 DOF, but their effects were modified by relevant cattle demographic factors (cohort size at arrival, average arrival weight, sex, and quarter of arrival). For example, cohorts with an average arrival weight between 900 to 1,000 lb. (409 to 453 kg) had a higher probability of BRD incidence in the first 45 DOF when provided below recommended pen area per head compared to similar weighted cohorts that had adequate, or above, recommended pen area per head. Our results from this study identify potential situations where pen housing management factors, combined with cattle demographics, may impact the risk of BRD in feedlot cattle. Further defining these situations may allow feedlot managers to utilize these estimates to manage feedlot cattle health more effectively.
{"title":"Associations between pen management characteristics and bovine respiratory disease incidence in the first 45 days post-arrival in feedlot cattle","authors":"H. A. Rojas, B. White, D. Amrine, R. Larson, S. Capik","doi":"10.21423/bovine-vol56no1p40-52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21423/bovine-vol56no1p40-52","url":null,"abstract":" \u0000 The purpose of this study was to utilize retrospective commercial feedlot data to evaluate the potential associations between pen housing management factors and first treatment BRD incidence during the first 45 days on feed (DOF). Our study population included 1,733 cohorts of feedlot cattle representing 188,188 total animals from 2018 to 2020. Our explanatory variables of interest in this study were pen area per animal and bunk space per animal. These variables were categorized as either having below, adequate, or above recommended pen area/bunk space per animal-based guidelines from the central United States. Our data were analyzed with a generalized linear mixed model utilizing a binomial link function. Results demonstrated that pen housing management factors were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with BRD incidence in the first 45 DOF, but their effects were modified by relevant cattle demographic factors (cohort size at arrival, average arrival weight, sex, and quarter of arrival). For example, cohorts with an average arrival weight between 900 to 1,000 lb. (409 to 453 kg) had a higher probability of BRD incidence in the first 45 DOF when provided below recommended pen area per head compared to similar weighted cohorts that had adequate, or above, recommended pen area per head. Our results from this study identify potential situations where pen housing management factors, combined with cattle demographics, may impact the risk of BRD in feedlot cattle. Further defining these situations may allow feedlot managers to utilize these estimates to manage feedlot cattle health more effectively.","PeriodicalId":22281,"journal":{"name":"The Bovine practitioner","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83331326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-19DOI: 10.21423/bovine-vol56no1p14-18
B. Cecco, Emi Sasaki, D. Paulsen, C. Fontenot, C. Navarre, K. Healy, I. Langohr
The objective of this case report is to characterize the sudden fatality of livestock associated with a massive attack of dark rice field mosquitoes (Psorophora columbiae) after the passage of Hurricane Laura in southwest Louisiana late August 2020. In 3 days, approximately 30 deer, 600 beef cattle, 100 sheep and 30 horses died following a brief history of weakness or, in most cases, no clinical signs prior to death. Several on-site visits were performed by veterinarians to evaluate animals and perform necropsies. Two deer were received for necropsy, and tissue samples from 1 bull and 1 horse were evaluated at the Louisiana Animal Diagnostic Disease Laboratory. In addition, postmortem examination was performed on another 15 animals by veterinarians. Similar gross alterations were observed in all necropsies. Lesions included multifocal petechiae and ecchymoses in the skin and the subcutaneous tissues. Both deer also had pale discoloration and accentuated lobular patterns in their livers. Histologically, the livers of the deer and the bull exhibited centrilobular degeneration and hepatocyte dissociation suggestive of severe anemia. The description of this animal fatality event associated with Psorophora colum- biae attack demonstrates the need to establish prevention and/or intervention protocols in areas prone to hurricanes and tropical depressions.
{"title":"Livestock fatalities attributed to a massive attack of Psorophora columbiae following Hurricane Laura","authors":"B. Cecco, Emi Sasaki, D. Paulsen, C. Fontenot, C. Navarre, K. Healy, I. Langohr","doi":"10.21423/bovine-vol56no1p14-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21423/bovine-vol56no1p14-18","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this case report is to characterize the sudden fatality of livestock associated with a massive attack of dark rice field mosquitoes (Psorophora columbiae) after the passage of Hurricane Laura in southwest Louisiana late August 2020. In 3 days, approximately 30 deer, 600 beef cattle, 100 sheep and 30 horses died following a brief history of weakness or, in most cases, no clinical signs prior to death. Several on-site visits were performed by veterinarians to evaluate animals and perform necropsies. Two deer were received for necropsy, and tissue samples from 1 bull and 1 horse were evaluated at the Louisiana Animal Diagnostic Disease Laboratory. In addition, postmortem examination was performed on another 15 animals by veterinarians. Similar gross alterations were observed in all necropsies. Lesions included multifocal petechiae and ecchymoses in the skin and the subcutaneous tissues. Both deer also had pale discoloration and accentuated lobular patterns in their livers. Histologically, the livers of the deer and the bull exhibited centrilobular degeneration and hepatocyte dissociation suggestive of severe anemia. The description of this animal fatality event associated with Psorophora colum- biae attack demonstrates the need to establish prevention and/or intervention protocols in areas prone to hurricanes and tropical depressions.","PeriodicalId":22281,"journal":{"name":"The Bovine practitioner","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75685491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-19DOI: 10.21423/bovine-vol56no1p18-28
P. Gibbons, Julia K. Wells, Kylie R.L. Watson, John J. Weale, J. Roberson
The attrition of veterinarians from mixed animal practice is concerning to the industry. The objectives of this pilot study were to describe the experiences that students gain in private practices prior to graduation and to investigate the impact of these experiences on retention in mixed animal practice. Thirty-six veterinarians within 10 years post-graduation, who were employed in mixed practice as a new graduate, responded to an online questionnaire. Four of these veterinarians also participated in individual interviews. During veterinary school, 76.% spent time in private practice during pre-clinical years and 97% undertook private practice experiences (externships) in their clinical year. Most frequently reported challenges of mixed practice were working more hours than scheduled followed by weekend work, on call and financial issues equally. Upon graduation, 71.4% of veterinarians remaining in mixed practice felt prepared, whereas all 6 that had left mixed practice felt unprepared for challenges of mixed practice. 85.3% felt that externships prepared them the most for a career as a mixed animal practitioner. Three themes emerged from the interviews: working conditions; versatility of medicine; and business ability and knowledge. This study highlights the role of externships in preparing students for life in mixed animal practice.
{"title":"mixed-method pilot study investigating challenges experienced by mixed animal veterinarians in practice and their private practice experiences prior to graduation","authors":"P. Gibbons, Julia K. Wells, Kylie R.L. Watson, John J. Weale, J. Roberson","doi":"10.21423/bovine-vol56no1p18-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21423/bovine-vol56no1p18-28","url":null,"abstract":"The attrition of veterinarians from mixed animal practice is concerning to the industry. The objectives of this pilot study were to describe the experiences that students gain in private practices prior to graduation and to investigate the impact of these experiences on retention in mixed animal practice. Thirty-six veterinarians within 10 years post-graduation, who were employed in mixed practice as a new graduate, responded to an online questionnaire. Four of these veterinarians also participated in individual interviews. During veterinary school, 76.% spent time in private practice during pre-clinical years and 97% undertook private practice experiences (externships) in their clinical year. Most frequently reported challenges of mixed practice were working more hours than scheduled followed by weekend work, on call and financial issues equally. Upon graduation, 71.4% of veterinarians remaining in mixed practice felt prepared, whereas all 6 that had left mixed practice felt unprepared for challenges of mixed practice. 85.3% felt that externships prepared them the most for a career as a mixed animal practitioner. Three themes emerged from the interviews: working conditions; versatility of medicine; and business ability and knowledge. This study highlights the role of externships in preparing students for life in mixed animal practice.","PeriodicalId":22281,"journal":{"name":"The Bovine practitioner","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90299139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-19DOI: 10.21423/bovine-vol56no1p29-39
P. Beck, R. Reuter
Small grain forages are a unique and economically important resource in the Southern Great Plains and in similar areas worldwide. Income is possible from both increasing value of stocker calves grazing during the fall and winter as well as the harvested grain. Wheat and other small grain species are used in this “dual purpose” production system if calves are removed from pastures at the first hollow stem development stage. As more producers have opted to forgo grain harvest in order to graze-out cropped acres, other small grains (oats, cereal rye, triticale, barley) and cool-season annuals (annual ryegrass) are often planted in mixtures. These alternative cool-season annuals and mixtures have similar protein and digestibility attributes to wheat pasture, so management and supplementation recommendations are similar. Risk factors of production include forage growth and climatic variation as well as the bloat provocative nature of the forage, which impacts performance, death losses and economics of the enterprise. Small grain forages are high in crude Protein (17 to 35% of DM) and are highly digestible (up to 85% IVOMD), which is adequate for potential average daily gains in excess of 2.5 lbs per day. However, these performance levels are often not achieved in practice. Growth performance is impacted by forage availability, mineral deficiencies and imbalances, energy and protein imbalances in the rumen, and bloat. This review focuses on the nutritional management of stocker calves grazing smallgrain forages to improve predictability of performance and maintain economic sustainability.
{"title":"Nutritional management of calves grazing wheat and small grain pasture","authors":"P. Beck, R. Reuter","doi":"10.21423/bovine-vol56no1p29-39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21423/bovine-vol56no1p29-39","url":null,"abstract":"Small grain forages are a unique and economically important resource in the Southern Great Plains and in similar areas worldwide. Income is possible from both increasing value of stocker calves grazing during the fall and winter as well as the harvested grain. Wheat and other small grain species are used in this “dual purpose” production system if calves are removed from pastures at the first hollow stem development stage. As more producers have opted to forgo grain harvest in order to graze-out cropped acres, other small grains (oats, cereal rye, triticale, barley) and cool-season annuals (annual ryegrass) are often planted in mixtures. These alternative cool-season annuals and mixtures have similar protein and digestibility attributes to wheat pasture, so management and supplementation recommendations are similar. Risk factors of production include forage growth and climatic variation as well as the bloat provocative nature of the forage, which impacts performance, death losses and economics of the enterprise. Small grain forages are high in crude Protein (17 to 35% of DM) and are highly digestible (up to 85% IVOMD), which is adequate for potential average daily gains in excess of 2.5 lbs per day. However, these performance levels are often not achieved in practice. Growth performance is impacted by forage availability, mineral deficiencies and imbalances, energy and protein imbalances in the rumen, and bloat. This review focuses on the nutritional management of stocker calves grazing smallgrain forages to improve predictability of performance and maintain economic sustainability.","PeriodicalId":22281,"journal":{"name":"The Bovine practitioner","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87734200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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