Telecommunications Policy最新文献

Willingness to pay for broadband: A case study of Wisconsin 宽带付费意愿：威斯康星州案例研究

IF 5.9 2区管理学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Telecommunications Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102873

Mckenzie Boyce

As broadband expansion efforts in the U.S. continue with historic investments, consumer demand for residential broadband services is of first-order importance. Several past broadband willingness to pay studies estimate the value of broadband to be low, compared to the current national average cost of internet subscriptions being around $65 per month. Additional estimates of household's willingness to pay for broadband are needed to provide more insight into how much households value these services and what type of support would be most efficient in increasing broadband adoption to close the digital divide. These estimates are helpful for policymakers, internet service providers, and community leaders working on broadband subsidy programs, trying to bring ISPs to communities, and setting service prices. Using choice experiment data from a 2022 broadband survey in Wisconsin, I find households are willing to pay $45-$334 per month to go from not having internet at home to having speeds between 25 Mbps and 1,000 Mbps and are willing to pay $10-$38 for greater reliability, depending on household income level. While consumers are willing to pay more for speed than reliability, the value consumers place on speed is diminishing. Connection is valuable to people, but getting connected at a much faster speed is not seen as worth a lot more. These estimates suggest households place a high value on home internet and are willing to pay at least, if not more, than prices already available on the market in many places.

随着美国宽带扩容工作的持续进行和历史性投资的不断增加，消费者对住宅宽带服务的需求显得尤为重要。过去的一些宽带支付意愿研究估计宽带的价值较低，而目前全国互联网用户的平均费用约为每月 65 美元。需要对家庭宽带支付意愿进行更多估算，以便更深入地了解家庭对这些服务的重视程度，以及哪种类型的支持能最有效地提高宽带采用率，从而缩小数字鸿沟。这些估算结果有助于政策制定者、互联网服务提供商和社区领导者制定宽带补贴计划，努力将互联网服务提供商引入社区，并确定服务价格。通过使用威斯康星州 2022 年宽带调查中的选择实验数据，我发现家庭愿意每月支付 45 美元至 334 美元的费用，从家中没有互联网到拥有 25 Mbps 至 1,000 Mbps 的网速，并愿意为更高的可靠性支付 10 美元至 38 美元，具体取决于家庭收入水平。虽然消费者愿意为速度而不是可靠性支付更多费用，但消费者对速度的重视程度正在降低。对人们来说，连接是有价值的，但以更快的速度连接并不被认为更有价值。这些估计表明，家庭对家庭互联网的重视程度很高，即使不愿意支付更高的价格，也愿意支付至少高于许多地方市场上已有价格的价格。

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引用次数: 0

Why do users perceive digital platforms as indispensable to their lives?: A study on KakaoTalk in Korea 为什么用户认为数字平台对其生活不可或缺？韩国 KakaoTalk 研究

IF 5.9 2区管理学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Telecommunications Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102863

Jaeyoung Park, Seongcheol Kim

Contemporary daily life heavily relies on a few dominant digital platforms. Despite their pervasive integration into users’ daily routines, scholarly research has primarily focused on assessing the utility of digital platforms rather than on understanding why users perceive them as indispensable. To address this gap, we developed a structural model to examine the factors influencing users’ perceptions of digital platform indispensability, specifically focusing on perceived benefits, perceived risks, and platform habits. We also explored how platform characteristics impact these factors. This study targeted regular KakaoTalk users who utilize multiple Kakao services, given its dominant role in the Korean market. We collected 208 valid responses through an online survey in Korea and analyzed the data using partial least squares structural equation modeling. The results show that users’ perceived benefits and platform habits strongly contribute to perceived digital platform indispensability, while perceived risks have an insignificant impact. Furthermore, platform characteristics such as comprehensiveness and sociability positively influence perceived benefits and platform habits. This study introduces the concept of indispensability in digital platform research and highlights a dual pathway of perceived benefits and platform habits, offering strategic insights for platform providers, regulatory considerations for policymakers, and practical advice for users.

当代日常生活在很大程度上依赖于一些占主导地位的数字平台。尽管数字平台已普遍融入用户的日常生活，但学术研究主要集中于评估数字平台的实用性，而不是了解用户为何认为数字平台不可或缺。为了弥补这一不足，我们建立了一个结构模型来研究影响用户对数字平台不可或缺感知的因素，特别是感知到的益处、感知到的风险和平台习惯。我们还探讨了平台特征如何影响这些因素。鉴于 KakaoTalk 在韩国市场的主导地位，本研究以使用多种 Kakao 服务的 KakaoTalk 固定用户为对象。我们在韩国通过在线调查收集了 208 份有效答卷，并使用偏最小二乘法结构方程模型对数据进行了分析。结果表明，用户感知到的收益和平台习惯对感知到的数字平台不可或缺性有很大影响，而感知到的风险则影响不大。此外，全面性和社交性等平台特征也会对感知到的益处和平台习惯产生积极影响。本研究在数字平台研究中引入了 "不可或缺性 "的概念，强调了感知到的好处和平台习惯的双重途径，为平台提供商提供了战略见解，为政策制定者提供了监管考虑，为用户提供了实用建议。

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引用次数: 0

Internet of Things, critical infrastructures, and the governance of cybersecurity in 5G network slicing 物联网、关键基础设施和 5G 网络切片中的网络安全治理

IF 5.9 2区管理学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Telecommunications Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102867

Günter Knieps

Over the last decade, cybersecurity has become a disruptive challenge driven by the shift to 5G networks. 5G is an application-agnostic general-purpose technology (GPT) characterized by its major role as multidimensional upstream technology for a large and open set of downstream Internet of Things (IoT) applications and use cases in various network industries and, more generally, within the economy as a whole. The focus of this paper is on the network economics of cybersecurity governance, considering the interplay between the recent EU cybersecurity regulatory framework, the extensive standardization efforts of international standardization organizations, and the economic incentives to tackle 5G network performance and security challenges. Based on the economic concept of 5G-based network slicing, the entrepreneurial challenges driven by the Internet of Things (IoT) are analyzed with an eye towards the complementarity between the physical side and virtual side of IoT applications. Network slicing gains particular relevance in the context of different types of logically separated, QoS-differentiated 5G bandwidth capacities, which are combined with other virtual resources such as sensor networks, data storage and processing, together with end-to-end slice security. It is shown in this paper that economic incentives for the implementation of 5G cybersecurity cannot be considered in isolation but must be viewed in combination with other performance requirements of 5G network slices. This is the driver for implementing network slicing architectures within 5G networks that feature a multitude of heterogeneous network slices with different QoS differentiation and various cybersecurity requirements.

在过去十年中，网络安全已成为向 5G 网络转变所带来的颠覆性挑战。5G 是一种与应用无关的通用技术 (GPT)，其主要特点是作为多维上游技术，为各网络行业乃至整个经济中大量开放的下游物联网 (IoT) 应用和用例提供支持。本文的重点是网络安全治理的网络经济学，考虑近期欧盟网络安全监管框架、国际标准化组织的广泛标准化努力以及应对 5G 网络性能和安全挑战的经济激励之间的相互作用。基于 5G 网络切片的经济概念，分析了由物联网（IoT）驱动的创业挑战，并着眼于物联网应用的物理侧和虚拟侧之间的互补性。在不同类型的逻辑分离、QoS 区分的 5G 带宽容量与传感器网络、数据存储和处理等其他虚拟资源以及端到端切片安全相结合的背景下，网络切片具有特别的意义。本文表明，不能孤立地考虑实施 5G 网络安全的经济激励因素，而必须结合 5G 网络切片的其他性能要求来看待。这也是在 5G 网络中实施网络切片架构的驱动力，因为 5G 网络具有多种异构网络切片，这些网络切片具有不同的 QoS 差异和各种网络安全要求。

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引用次数: 0

Promoting the adoption of digital technology: Strategic policy insights from a network effects model 促进数字技术的采用：从网络效应模型看战略政策

IF 5.9 2区管理学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Telecommunications Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102852

Khuong Vu , Ibrahim Kholilul Rohman , Erik Bohlin

This paper examines a dynamic model of digital adoption by firms, incorporating network effects and highlighting the crucial role of government intervention to avoid a low stable equilibrium. The paper presents a strategic policy framework for promoting digital adoption effectively, offering three key insights for policy efforts targeting SMEs.

First, there is a risk of ending up at a stable low equilibrium rate of digital adoption despite an initial surge in interest. Sustaining momentum beyond initial promotion efforts is essential. Second, it is critical to make a significant push when the digital adoption rate is approaching critical mass. This tipping point enables continuous, self-sustaining expansion. Third, understanding technology adoption cycles and allocating resources effectively is crucial. Once the adoption rate passes the critical threshold, further adoption occurs without promotional interventions. Resources should then be reallocated to foster the adoption of new technologies or applications, ensuring optimal use of limited resources to drive ongoing innovation and progress.

The study also reveals that countries with a larger population of SMEs, due to either a large population or strong entrepreneurial environment, may find it relatively easier to promote digital adoption in this sector.

本文研究了企业采用数字化技术的动态模型，纳入了网络效应，并强调了政府干预在避免低稳定均衡方面的关键作用。本文提出了一个有效促进数字化应用的战略政策框架，为针对中小企业的政策努力提供了三个重要启示。首先，尽管最初的兴趣激增，但最终仍有可能出现稳定的低均衡数字化应用率。在最初的推广工作之后，保持势头至关重要。其次，在数字化应用率接近临界点时，必须大力推动。这一临界点可以实现持续的、自我维持的扩展。第三，了解技术采用周期并有效分配资源至关重要。一旦采用率超过临界点，无需推广干预就会进一步采用。因此，应重新分配资源，促进新技术或新应用的采用，确保有限的资源得到最佳利用，推动持续创新和进步。研究还显示，由于人口众多或创业环境浓厚，中小型企业数量较多的国家可能会发现，在这一部门推广数字化应用相对更容易。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing the substitutability of mobile and fixed internet: The impact of 5G services on consumer valuation and price elasticity 评估移动和固定互联网的可替代性：5G 服务对消费者估值和价格弹性的影响

IF 5.9 2区管理学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Telecommunications Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102869

Mikołaj Czajkowski , Wojciech Zawadzki , Grzegorz Bernatek , Maciej Sobolewski

In this study, we explore the dynamics of consumer choices in the Polish telecommunications market, focusing on preferences and valuations for home fixed, home mobile, and purely mobile Internet connections. Key attributes such as speed, latency, data limits, and cost are examined. Central to our research is the investigation of how the integration of 5G technology might influence demand elasticity. Using a detailed discrete choice experiment, we apply a mixed logit model with random parameters to analyze stated choice data, enabling us to unravel the complexities of demand elasticity, especially in terms of own and cross-price elasticities. This approach facilitates an assessment of the degree of substitutability between fixed and mobile Internet services.

Our findings indicate a moderate substitution effect between fixed and mobile Internet services. Results from a Small but Significant and Non-transitory Increase in Price (SSNIP) test suggest that these markets should continue to be regulated separately, mirroring the distinct regulation observed in fixed and mobile telephony. Furthermore, simulations provide insights into potential future market shifts with the advent of 5G services. This paper contributes significantly to the discourse on fixed-mobile Internet substitution and offers vital insights for defining markets in antitrust discussions, competitive agreements, and potential mergers within the telecom sector.

在本研究中，我们探讨了波兰电信市场消费者选择的动态，重点关注家庭固定、家庭移动和纯移动互联网连接的偏好和价值。对速度、延迟、数据限制和成本等关键属性进行了研究。我们研究的核心是调查 5G 技术的整合会如何影响需求弹性。通过详细的离散选择实验，我们采用了带有随机参数的混合 Logit 模型来分析陈述选择数据，从而揭示了需求弹性的复杂性，尤其是自身和交叉价格弹性。我们的研究结果表明，固定和移动互联网服务之间存在适度的替代效应。我们的研究结果表明，固定和移动互联网服务之间存在适度的替代效应。"小幅但显著且非暂时性价格上涨（SSNIP）"测试的结果表明，这两个市场应继续分开监管，以反映固定和移动电话领域的不同监管方式。此外，模拟还为未来随着 5G 服务的出现可能出现的市场变化提供了见解。本文对有关固定-移动互联网替代的讨论做出了重要贡献，并为反垄断讨论、竞争协议和电信行业潜在合并中的市场定义提供了重要见解。

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引用次数: 0

Technological literacy and employment: An inquiry into the adoption of learning technologies 技术扫盲与就业：对采用学习技术的调查

IF 5.9 2区管理学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Telecommunications Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102864

Nazire Begen , Hilal Atasoy

This study investigates the relationship between online learning activities for educational, professional, or personal purposes and employment likelihood using the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Usage Survey conducted by the Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI) between 2015 and 2023. Utilizing a nationally representative survey, we analyze (1) online course enrollment and (2) online learning engagement (self-learning and communication-based learning activities) and their relationship with being employed. The results highlight that all forms of online learning—course enrollment, self-learning, and communication-based learning activities—positively influence employment. Regarding the magnitude of the effects, online learning engagement is as useful as online course enrollment, underscoring the importance of engagement that can supplement formal or structured learning methods. Furthermore, online learning activities benefit disadvantaged labor groups such as female and older workers more. The findings emphasize the potential of online learning activities to promote lifelong learning and mitigate barriers to employment, particularly among older individuals and women. Considering these dynamics, this study allows policymakers and practitioners to develop more effective strategies to address gender disparities and foster inclusive workforce participation.

本研究利用土耳其统计研究所（TSI）在 2015 年至 2023 年期间开展的信息和通信技术（ICT）使用情况调查，研究了出于教育、职业或个人目的的在线学习活动与就业可能性之间的关系。利用这项具有全国代表性的调查，我们分析了（1）在线课程注册情况和（2）在线学习参与情况（自学和基于交流的学习活动）及其与就业的关系。结果表明，所有形式的在线学习--课程注册、自学和基于交流的学习活动--都会对就业产生积极影响。就影响程度而言，在线学习参与与在线课程注册一样有用，这强调了参与的重要性，它可以补充正规或结构化的学习方法。此外，在线学习活动对女性和老年工人等弱势劳动群体的益处更大。研究结果强调了在线学习活动在促进终身学习和减少就业障碍方面的潜力，尤其是在老年人和妇女中。考虑到这些动态因素，本研究有助于政策制定者和从业人员制定更有效的战略，以解决性别差异问题，促进包容性劳动力参与。

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引用次数: 0

Privacy and personal data risk governance for generative artificial intelligence: A Chinese perspective 生成式人工智能的隐私和个人数据风险治理：中国视角

IF 5.9 2区管理学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Telecommunications Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102851

Xiongbiao Ye , Yuhong Yan , Jia Li , Bo Jiang

The rapid development of generative artificial intelligence (AI) has attracted global attention and posed challenges to existing data governance frameworks. The increased technical complexity and expanded scale of data usage not only make it more difficult to regulate AI but also present challenges for the current legal system. This article, which takes ChatGPT's training data and working principles as a starting point, examines specific privacy risks, data leakage risks, and personal data risks posed by generative AI. It also analyzes the latest practices in privacy and personal data protection in China. This article finds that while China's governance on privacy and personal data protection takes a macro-micro integration approach and a private-and-public law integration approach, there are shortcomings in the legal system. Given that the current personal data protection system centered on individual control is unsuitable for the modes of data processing by generative AI, and that private law is insufficient in safeguarding data privacy, urgent institutional innovation is needed to achieve the objective of “trustworthy AI.”

生成式人工智能（AI）的快速发展吸引了全球的关注，也对现有的数据治理框架提出了挑战。技术复杂性的增加和数据使用规模的扩大不仅增加了人工智能监管的难度，也对现行法律体系提出了挑战。本文以 ChatGPT 的训练数据和工作原则为出发点，探讨了生成式人工智能带来的具体隐私风险、数据泄露风险和个人数据风险。文章还分析了中国在隐私和个人数据保护方面的最新实践。本文认为，中国在隐私与个人数据保护治理方面采取宏观与微观相结合、私法与公法相结合的方式，但法律体系存在缺陷。鉴于目前以个人控制为核心的个人数据保护体系不适合生成式人工智能的数据处理模式，私法在保障数据隐私方面也存在不足，实现 "可信赖的人工智能 "目标亟需制度创新。

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引用次数: 0

Digital discrimination under disparate impact: A legal and economic analysis 不同影响下的数字歧视：法律和经济分析

IF 5.9 2区管理学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Telecommunications Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102853

T. Randolph Beard , George S. Ford , Lawrence J. Spiwak

The lack of broadband in many rural and Tribal communities in the U.S. is widely recognized, but there are also claims of a lack of broadband availability in predominantly Minority and urban communities, sometimes labeled digital redlining or digital discrimination. Motivated by such claims, the bi-partisan Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act of 2021 includes a provision addressing digital discrimination and directing the Federal Communications Commission to write rules implementing the statutory provision. The Commission's rules adopt two legal discrimination standards including intentional discrimination (differential treatment) and disparate impact (differential effect). Using data from the Commission's new broadband fabric data, we test for differences in broadband availability between predominantly minority and majority neighborhoods (measured as census block groups) and find no evidence of digital discrimination against minorities.

美国许多农村和部落社区缺乏宽带是公认的事实，但也有人声称主要是少数民族和城市社区缺乏宽带可用性，有时被称为 "数字红线 "或 "数字歧视"。在这些诉求的推动下，两党共同制定的《2021 年基础设施投资与就业法案》中包含了一项解决数字歧视问题的条款，并指示联邦通信委员会制定实施该法律条款的规则。该委员会的规则采用了两个法律歧视标准，包括故意歧视（差别待遇）和差别影响（差别效果）。利用该委员会新的宽带结构数据，我们检验了以少数群体为主的社区和以多数群体为主的社区（以人口普查街区组为衡量标准）之间宽带可用性的差异，结果发现没有证据表明存在针对少数群体的数字歧视。

引用次数: 0

Two paths of balancing technology and ethics: A comparative study on AI governance in China and Germany 平衡技术与伦理的两条路径：中德人工智能治理比较研究

IF 5.9 2区管理学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Telecommunications Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102850

Viktor Tuzov , Fen Lin

Artificial intelligence is rapidly becoming a transformative technology on the agenda of global competition. Although it provides groundbreaking opportunities to benefit societies, the technology also evokes tremendous concerns about potential risk and harm. Mitigating such risks and turning technology into a responsible asset for humanity have been essential agendas in the emerging global architecture of AI governance. Thus, this study proposes an integrated CAMS framework of AI governance to examine the content, actors, means, and scope of AI technology regulations in China and Germany. Regarding AI governance as an active negotiation and regulatory trajectory, we investigate laws and policies on AI governance and the policy-making processes in both countries and articulate two paths of balancing technology and ethics. China adopts a utility-oriented approach featuring a state-led governance structure with complex central-local dynamics. In the Chinese model, AI technology is a driver of economic development, and ethics serves as a utilitarian tool to safeguard the advancement of technology. Germany constructs a right-based approach governed by multisectoral discussion and cooperation platforms with state supervision. In the German model, AI technology is a high-risk arena, and ethics represents the rights for which technological development should serve. This comparative study offers nuance to further understand the dynamic transformation of emerging AI governance.

人工智能正迅速成为全球竞争议程上的一项变革性技术。虽然它为造福社会提供了开创性的机遇，但该技术也引发了对潜在风险和危害的巨大担忧。在新兴的全球人工智能治理架构中，降低此类风险并将技术转化为对人类负责任的资产一直是必不可少的议程。因此，本研究提出了人工智能治理的综合 CAMS 框架，以考察中国和德国人工智能技术法规的内容、参与者、手段和范围。将人工智能治理视为一种积极的协商和监管轨迹，我们调查了两国有关人工智能治理的法律和政策以及政策制定过程，并阐明了平衡技术与伦理的两条路径。中国采用的是以实用性为导向的方法，其特点是以国家为主导的治理结构，具有复杂的中央-地方动态关系。在中国模式中，人工智能技术是经济发展的驱动力，而伦理则是保障技术进步的功利工具。德国构建了一种以权利为基础的方法，由多部门讨论和合作平台管理，并由国家进行监督。在德国的模式中，人工智能技术是一个高风险的领域，而伦理则代表着技术发展所应服务的权利。这项比较研究为进一步理解新兴人工智能治理的动态转型提供了细微的帮助。

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引用次数: 0

Does affordable Internet promote maternal and child healthcare access? Evidence from a post-telecommunication market disruption period in India 负担得起的互联网是否促进了妇幼保健的普及？来自印度电信市场混乱后时期的证据

IF 5.9 2区管理学 Q1 COMMUNICATION

Telecommunications Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102872

Vinayak Krishnatri, Sukumar Vellakkal

Indian telecommunication market witnessed a distortion in 2016 due to a late-entrant firm's disruptive market entry with deep-discounted pricing; however, Internet penetration marked a considerable increase. Using nationally representative cross-sectional data from the post-market disruption period and an instrumental variable strategy for identification, we estimate the impact of the Internet on the uptake of maternal and child healthcare services. We find that the Internet improves the uptake of antenatal care, institutional delivery, postnatal care, and modern contraceptive use. A series of robustness checks confirm consistent and similar findings. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the increased affordability of the Internet had a more profound impact among socioeconomically disadvantaged cohorts. Our findings imply that universal Internet penetration can enhance uptake of healthcare in low- and middle-income countries.

印度电信市场在 2016 年出现了扭曲，原因是一家后进入者公司以大幅折扣的价格破坏性地进入了市场；然而，互联网的渗透率却显著提高。利用市场混乱后时期具有全国代表性的横截面数据和工具变量识别策略，我们估算了互联网对妇幼保健服务普及率的影响。我们发现，互联网提高了产前护理、住院分娩、产后护理和现代避孕药具使用率。一系列稳健性检验证实了一致且相似的结论。异质性分析表明，互联网价格的提高对社会经济条件较差的人群产生了更深远的影响。我们的研究结果表明，互联网的普及可以提高中低收入国家的医疗保健普及率。

引用次数: 0