As AI becomes a central element of national and global development strategies, actors are promoting AI literacy through policies that foster highly skilled talent and equip citizens to engage with AI in everyday life. This study conducts a comparative policy analysis of 41 AI literacy policies from the EU, US, India, and China, examining convergences and divergences in domestic talent cultivation and international talent attraction strategies. Research indicates that actors often follow similar pathways, including expanding AI and STEM programs in higher education and establishing dedicated institutions to strengthen internal talent reserves. Simultaneously, efforts are made to integrate technical and socio-technical competence into inclusive education, advancing AI literacy across society. Nevertheless, influenced by labor market saturation, AI industry development, and strategic positioning, AI literacy policies also exhibit regional variations. This study contributes to understanding global trajectories in AI policy development.
{"title":"Comparing AI literacy policies in the European Union, the United States, India, and China","authors":"Haoyu Yang , Jinghong Xu , Xianquan Zeng , Xinyang Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103142","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103142","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As AI becomes a central element of national and global development strategies, actors are promoting AI literacy through policies that foster highly skilled talent and equip citizens to engage with AI in everyday life. This study conducts a comparative policy analysis of 41 AI literacy policies from the EU, US, India, and China, examining convergences and divergences in domestic talent cultivation and international talent attraction strategies. Research indicates that actors often follow similar pathways, including expanding AI and STEM programs in higher education and establishing dedicated institutions to strengthen internal talent reserves. Simultaneously, efforts are made to integrate technical and socio-technical competence into inclusive education, advancing AI literacy across society. Nevertheless, influenced by labor market saturation, AI industry development, and strategic positioning, AI literacy policies also exhibit regional variations. This study contributes to understanding global trajectories in AI policy development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"50 3","pages":"Article 103142"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146193166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103140
Nir Kshetri
The metaverse presents several unique challenges from security and privacy standpoints. This paper offers a detailed description and analysis of technological environment and institutional factors that can lead to increased privacy violations and security breaches in the metaverse. On the technological front, it discusses how various features of the metaverse such as newness, novelty and complexity of technologies involved, data intensiveness and weak architectural security of the metaverse are likely to provide a fruitful environment for cybercriminals and other perpetrators. The paper analyzes the level and nature of the impacts of privacy violations and security breaches on consumers and victims in the metaverse environment. It also demonstrates how security breaches in the metaverse are likely to lead to immediate harms to victims. It promotes an understanding of how institutions at various level are related to privacy and security risks in the metaverse. On the regulatory front, it points out that privacy and security laws of the Web2 era are not sufficient to deal with the environments of the metaverse. It also argues that the preparedness to provide security and privacy in the metaverse’s multidimensional and multi-sensory environment is currently lacking at the industry level.
{"title":"Privacy and cybersecurity issues facing the metaverse: An analysis of technological and institutional factors","authors":"Nir Kshetri","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The metaverse presents several unique challenges from security and privacy standpoints. This paper offers a detailed description and analysis of technological environment and institutional factors that can lead to increased privacy violations and security breaches in the metaverse. On the technological front, it discusses how various features of the metaverse such as newness, novelty and complexity of technologies involved, data intensiveness and weak architectural security of the metaverse are likely to provide a fruitful environment for cybercriminals and other perpetrators. The paper analyzes the level and nature of the impacts of privacy violations and security breaches on consumers and victims in the metaverse environment. It also demonstrates how security breaches in the metaverse are likely to lead to immediate harms to victims. It promotes an understanding of how institutions at various level are related to privacy and security risks in the metaverse. On the regulatory front, it points out that privacy and security laws of the Web2 era are not sufficient to deal with the environments of the metaverse. It also argues that the preparedness to provide security and privacy in the metaverse’s multidimensional and multi-sensory environment is currently lacking at the industry level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"50 3","pages":"Article 103140"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146193168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103138
Ana Pastor-Merino , Xavier Martínez-Barbero , María R. Vicente , Josep Domenech
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is widely seen as a transformative technology with the potential to reshape firm productivity across sectors. However, empirical evidence on its actual impact at the firm level remains limited, mainly due to the lack of extensive firm-level data. Leveraging web scraping and Large Language Models (LLMs), this study develops a novel framework to detect and quantify AI adoption among 62,525 Spanish firms. The approach distinguishes between firms that adopt AI and those that integrate it intensively across business functions, constructing both binary and continuous measures of AI use. Using entropy-balanced instrumental variable estimations to address endogeneity, we find that AI-adopting firms exhibit approximately 53%–55% higher sales and 48% higher value added than comparable non-adopters. Moreover, increasing the intensity of AI use is associated with an even larger productivity premium of 74%–76% in sales and up to 67% in value added, highlighting the substantial returns from deeper AI integration. In dynamic terms, AI adoption is linked to 9%–13% faster annual sales growth. These findings provide evidence that AI significantly enhances firm performance, underscoring its role as a key driver of productivity growth.
{"title":"Does AI boost firm productivity? A web scraping and LLMs approach","authors":"Ana Pastor-Merino , Xavier Martínez-Barbero , María R. Vicente , Josep Domenech","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103138","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103138","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Artificial Intelligence (AI) is widely seen as a transformative technology with the potential to reshape firm productivity across sectors. However, empirical evidence on its actual impact at the firm level remains limited, mainly due to the lack of extensive firm-level data. Leveraging web scraping and Large Language Models (LLMs), this study develops a novel framework to detect and quantify AI adoption among 62,525 Spanish firms. The approach distinguishes between firms that adopt AI and those that integrate it intensively across business functions, constructing both binary and continuous measures of AI use. Using entropy-balanced instrumental variable estimations to address endogeneity, we find that AI-adopting firms exhibit approximately 53%–55% higher sales and 48% higher value added than comparable non-adopters. Moreover, increasing the intensity of AI use is associated with an even larger productivity premium of 74%–76% in sales and up to 67% in value added, highlighting the substantial returns from deeper AI integration. In dynamic terms, AI adoption is linked to 9%–13% faster annual sales growth. These findings provide evidence that AI significantly enhances firm performance, underscoring its role as a key driver of productivity growth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"50 2","pages":"Article 103138"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103129
Alberto Arenal , Juan Miguel Aguado , Cristina Armuña , Sergio Ramos , Claudio Feijoo
Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a pivotal role throughout every stage of the music industry value chain. In fact, AI has been integral to the value proposition of music streaming platforms since their inception. This research article investigates how AI—and in particular, Generative AI (GenAI)—affects the creation and consumption stages, the two most socially significant components of the music streaming value chain. It explores users’ perceptions of the impact of AI/GenAI on their music-listening experience and examines how artists and performers view the role and influence of AI on their position and opportunities within the streaming model. Drawing on the findings from two separate focus groups with users and artists/performers from different geographies and professional development, this study complements industry debates—often dominated by technology companies and record and publishing firms—by providing valuable insights into the perceptions at both ends of the music industry value chain regarding the impact of these technologies on music creation, dissemination, and consumption. As key findings, while users exhibited a nuanced response to AI-generated music, both existing literature and insights from artists and performers suggest that AI may further amplify the endemic dysfunctions of music streaming platforms, arising governance issues and ethical concerns, particularly regarding to transparency. In addition, both groups highlighted a significant paradox: while AI has the potential to democratise music creation by lowering barriers to entry, it also poses a threat to the existing ecosystem of music professionals, which have relevant implications in terms of the role of culture in societies, policy and practice.
{"title":"Artificial intelligence in the music streaming value chain: Exploring artists' and users’ perceptions on content creation and algorithmic consumption","authors":"Alberto Arenal , Juan Miguel Aguado , Cristina Armuña , Sergio Ramos , Claudio Feijoo","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a pivotal role throughout every stage of the music industry value chain. In fact, AI has been integral to the value proposition of music streaming platforms since their inception. This research article investigates how AI—and in particular, Generative AI (GenAI)—affects the creation and consumption stages, the two most socially significant components of the music streaming value chain. It explores users’ perceptions of the impact of AI/GenAI on their music-listening experience and examines how artists and performers view the role and influence of AI on their position and opportunities within the streaming model. Drawing on the findings from two separate focus groups with users and artists/performers from different geographies and professional development, this study complements industry debates—often dominated by technology companies and record and publishing firms—by providing valuable insights into the perceptions at both ends of the music industry value chain regarding the impact of these technologies on music creation, dissemination, and consumption. As key findings, while users exhibited a nuanced response to AI-generated music, both existing literature and insights from artists and performers suggest that AI may further amplify the endemic dysfunctions of music streaming platforms, arising governance issues and ethical concerns, particularly regarding to transparency. In addition, both groups highlighted a significant paradox: while AI has the potential to democratise music creation by lowering barriers to entry, it also poses a threat to the existing ecosystem of music professionals, which have relevant implications in terms of the role of culture in societies, policy and practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"50 2","pages":"Article 103129"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103128
Sindhura Kammardi Sachidananda , Leon Tinashe Gwaka , Christopher S. Yoo
Device affordability is one of the key barriers to Internet access and use in most low- and middle-income countries. Reducing or eliminating taxes on devices has emerged as a major way to make devices more affordable. However, the empirical evidence on the impact of tax reductions on device access remains limited. To help fill this gap, this study estimates the impact of Colombia's Value Added Tax (VAT) exemption, announced in late 2016, on smartphone penetration rates. Using the Synthetic Control Method (SCM) applied to country-level panel data from 2009 to 2021, our study finds that smartphone penetration in Colombia reached 66.8 % by the end of 2021, an increase of 7.6 percentage points over the 59.2 % level of its synthetic counterpart, which represents a 12.8 % relative increase. These results were validated through placebo tests and other robustness checks. A preliminary, illustrative cost-benefit analysis suggests that the broader economic growth driven by increased smartphone penetration could plausibly offset the VAT revenue loss over time. These findings confirm that reducing or eliminating taxes on smartphones improves smartphone penetration and contributes to bridging the digital divide. The work can be extended by exploring VAT exemptions in other countries and reductions on other forms of taxes.
{"title":"Estimating the impact of Value Added Tax exemptions on smartphone penetration in Colombia using the synthetic control method","authors":"Sindhura Kammardi Sachidananda , Leon Tinashe Gwaka , Christopher S. Yoo","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Device affordability is one of the key barriers to Internet access and use in most low- and middle-income countries. Reducing or eliminating taxes on devices has emerged as a major way to make devices more affordable. However, the empirical evidence on the impact of tax reductions on device access remains limited. To help fill this gap, this study estimates the impact of Colombia's Value Added Tax (VAT) exemption, announced in late 2016, on smartphone penetration rates. Using the Synthetic Control Method (SCM) applied to country-level panel data from 2009 to 2021, our study finds that smartphone penetration in Colombia reached 66.8 % by the end of 2021, an increase of 7.6 percentage points over the 59.2 % level of its synthetic counterpart, which represents a 12.8 % relative increase. These results were validated through placebo tests and other robustness checks. A preliminary, illustrative cost-benefit analysis suggests that the broader economic growth driven by increased smartphone penetration could plausibly offset the VAT revenue loss over time. These findings confirm that reducing or eliminating taxes on smartphones improves smartphone penetration and contributes to bridging the digital divide. The work can be extended by exploring VAT exemptions in other countries and reductions on other forms of taxes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"50 2","pages":"Article 103128"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-29DOI: 10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103127
Yuhong Huang , Mudan Lan
This paper systematically evaluates the microeconomic effects of network infrastructure from the dual perspectives of corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance and productivity performance. By utilizing the “Broadband China” policy as an exogenous shock, a difference-in-differences model is constructed. Based on 2010–2023 microdata on Chinese A-share listed companies, the empirical results indicate that network infrastructure enhances CSR performance and productivity performance, with this effect being more pronounced for enterprises operating within regions with an underdeveloped digital economy, non-high-tech industries, and firms characterized by higher human capital levels. This conclusion remains after endogeneity concerns are addressed and robustness tests are conducted. Mechanism analysis suggests that network infrastructure facilitates corporate digital transformation and alleviates financing constraints, ultimately improving social responsibility performance and productivity performance. The findings of this study underscore the critical value of enhancing network infrastructure in emerging market economies and enrich the understanding of the factors influencing corporate development.
{"title":"Network infrastructure and corporate development: A dual perspective on corporate social responsibility performance and productivity performance","authors":"Yuhong Huang , Mudan Lan","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper systematically evaluates the microeconomic effects of network infrastructure from the dual perspectives of corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance and productivity performance. By utilizing the “Broadband China” policy as an exogenous shock, a difference-in-differences model is constructed. Based on 2010–2023 microdata on Chinese A-share listed companies, the empirical results indicate that network infrastructure enhances CSR performance and productivity performance, with this effect being more pronounced for enterprises operating within regions with an underdeveloped digital economy, non-high-tech industries, and firms characterized by higher human capital levels. This conclusion remains after endogeneity concerns are addressed and robustness tests are conducted. Mechanism analysis suggests that network infrastructure facilitates corporate digital transformation and alleviates financing constraints, ultimately improving social responsibility performance and productivity performance. The findings of this study underscore the critical value of enhancing network infrastructure in emerging market economies and enrich the understanding of the factors influencing corporate development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"50 2","pages":"Article 103127"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-28DOI: 10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103109
Yuxi Meng
The rapid advancement of generative artificial intelligence (AI) has fundamentally reshaped the traditional media value chain, transforming the processes of content production, distribution, and consumption. Among these developments, AI virtual anchors have significantly reduced operational costs and enabled the large-scale creation of content. However, their widespread adoption has also raised complex legal, ethical, and regulatory challenges. This paper investigates the governance of AI virtual anchors from three key dimensions.
First, it examines how AI technologies are restructuring the media ecosystem, particularly in the realm of live-streaming e-commerce, by displacing human labour and creating new market dynamics. Second, it examines the associated legal and ethical concerns, including intellectual property disputes, the under-recognized rights of “ghost performers”, risks of misinformation, and consumer protection issues. Third, it evaluates China’s evolving governance responses, highlighting both proactive regulatory innovations and ongoing challenges. Starting from platform governance theories, this paper develops a China-specific regulatory narrative and identifies a multi-tiered governance system that involves the government, platforms, and public participation, and reveals the underlying logic that redefines platform roles in China’s digital governance architecture. This paper argues that China’s evolving governance of AI virtual anchors illustrates a distinct institutional model and aims to situate this experience within global discussions, offering comparative reference points for AI governance, particularly regarding platform responsibility, adaptive regulation, and public participation.
{"title":"Governing AI virtual anchors in China’s live streaming E-commerce ecosystem: Policy challenges and global implications","authors":"Yuxi Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid advancement of generative artificial intelligence (AI) has fundamentally reshaped the traditional media value chain, transforming the processes of content production, distribution, and consumption. Among these developments, AI virtual anchors have significantly reduced operational costs and enabled the large-scale creation of content. However, their widespread adoption has also raised complex legal, ethical, and regulatory challenges. This paper investigates the governance of AI virtual anchors from three key dimensions.</div><div>First, it examines how AI technologies are restructuring the media ecosystem, particularly in the realm of live-streaming e-commerce, by displacing human labour and creating new market dynamics. Second, it examines the associated legal and ethical concerns, including intellectual property disputes, the under-recognized rights of “ghost performers”, risks of misinformation, and consumer protection issues. Third, it evaluates China’s evolving governance responses, highlighting both proactive regulatory innovations and ongoing challenges. Starting from platform governance theories, this paper develops a China-specific regulatory narrative and identifies a multi-tiered governance system that involves the government, platforms, and public participation, and reveals the underlying logic that redefines platform roles in China’s digital governance architecture. This paper argues that China’s evolving governance of AI virtual anchors illustrates a distinct institutional model and aims to situate this experience within global discussions, offering comparative reference points for AI governance, particularly regarding platform responsibility, adaptive regulation, and public participation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"50 2","pages":"Article 103109"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103114
Junhua Zhu , Elina Sinkkonen , Mikael Mattlin
This article explains why and how China aims to set international standards in artificial intelligence (AI), by analysing AI standardisation's place within China's National Innovation System (NIS). Emerging technologies, such as AI, where global norms and governance institutions are yet to be established, offer greater possibilities for latecomers to set international standards. As areas of AI are general-purpose technologies, it matters what kind of standards are set, and who sets them. Building on arguments that domestic technology diffusion has become more important than innovation capacity, we contend that in strategic technology competition it is essential for great powers to diffuse their technology solutions internationally, for which standardisation is a key channel. Through a detailed analysis of China's AI innovation system, we argue that China's AI-related NIS is maturing. China has already developed national AI standards, and its standard-setting is internationalising, as our analysis of Chinese policy documents on AI standardisation shows. Lingering weaknesses in basic AI research, however, still limit the potential for Chinese firms to set de facto standards through market competition, beyond specific AI applications. Amid intense Sino-US strategic technology competition, China's possibilities to successfully pursue international committee- or government-led standardisation, and thereby technology diffusion, have also been restricted. Yet, the recent US turn away from promoting a rules-based order opens new possibilities for Chinese standardisation efforts. The Chinese government has promoted market- and firm-led standardisation around open-source solutions, while increasingly targeting its multilateral standard-setting towards the ‘Global South’, e.g. through its 2025 Action Plan for Global Artificial Intelligence Governance.
{"title":"Strategic technology competition revisited: A National Innovation System rationale for China's artificial intelligence standardisation strategy","authors":"Junhua Zhu , Elina Sinkkonen , Mikael Mattlin","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article explains why and how China aims to set international standards in artificial intelligence (AI), by analysing AI standardisation's place within China's National Innovation System (NIS). Emerging technologies, such as AI, where global norms and governance institutions are yet to be established, offer greater possibilities for latecomers to set international standards. As areas of AI are general-purpose technologies, it matters what kind of standards are set, and who sets them. Building on arguments that domestic technology diffusion has become more important than innovation capacity, we contend that in strategic technology competition it is essential for great powers to diffuse their technology solutions internationally, for which standardisation is a key channel. Through a detailed analysis of China's AI innovation system, we argue that China's AI-related NIS is maturing. China has already developed national AI standards, and its standard-setting is internationalising, as our analysis of Chinese policy documents on AI standardisation shows. Lingering weaknesses in basic AI research, however, still limit the potential for Chinese firms to set <em>de facto</em> standards through market competition, beyond specific AI applications. Amid intense Sino-US strategic technology competition, China's possibilities to successfully pursue international committee- or government-led standardisation, and thereby technology diffusion, have also been restricted. Yet, the recent US turn away from promoting a rules-based order opens new possibilities for Chinese standardisation efforts. The Chinese government has promoted market- and firm-led standardisation around open-source solutions, while increasingly targeting its multilateral standard-setting towards the ‘Global South’, e.g. through its 2025 Action Plan for Global Artificial Intelligence Governance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"50 2","pages":"Article 103114"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-21DOI: 10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103117
Wenjia Yan , Yu-li Liu , Valeriia Mamaeva , Fang Dong , Guannan Tao , Rubing Li , Heng Yang
This study seeks to develop and validate a generative AI literacy scale, examining its influence on privacy protection and information verification behaviors. Using a mixed-methods approach that includes qualitative focus groups (n = 47) and a nationwide survey (n = 535), four essential dimensions of literacy are identified, namely, awareness, usage, evaluation, and ethics/risks. The results indicate that the scale incorporates features unique to generative AI, such as crafting effective prompts to improve performance and addressing risks related to misinformation, legal challenges, and systemic bias. Structural equation modeling reveals that awareness and ethics/risks significantly predict both privacy protection and information verification behaviors, while frequent users of generative AI are less likely to verify the information encountered. This research contributes to advancing the measurement of generative AI literacy and provides practical insights into fostering a responsible and informed adoption of generative AI technologies across diverse user groups.
{"title":"Generative AI literacy: Scale development and its influence on privacy protection behaviors and information verification behaviors","authors":"Wenjia Yan , Yu-li Liu , Valeriia Mamaeva , Fang Dong , Guannan Tao , Rubing Li , Heng Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study seeks to develop and validate a generative AI literacy scale, examining its influence on privacy protection and information verification behaviors. Using a mixed-methods approach that includes qualitative focus groups (n = 47) and a nationwide survey (n = 535), four essential dimensions of literacy are identified, namely, awareness, usage, evaluation, and ethics/risks. The results indicate that the scale incorporates features unique to generative AI, such as crafting effective prompts to improve performance and addressing risks related to misinformation, legal challenges, and systemic bias. Structural equation modeling reveals that awareness and ethics/risks significantly predict both privacy protection and information verification behaviors, while frequent users of generative AI are less likely to verify the information encountered. This research contributes to advancing the measurement of generative AI literacy and provides practical insights into fostering a responsible and informed adoption of generative AI technologies across diverse user groups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"50 2","pages":"Article 103117"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-20DOI: 10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103102
Anil Rupasingha , John Pender , Robert Dinterman
The $2.5 billion USDA Broadband Initiatives Program (BIP), established by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act in 2009, was USDA's largest broadband program until the current ReConnect program. This study investigates the impacts of BIP on employment and telework for the period 2011–2017 using confidential American Community Survey microdata on individual workers, combined with program data and other data. Using a difference-in-difference regression framework, we find that BIP increased the likelihood of employment in the sample of all workers and in subsamples of White workers, male workers, workers in metro areas, workers in service industries, and workers specifically in information services, finance and insurance, and professional services for residents of targeted areas. BIP reduced the likelihood of employment among workers in trade and manufacturing industries. Regarding telework, BIP increased the likelihood of working at home among workers employed in information services and professional services. The study also examined the impact of BIP on individual labor force participation, revealing a significant increase in labor force participation due to the BIP. Because our dependent variables are at the worker level, not the business or regional level, and we control for local labor demand conditions using census tract and year fixed effects, we interpret these results as more likely resulting from labor supply effects rather than labor demand effects of the program.
25亿美元的美国农业部宽带计划（BIP）由2009年《美国复苏与再投资法案》（American Recovery and Reinvestment Act）建立，是美国农业部在目前的ReConnect计划之前最大的宽带计划。本研究利用保密的美国社区调查个体工人微观数据，结合项目数据和其他数据，调查了2011-2017年期间BIP对就业和远程办公的影响。利用差中差回归框架，我们发现BIP增加了所有工人样本和白人工人、男性工人、都市地区工人、服务业工人、特别是信息服务、金融和保险以及目标地区居民专业服务工人的子样本的就业可能性。BIP降低了贸易和制造业工人就业的可能性。在远程办公方面，信息服务和专业服务行业的员工在家工作的可能性增加了。该研究还考察了BIP对个人劳动力参与率的影响，揭示了由于BIP，劳动力参与率显着增加。由于我们的因变量是在工人水平，而不是企业或地区水平，并且我们使用人口普查区和年度固定效应来控制当地的劳动力需求条件，因此我们将这些结果解释为更可能是劳动力供给效应而不是劳动力需求效应的结果。
{"title":"Impacts of the USDA broadband initiatives program on employment and telework: Evidence from confidential American community survey microdata","authors":"Anil Rupasingha , John Pender , Robert Dinterman","doi":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.telpol.2025.103102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The $2.5 billion USDA Broadband Initiatives Program (BIP), established by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act in 2009, was USDA's largest broadband program until the current ReConnect program. This study investigates the impacts of BIP on employment and telework for the period 2011–2017 using confidential American Community Survey microdata on individual workers, combined with program data and other data. Using a difference-in-difference regression framework, we find that BIP increased the likelihood of employment in the sample of all workers and in subsamples of White workers, male workers, workers in metro areas, workers in service industries, and workers specifically in information services, finance and insurance, and professional services for residents of targeted areas. BIP reduced the likelihood of employment among workers in trade and manufacturing industries. Regarding telework, BIP increased the likelihood of working at home among workers employed in information services and professional services. The study also examined the impact of BIP on individual labor force participation, revealing a significant increase in labor force participation due to the BIP. Because our dependent variables are at the worker level, not the business or regional level, and we control for local labor demand conditions using census tract and year fixed effects, we interpret these results as more likely resulting from labor supply effects rather than labor demand effects of the program.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22290,"journal":{"name":"Telecommunications Policy","volume":"50 1","pages":"Article 103102"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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