Pub Date : 2019-12-16DOI: 10.5406/womgenfamcol.7.2.0108
R. Jelks, Ayesha K. Hardison
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Pub Date : 2019-12-16DOI: 10.5406/womgenfamcol.7.2.0136
Channon S. Miller
Abstract:In the 70 years since E. Franklin Frazier published The Negro Family in the United States (1948), black communities have witnessed the arrival of black immigrants in unprecedented numbers. Literature on this population suggests that, although African American, African, and Afro-Caribbean families are similarly marginalized by the resuscitation of antiblack practices, they fail to locate refuge in one another. Racial stereotypes work internally to distort and degrade their perception of the "other." African Americans doubt the authenticity of the foreign-born families that move into their neighborhoods or purchase local businesses, while black immigrants conceive of native-born parents as unmotivated and their children as self-destructive.A study of this intraracial, cross-ethnic dynamic, this paper attends to black mothers—those traditionally cast as the bearers of black familial pathology. Using original ethnographic research with native-born and foreign-born black mothers in the city of Hartford, Connecticut, the text posits that black mothers migrate across ethnic borders to yield a motherline—a collective of mothers that not only mutually rears their children but also sees them through the structural and ideological forces that reduce their lives to precarity. Their love for their children stirs a need and a want to align with those whose grievances mirror their own. Amid critical and reflective dialogue about the boundaries that separate them, these mothers jointly forge kinship structures that brace their children for external racial assaults. This close examination of black maternal boundary crossings captures the possibilities of black love on borderlands widely considered marred.
{"title":"Motherlines Conceived from Disparate Roots","authors":"Channon S. Miller","doi":"10.5406/womgenfamcol.7.2.0136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/womgenfamcol.7.2.0136","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In the 70 years since E. Franklin Frazier published The Negro Family in the United States (1948), black communities have witnessed the arrival of black immigrants in unprecedented numbers. Literature on this population suggests that, although African American, African, and Afro-Caribbean families are similarly marginalized by the resuscitation of antiblack practices, they fail to locate refuge in one another. Racial stereotypes work internally to distort and degrade their perception of the \"other.\" African Americans doubt the authenticity of the foreign-born families that move into their neighborhoods or purchase local businesses, while black immigrants conceive of native-born parents as unmotivated and their children as self-destructive.A study of this intraracial, cross-ethnic dynamic, this paper attends to black mothers—those traditionally cast as the bearers of black familial pathology. Using original ethnographic research with native-born and foreign-born black mothers in the city of Hartford, Connecticut, the text posits that black mothers migrate across ethnic borders to yield a motherline—a collective of mothers that not only mutually rears their children but also sees them through the structural and ideological forces that reduce their lives to precarity. Their love for their children stirs a need and a want to align with those whose grievances mirror their own. Amid critical and reflective dialogue about the boundaries that separate them, these mothers jointly forge kinship structures that brace their children for external racial assaults. This close examination of black maternal boundary crossings captures the possibilities of black love on borderlands widely considered marred.","PeriodicalId":223911,"journal":{"name":"Women, Gender, and Families of Color","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122551773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-16DOI: 10.5406/womgenfamcol.7.2.0202
H. Cole
Abstract:This essay begins with the idea and practice of the repast or repass as it has come to evolve vernacularly over the years. Traditionally, this practice of community, food, and fellowship, usually partaken after a funeral or burial ceremony, is representative of one's ability and the necessity to continue with life in the face of the realities of death. Attacks on black life have remained a constant, with various manifestations spanning historically from the treacheries of slavery to the social inequities that form the present conditions of marginalized blackness. Racialized disparities in health, as well as the more blatant and growing incidences of police brutality, further evidence the complex proximity of black life and death. This essay argues that articulations of self and collective black love and resilience underscore the practice and meaning of the repast for black communities and also represent an important mechanism for black mental, emotional, and ultimately physical survival. Moreover, I argue that black communities are constantly participating in the repast where, in the midst of death, there is an attempt to continue to nurture and care take for oneself and others. In this way, the repast becomes a statement/metaphor for the black condition. This article also includes a critical examination of the roles of "mothering" and "motherwork" that serve as important anchors within processes of black collective love.
{"title":"The Repast: Self and Collective Love in the Face of Black Death","authors":"H. Cole","doi":"10.5406/womgenfamcol.7.2.0202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/womgenfamcol.7.2.0202","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay begins with the idea and practice of the repast or repass as it has come to evolve vernacularly over the years. Traditionally, this practice of community, food, and fellowship, usually partaken after a funeral or burial ceremony, is representative of one's ability and the necessity to continue with life in the face of the realities of death. Attacks on black life have remained a constant, with various manifestations spanning historically from the treacheries of slavery to the social inequities that form the present conditions of marginalized blackness. Racialized disparities in health, as well as the more blatant and growing incidences of police brutality, further evidence the complex proximity of black life and death. This essay argues that articulations of self and collective black love and resilience underscore the practice and meaning of the repast for black communities and also represent an important mechanism for black mental, emotional, and ultimately physical survival. Moreover, I argue that black communities are constantly participating in the repast where, in the midst of death, there is an attempt to continue to nurture and care take for oneself and others. In this way, the repast becomes a statement/metaphor for the black condition. This article also includes a critical examination of the roles of \"mothering\" and \"motherwork\" that serve as important anchors within processes of black collective love.","PeriodicalId":223911,"journal":{"name":"Women, Gender, and Families of Color","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130904287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-16DOI: 10.5406/womgenfamcol.7.2.0161
Simone C. Drake
Abstract:An unprecedented number of films directed and often written and produced by African Americans offering coupling conventions or the marriage plot as a trope began emerging at the close of the twentieth century and have continued with strong popularity into the twenty-first. The initial emergence of these films came on the tail of vicious debates and public rhetoric about dysfunctional African American families. As a means of talking back, or perhaps even conforming to social policy, black film embraced marriage plots. Most of the films, however, end with a wedding, which prevents audiences the opportunity to imagine a status—marriage—that the media, politicians, social scientists, and popular culture propose is antithetical to blackness. Ending with the wedding begs the question: What happens after "I do?" Malcolm Lee's The Best Man (1999) and its long-awaited sequel The Best Man Holiday (2013) offer spectators a fairytale story of black success and black love after "I do." Because Lee's film enterprise imagines black marriage after the wedding, it is a useful case study for how narratives of blackness in the realm of popular culture talk back to popular public sphere narratives of unmarriageable black women, criminalized black men, and wayward black children. Ultimately, The Best Man Holiday is a what I call a "black-black" film that, through its depiction of black marriage and black children, enables blackness to function as an analytic that gives meaning to black joy in twenty-first century popular culture.
{"title":"The Marketability of Black Joy: After \"I Do\" in Black Romance Film","authors":"Simone C. Drake","doi":"10.5406/womgenfamcol.7.2.0161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/womgenfamcol.7.2.0161","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:An unprecedented number of films directed and often written and produced by African Americans offering coupling conventions or the marriage plot as a trope began emerging at the close of the twentieth century and have continued with strong popularity into the twenty-first. The initial emergence of these films came on the tail of vicious debates and public rhetoric about dysfunctional African American families. As a means of talking back, or perhaps even conforming to social policy, black film embraced marriage plots. Most of the films, however, end with a wedding, which prevents audiences the opportunity to imagine a status—marriage—that the media, politicians, social scientists, and popular culture propose is antithetical to blackness. Ending with the wedding begs the question: What happens after \"I do?\" Malcolm Lee's The Best Man (1999) and its long-awaited sequel The Best Man Holiday (2013) offer spectators a fairytale story of black success and black love after \"I do.\" Because Lee's film enterprise imagines black marriage after the wedding, it is a useful case study for how narratives of blackness in the realm of popular culture talk back to popular public sphere narratives of unmarriageable black women, criminalized black men, and wayward black children. Ultimately, The Best Man Holiday is a what I call a \"black-black\" film that, through its depiction of black marriage and black children, enables blackness to function as an analytic that gives meaning to black joy in twenty-first century popular culture.","PeriodicalId":223911,"journal":{"name":"Women, Gender, and Families of Color","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134056167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-16DOI: 10.5406/womgenfamcol.7.2.0182
Emerald L. Christopher-Byrd
Abstract:This article examines the ways in which racial patriarchal tropes from E. Franklin Frazier's The Negro Family in the United States (1939) and Daniel Patrick Moynihan's public-policy report The Negro Family: The Case for National Action (1965) have been reconstructed for the present via relationship-advice literature marketed to heterosexual black women under the guise of love and increasing the rate of black marriage. A close analysis of the connection between historic pathological narratives of the black family and the current self-help genre exposes racial and gendered politics, concessions, and negotiations within the black community. Utilizing popular relationship-advice literature that achieved New York Times bestseller list status—Steve Harvey's Act Like a Lady, Think Like a Man (2009), Tyrese Gibson and Rev. Run's Manology: Secrets of Your Man's Mind Revealed (2013)—this article focuses on the culturally embedded linkages among the concepts of worthiness for respect, sexual propriety (chiefly in heterosexist terms), and behavioral decorum—especially when directed at women. It also looks at the gate-keeping function these norms serve in regulating and limiting black women's right to full political and social recognition. In so doing, this article reveals the ways in which relationship-advice literature maintains black women's subordinate position within the black community, as well as within the dominant white society.
摘要:本文考察了富兰克林·弗雷泽(E. Franklin Frazier)的《美国黑人家庭》(1939)和丹尼尔·帕特里克·莫伊尼汉(Daniel Patrick Moynihan)的公共政策报告《黑人家庭:国家行动的案例》(1965)中的种族父权修辞是如何通过以爱情和提高黑人结婚率为幌子，向异性恋黑人女性推销的关系建议文学来重建的。对黑人家庭的历史病理叙述与当前自助类型之间联系的仔细分析揭示了黑人社区内的种族和性别政治，让步和谈判。本文利用了《纽约时报》畅销书排行榜上的流行恋爱建议文学——史蒂夫·哈维的《像女人一样行动，像男人一样思考》(2009年)，泰瑞斯·吉布森和Rev. Run的《男性学:揭露你男人思想的秘密》(2013年)——重点关注了值得尊重的概念、性礼仪(主要是异性恋者的术语)和行为礼仪——尤其是针对女性的概念之间的文化内在联系。它还研究了这些规范在调节和限制黑人妇女获得充分政治和社会承认的权利方面的把关功能。在此过程中，这篇文章揭示了恋爱建议文学在黑人社区中以及在占主导地位的白人社会中维持黑人女性从属地位的方式。
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Pub Date : 2019-12-16DOI: 10.5406/womgenfamcol.7.2.0113
P. Austin
Abstract:While Howard University sociologist E. Franklin Frazier's sociological materials have been criticized for contributing to the pathologization of black working-class womanhood, Frazier's interviews also offer a rich archive from which to cull the complexities of inner life that transcend the instrumental renderings of black pathology and the narrow configurations of black women's urban migration experiences. Specifically, this archive accentuates interiority and brings into relief conceptions of self as articulated by black poor and working-class women themselves. The African American mothers interviewed for E. Franklin Frazier's Washington, DC, interwar project on black adolescent personality development took advantage of interviewers' listening ears, sometimes ignoring specific questions to instead share personal stories and unsolicited political ideologies and analytical frameworks. What comes through are narratives of lived experiences, thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that highlight deliberations on sex and sexuality, the institution of marriage, childbearing and childrearing, New Negro conceptualizations of gender, domesticity, and ways in which black women asserted authorial control over their bodies. These articulations suggest (and sometimes exclaim) a desire to speak, a desire for an audience, a desire to be heard and recognized, and demonstrate that black poor and working-class women had a complex, ambivalent relationship to the concepts of both double consciousness and dissemblance.
摘要:虽然霍华德大学社会学家E. Franklin Frazier的社会学材料因对黑人工人阶级女性的病态化做出了贡献而受到批评，但Frazier的访谈也提供了丰富的档案，从中可以筛选出内在生活的复杂性，这些复杂性超越了黑人病理学的工具呈现和黑人女性城市移民经历的狭隘配置。具体来说，这个档案强调了内在性，并带来了黑人穷人和工人阶级妇女自己所表达的自我概念。富兰克林·弗雷泽(E. Franklin Frazier)在华盛顿特区主持的两次世界大战之间的黑人青少年人格发展项目中，接受采访的非裔美国母亲们利用了采访者的倾听，有时会忽略具体问题，而是分享个人故事、主动提出的政治意识形态和分析框架。通过对生活经历、思想、感情和信仰的叙述，突出了对性和性的思考，婚姻制度，生育和抚养孩子，新黑人对性别的概念，家庭生活，以及黑人女性对自己身体的权威控制方式。这些表达表明(有时是惊呼)一种说话的欲望，一种对听众的渴望，一种被倾听和被认可的渴望，并表明黑人穷人和工人阶级妇女与双重意识和伪装的概念有着复杂而矛盾的关系。
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Pub Date : 2019-09-18DOI: 10.5406/womgenfamcol.7.1.0056
T. Owens
Abstract:Teaching black children how to survive on their own was one of the primary goals of the Howard Orphanage and Industrial School (1868–1918) in New York. One skill, penmanship, proved to be particularly important for orphaned girls. "Fugitive Literati" examines an incident involving one of the institution's former residents, a sixteen-year-old black girl domestic, who used her writing to resist being forced to marry a man who may have sexually assaulted her. Using black feminist thought to read the loud silences in the Howard Orphanage and Industrial School's letters, I argue that the girl's case shows how orphaned black girls used the "written word" to navigate power relations in the workplace and actively construct their desired kinship networks for survival. Further, I contend that the silences around the girl's case in the archive tell of a strategy of dissemblance or the unique family-like veil of privacy within the institution.
{"title":"Fugitive Literati: Black Girls' Writing as a Tool of Kinship and Power at the Howard School","authors":"T. Owens","doi":"10.5406/womgenfamcol.7.1.0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/womgenfamcol.7.1.0056","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Teaching black children how to survive on their own was one of the primary goals of the Howard Orphanage and Industrial School (1868–1918) in New York. One skill, penmanship, proved to be particularly important for orphaned girls. \"Fugitive Literati\" examines an incident involving one of the institution's former residents, a sixteen-year-old black girl domestic, who used her writing to resist being forced to marry a man who may have sexually assaulted her. Using black feminist thought to read the loud silences in the Howard Orphanage and Industrial School's letters, I argue that the girl's case shows how orphaned black girls used the \"written word\" to navigate power relations in the workplace and actively construct their desired kinship networks for survival. Further, I contend that the silences around the girl's case in the archive tell of a strategy of dissemblance or the unique family-like veil of privacy within the institution.","PeriodicalId":223911,"journal":{"name":"Women, Gender, and Families of Color","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130345399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-18DOI: 10.5406/womgenfamcol.7.1.0080
A. Wade
Abstract:This article explores the tenets of Black girls' digital kinship by detailing an ethnographic study in which I developed and taught an elective course for a group of Black high school girls. I use my participant-observation from a five-month period teaching these students in order to argue that there is mutual mediation between kinship and digital production. I define digital kinship as a relational practice through which familial ties—with both origin family and chosen family—are established and/or maintained through digital technologies. Contextualizing my definition of digital kinship within the literatures of Black American family structures and digital community-building, I show how Black girls' offline familial ties appear in and/or influence their content on digital platforms such as Face-book and Snapchat along with what kinds of factors lead to the establishment of kin relationships within digital spaces specifically. Ultimately, I analyze the digital kinships formed by the girls in my class to conclude that digital spaces create more possibilities for Black girls to form support networks and exercise an agency to control space often denied them in their everyday school and home environments.
{"title":"When Social Media Yields More than \"Likes\": Black Girls' Digital Kinship Formations","authors":"A. Wade","doi":"10.5406/womgenfamcol.7.1.0080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/womgenfamcol.7.1.0080","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article explores the tenets of Black girls' digital kinship by detailing an ethnographic study in which I developed and taught an elective course for a group of Black high school girls. I use my participant-observation from a five-month period teaching these students in order to argue that there is mutual mediation between kinship and digital production. I define digital kinship as a relational practice through which familial ties—with both origin family and chosen family—are established and/or maintained through digital technologies. Contextualizing my definition of digital kinship within the literatures of Black American family structures and digital community-building, I show how Black girls' offline familial ties appear in and/or influence their content on digital platforms such as Face-book and Snapchat along with what kinds of factors lead to the establishment of kin relationships within digital spaces specifically. Ultimately, I analyze the digital kinships formed by the girls in my class to conclude that digital spaces create more possibilities for Black girls to form support networks and exercise an agency to control space often denied them in their everyday school and home environments.","PeriodicalId":223911,"journal":{"name":"Women, Gender, and Families of Color","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134236268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-18DOI: 10.5406/womgenfamcol.7.1.0001
Corinne T. Field, L. Simmons
{"title":"Introduction to Special Issue: Black Girlhood and Kinship","authors":"Corinne T. Field, L. Simmons","doi":"10.5406/womgenfamcol.7.1.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/womgenfamcol.7.1.0001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":223911,"journal":{"name":"Women, Gender, and Families of Color","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130352271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-18DOI: 10.5406/womgenfamcol.7.1.0098
K. M. Green
Abstract:In this short piece, the author stages a poetic and performative conversation between himself and the black queer figures he imagines as his chosen-family tree. This piece is an attempt to linger in the black queer inventiveness that is as much tethered to a real and imagined past as it is to all possible radical black futures.
{"title":"In the Life: On Black Queer Kinship","authors":"K. M. Green","doi":"10.5406/womgenfamcol.7.1.0098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/womgenfamcol.7.1.0098","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In this short piece, the author stages a poetic and performative conversation between himself and the black queer figures he imagines as his chosen-family tree. This piece is an attempt to linger in the black queer inventiveness that is as much tethered to a real and imagined past as it is to all possible radical black futures.","PeriodicalId":223911,"journal":{"name":"Women, Gender, and Families of Color","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123368718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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