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Becoming Creole, Becoming Black: Migration, Diasporic Self-Making, and the Many Lives of Madame Maymie Leona Turpeau de Mena 成为克里奥尔人,成为黑人:移民,散居的自我创造,以及梅纳夫人的许多生活
Pub Date : 2016-09-14 DOI: 10.5406/WOMGENFAMCOL.4.2.0171
Courtney Desiree Morris
Abstract:This article examines the complex life of one of the Universal Negro Improvement Association’s most charismatic but undertheorized figures, Madame Maymie Leona Turpeau de Mena. Relegated to the footnotes of UNIA history, the existing version of de Mena’s biography identifies her as an Afro-Nicaraguan immigrant who rose to the upper echelons of the UNIA. After years of serving as assistant international organizer and electrifying audiences throughout the hemisphere, she eventually assumed control of all the North American chapters of the UNIA, the editorship of the Negro World, and acted as Marcus Garvey’s representative in the United States and globally. Recently uncovered archival materials reveal that de Mena was actually born in St. Martinville, Louisiana, in 1879. How could such a prominent UNIA figure vanish from the historical record only to reappear and be so misunderstood? Part of the dilemma lies in the fact that de Mena appears to have intentionally altered the key elements of her biography to reflect her changing personal life and political commitments. This article maps de Mena’s shifting racial and political subjectivities as a transnational proto-feminist, moving through the landscapes of the U.S. Gulf South, Caribbean Central America, the U.S. Northeast, and preindependence Jamaica. It provides a critical corrective to de Mena’s existing biography and examines how black women moved through transnational political and cultural movements of the early twentieth century, authoring themselves into existence through intimate and public acts of diasporic self-making.
摘要:本文考察了世界黑人改善协会最具魅力但理论不足的人物之一梅梅·莱昂娜·图尔波·德梅纳夫人的复杂生活。德梅纳传记的现有版本被贬为UNIA历史的脚注,将她描述为一名非裔尼加拉瓜移民,后来升入UNIA的高层。在担任了多年的国际组织助理,并在整个半球为观众带来了震撼之后,她最终控制了UNIA的所有北美分会,担任了《黑人世界》的编辑,并担任了马库斯·加维在美国和全球的代表。最近发现的档案资料显示,德梅纳实际上于1879年出生在路易斯安那州的圣马丁维尔。这样一位杰出的联合国人物怎么会从历史记录中消失,却又重新出现,并受到如此大的误解?这种困境的部分原因在于,德梅纳似乎有意改变了她传记中的关键元素,以反映她不断变化的个人生活和政治承诺。这篇文章描绘了德梅纳作为一个跨国女权主义原型的种族和政治主观性的变化,穿越了美国南部海湾地区、加勒比海中美洲、美国东北部和独立前的牙买加。它为德梅纳现有的传记提供了一个关键的纠正,并研究了黑人女性如何在20世纪初的跨国政治和文化运动中移动,通过散居的自我创造的亲密和公开行为使自己存在。
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引用次数: 0
Sex at a Crossroads: The Gender Politics of Racial Uplift and Afro-Caribbean Activism in Panama, 1918–32 十字路口的性:种族提升的性别政治和加勒比黑人在巴拿马的行动主义,1918-32
Pub Date : 2016-09-14 DOI: 10.5406/WOMGENFAMCOL.4.2.0196
Jeffrey W. Parker
Abstract:This article explores the historical debates surrounding sexual deviancy among migrant Afro-Caribbean activists in Panama from the era of World War I until the 1930s. In addition to Panama Canal Zone records and Panamanian court records, this article utilizes a collection of West Indian newspapers published in Panama in order to trace the intersections of race, sex, labor, and class during the early twentieth century. This research highlights the central role that deviant sexuality played in articulating notions of black manliness during labor strikes on the Panama Canal led by Garveyite activists. Moreover, it highlights how Caribbean women shaped the gendered politics surrounding Pan-African activism through local courts, union halls, and newspaper columns. Their active engagement with patriarchal discourses and organizational culture influenced debates around sexual morality and racial uplift during a period of racist U.S. empire building as well as nationalistic xenophobia in Panama.
摘要:本文探讨了从第一次世界大战时期到20世纪30年代,巴拿马加勒比裔移民积极分子之间围绕性变态的历史争论。除了巴拿马运河区的记录和巴拿马法院的记录外,本文还利用了在巴拿马出版的西印度群岛报纸,以追溯20世纪初种族、性别、劳工和阶级的交集。这项研究强调了在加维派激进分子领导的巴拿马运河劳工罢工期间,越轨性行为在表达黑人男子气概方面所起的核心作用。此外,它还强调了加勒比妇女如何通过地方法院、工会大厅和报纸专栏,塑造了围绕泛非行动主义的性别政治。他们积极参与父权话语和组织文化,影响了在种族主义的美帝国建设时期关于性道德和种族提升的辩论,以及巴拿马的民族主义仇外心理。
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引用次数: 3
Accessing Pan-African Feminist Humanism: Unlocking the Metacolonial in the Poetry of Una Marson and Dionne Brand 进入泛非女性人文主义:解开尤娜·马森和迪翁·布兰德诗歌中的元殖民主义
Pub Date : 2016-09-14 DOI: 10.5406/WOMGENFAMCOL.4.2.0222
B. Wallace
Abstract:This essay places the poetry of Una Marson (Jamaica) in conversation with that of Dionne Brand (Trinidad and Tobago) in order to revisit and explore the importance of Pan-Africanism in the Caribbean imagination. More precisely, it examines the role of Pan-African feminist humanisms in Caribbean women’s poetry as a means to demonstrate how the creative can bring forth a different understanding and a rearticulation of subjectivity, discourse, belonging, and power beyond the rigid limitations imposed by Western epistemologies.
摘要:本文将Una Marson(牙买加)的诗歌与Dionne Brand(特立尼达和多巴哥)的诗歌进行对话,以重新审视和探索泛非主义在加勒比海想象中的重要性。更准确地说,它考察了泛非女性主义在加勒比女性诗歌中的作用,作为一种手段,展示了创造性如何超越西方认识论强加的严格限制,带来不同的理解和对主体性、话语、归属感和权力的重新表述。
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引用次数: 1
The Color Line Exception: The Transracial Adoption of Foreign-born and Biracial Black Children 肤色界线例外:跨种族收养外国出生和混血儿的黑人儿童
Pub Date : 2016-04-06 DOI: 10.5406/WOMGENFAMCOL.4.1.0086
E. Raleigh
Census data show that the number of transracial adoptive households is rising, but white parents are more likely to adopt Hispanic and Asian children than black children. These demographics provide empirical support for the argument that the color line in the United States is evolving from a white/nonwhite divide toward a black/nonblack one. Yet these racial demarcations treat blacks as a monolithic group and hide the potential for subgroup variation. The purpose of this article is to explore the ways in which white adoptive parents differentiate among black children available for adoption. Specifically, I examine how the adoptions of foreign-born black and of native-born multiracial black children are positioned as distinct from native-born “full” black children. To analyze these questions, I draw on in-depth interviews with adoption professionals who routinely help facilitate transracial adoptions (n=25). I argue foreign-born and biracial black children are seen as the exception to African American exceptionalism—in other words, these children are seen as “not black.” The study concludes with a discussion of implications for child welfare workers and adoptive families.
人口普查数据显示,跨种族收养家庭的数量正在上升,但白人父母更有可能收养西班牙裔和亚裔儿童,而不是黑人儿童。这些人口统计数据为以下论点提供了实证支持:美国的肤色界线正在从白人/非白人分界线演变为黑人/非黑人分界线。然而,这些种族划分将黑人视为一个整体群体,并隐藏了子群体变化的可能性。这篇文章的目的是探讨白人养父母在可收养的黑人儿童中区分的方式。具体来说,我研究了外国出生的黑人和本土出生的多种族黑人儿童的收养如何被定位为与本土出生的“完全”黑人儿童不同。为了分析这些问题,我对经常帮助促进跨种族收养的收养专业人士进行了深入采访(n=25)。我认为,在外国出生和混血的黑人孩子被视为非裔美国人例外论的例外——换句话说,这些孩子被视为“非黑人”。该研究最后讨论了对儿童福利工作者和收养家庭的影响。
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引用次数: 4
Tenuous Ties: The Nature and Costs of Kin Support among Low-income Rural Black Mothers 脆弱的关系:低收入农村黑人母亲亲属支持的性质和成本
Pub Date : 2016-04-06 DOI: 10.5406/WOMGENFAMCOL.4.1.0004
Raymond Garrett-Peters, L. Burton
Since Stack’s (1974) landmark ethnography of kin support in a close-knit group of poor black mothers in the Midwest, there has been ample research on social support among low-income black families. While this body of work has largely painted a picture of the cohesive and supportive nature of families in black communities, recent research has highlighted the limited nature of kin support, especially the support available to low-income black mothers. Much of this work, however, has focused primarily on urban black mothers and paid less attention to the conditions that poor rural black mothers face when seeking and giving family support. Using longitudinal ethnographic data from a sample of 16 low-income black mothers in the rural South, we draw on social exchange, negotiated-order, and social capital perspectives to scrutinize the nature and costs of kin support in family networks marked by limited resources, instability, and chronic need. Our findings reveal the centrality of problematic resources and unpredictable family networks as conditions that diminish mothers’ autonomy and compromise important “side bets” as mothers seek out, manage, and repay support. Implications of this study for theories of social support and social capital are also discussed.
自斯塔克(1974)的具有里程碑意义的民族志研究中西部一群关系密切的贫困黑人母亲的亲属支持以来,人们对低收入黑人家庭的社会支持进行了大量研究。虽然这些研究在很大程度上描绘了黑人社区家庭的凝聚力和支持性质,但最近的研究强调了亲属支持的有限性,特别是对低收入黑人母亲的支持。然而,这方面的大部分工作主要集中在城市黑人母亲身上,而很少关注贫穷的农村黑人母亲在寻求和给予家庭支持时所面临的状况。利用来自南方农村16位低收入黑人母亲样本的纵向民族志数据,我们从社会交换、协商秩序和社会资本的角度来审视以资源有限、不稳定和长期需求为特征的家庭网络中亲属支持的性质和成本。我们的研究结果表明,在母亲寻求、管理和回报支持的过程中,有问题的资源和不可预测的家庭网络的中心地位削弱了母亲的自主权,并损害了重要的“赌注”。本文还讨论了本研究对社会支持理论和社会资本理论的启示。
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引用次数: 23
Puerto Rican Families in Central Florida: Prejudice, Discrimination, and Their Implications for Successful Intergration 佛罗里达中部的波多黎各家庭:偏见、歧视及其对成功融合的影响
Pub Date : 2016-04-06 DOI: 10.5406/WOMGENFAMCOL.4.1.0057
Elizabeth Aranda, F. Rivera
Central Florida is an emerging destination for Puerto Ricans migrating to the contiguous states of the United States. We use in-depth interviews with Puerto Rican adults and young adults (N=25) and data from the U.S. Census to examine Central Florida Puerto Rican families’ demographic and economic profiles and to compare them to those in older destinations such as New York. We focus particularly on socioeconomic integration. Findings from interviews suggest that kinship networks may aid the efforts of families to maintain socioeconomic stability by providing access to social capital. However, the generational status and levels of acculturation may affect the kinds of jobs that are attainable. Importantly, experiences with discrimination may blunt economic progress and socioeconomic integration. The erosion of feelings of belonging due to discrimination may, in turn, affect future settlement decisions. We discuss the implications of these results for Puerto Rican families’ socioeconomic status and economic stability.
佛罗里达州中部是波多黎各人移民到美国邻近各州的新兴目的地。我们对波多黎各成年人和年轻人(N=25)进行了深度访谈,并从美国人口普查中获得数据,以检查佛罗里达中部波多黎各家庭的人口和经济状况,并将其与纽约等较老目的地的家庭进行比较。我们特别关注社会经济一体化。访谈结果表明,亲属关系网络可以通过提供获取社会资本的途径,帮助家庭维持社会经济稳定。然而,代际地位和文化适应水平可能会影响可获得的工作类型。重要的是,歧视的经历可能会阻碍经济进步和社会经济一体化。由于歧视而导致的归属感的侵蚀可能反过来影响未来的定居决定。我们讨论这些结果对波多黎各家庭的社会经济地位和经济稳定的影响。
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引用次数: 13
Female Soccer and Parenting in the Caribbean 加勒比地区的女子足球和养育子女
Pub Date : 2016-04-06 DOI: 10.5406/WOMGENFAMCOL.4.1.0036
R. McCree
In the context of increasing concerns over health issues like obesity, as well as achieving gender equality, increasing interest has been shown in the factors that affect participation in sport in general and female participation in particular. Against this background, drawing on the expectancy value model of sport participation, the principal objective of this paper is to examine the extent to which the family, and parents in particular, have influenced the participation of their daughters in sport and the possible gendered nature of this process through modeling, interpreting experience, and providing experience. Methodologically, it is based on a qualitative case study of national soccer players (n=11) and their parents (n=11) from Trinidad and Tobago. The study generated three major related findings. First, it found little evidence of gender stereotypic beliefs among the parents of the players or their families, be they single parent or nuclear in nature, as they generally served as role models for their daughters and supported them both materially and nonmaterially in their participation in soccer from childhood to adulthood. Second, gendered-based sport socialization was experienced more by some parents when they were growing up than their daughters. Third, while mothers were generally as involved as fathers in their daughters’ football activities—in some cases, much more so—this involvement assumed a different form in several instances, as men tended to assume the role of coach (formally and informally), although their role was not limited to this.
在人们日益关注肥胖等健康问题以及实现性别平等的背景下,人们对影响参加体育运动的一般因素,特别是影响妇女参加体育运动的因素越来越感兴趣。在此背景下,借鉴体育参与的期望值模型,本文的主要目的是通过建模、解释经验和提供经验来研究家庭,特别是父母,在多大程度上影响了女儿参与体育运动,以及这一过程可能的性别性质。在方法上,它基于对特立尼达和多巴哥国家足球运动员(n=11)及其父母(n=11)的定性案例研究。这项研究产生了三个主要的相关发现。首先,研究发现,无论是单亲家庭还是核心家庭,球员的父母或他们的家庭中几乎没有性别刻板印象的证据,因为他们通常是女儿的榜样,并在她们从小到大参与足球运动的过程中提供物质和非物质上的支持。其次,一些父母在成长过程中经历的基于性别的体育社会化比他们的女儿更多。第三,虽然母亲通常和父亲一样参与女儿的足球活动——在某些情况下,甚至更多——但在某些情况下,这种参与以不同的形式出现,因为男性倾向于担任教练的角色(正式和非正式),尽管他们的角色并不局限于此。
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引用次数: 1
Mothering and Entrepreneurship: Experiences of Single Women in St. Lucia 母性与创业:圣卢西亚单身妇女的经验
Pub Date : 2016-04-06 DOI: 10.5406/WOMGENFAMCOL.4.1.0108
T. Esnard
Over the past three decades, there has been a growing interest in the role of female entrepreneurship as a missing link in the economic quagmire facing developing countries. However, while this attention has been marked by noted policy initiatives that seek to link current research to some measure of capacity building for women in that sector, wider research suggests that women combining work and family roles often experience taken-for-granted complications in establishing some degree of work-life balance. These are often neglected in entrepreneurial policy formation. Despite this, little research within developing regions like the Caribbean investigates the complexities related to the experiences and practices of navigating the combined roles of work and family for vulnerable subgroups like single mothers. The aim of this study is to explore, through in-depth phenomenological interviews, the situated nature of single mothering for female entrepreneurs in St. Lucia. Findings point to moral mothering as central to their perception, experiences, and decisions related to mothering and entrepreneurship. Findings also suggest that these women adopt creative strategies for working within these domains. Implications for future research are also discussed.
在过去三十年中,人们越来越关注女性企业家精神作为发展中国家所面临的经济困境中缺失的一环的作用。然而,虽然这种注意的特点是一些著名的政策倡议,设法将目前的研究与妇女在该部门的能力建设的某种措施联系起来,但更广泛的研究表明,兼顾工作和家庭角色的妇女在建立某种程度的工作与生活平衡方面往往遇到理所当然的困难。这些在企业政策形成过程中往往被忽视。尽管如此,在加勒比等发展中地区,很少有研究调查单身母亲等弱势群体在处理工作和家庭双重角色方面的经验和做法的复杂性。本研究的目的是通过深入的现象学访谈,探讨圣卢西亚女企业家的单身母亲的处境性质。研究结果指出,道德育儿是她们在育儿和创业方面的看法、经历和决定的核心。研究结果还表明,这些女性在这些领域采取了创造性的工作策略。对未来研究的启示也进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 4
(De)Militarized Domesticity: Reconfiguring Marriage, Gender, and Family among Filipino Navy Couples 军事化的家庭生活:菲律宾海军夫妇中重新配置婚姻、性别和家庭
Pub Date : 2015-11-21 DOI: 10.5406/WOMGENFAMCOL.3.2.0190
T. Suarez
Through sixty in-depth interviews conducted with immigrant Filipino Navy families in San Diego, California between 2004 and 2005, I examine how the U.S. military, as a colonial institution, transformed conceptions of race, gender, and family and reconfigured these structures by regulating and authorizing certain notions of intimacy, marriage, motherhood/fatherhood, and family life based on an ideal of white bourgeois domesticity. I argue that the family construct that promotes social and cultural citizenship for Filipino Navy families can potentially destabilize the U.S. military institution.
2004年至2005年间,我对加州圣地亚哥的菲律宾海军移民家庭进行了60次深入采访,研究了美国军队作为一个殖民机构,如何通过规范和授权某些亲密关系、婚姻、母性/父亲身份和基于白人资产阶级家庭生活理想的家庭生活的概念,改变了种族、性别和家庭的概念,并重新配置了这些结构。我认为,促进菲律宾海军家庭社会和文化公民身份的家庭结构可能会破坏美国军事机构的稳定。
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引用次数: 2
Understanding Identity Making in the Context of Sociopolitical Involvement among Asian and Pacific Islander American Lesbian and Bisexual Women 亚裔和太平洋岛民美国女同性恋和双性恋女性在社会政治参与背景下的身份建构
Pub Date : 2015-11-21 DOI: 10.5406/WOMGENFAMCOL.3.2.0209
Juan Battle, Angelique C. Harris, Vernisa M. Donaldson, Omar Mushtaq
This study examines how Asian and Pacific Islander American (API) lesbians and bisexual women form identities within the context of occupying both ethnic and sexual minority social statuses. To do so, we examine the correlates of sociopolitical involvement within minority communities among a sample of 175 API lesbian and bisexual women. The findings suggest that feeling connected to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) communities plays the most influential role in their sociopolitical involvement within both LGBT and people of color (POC) communities, while comfort in racial communities plays a negative role on LGBT sociopolitical involvement but has no impact on POC sociopolitical involvement. We then discuss implications for identity formation.
本研究探讨了亚裔和太平洋岛民美国人(API)女同性恋和双性恋女性如何在占据种族和性少数社会地位的背景下形成身份认同。为此,我们在175名API女同性恋和双性恋女性样本中研究了少数族裔社区中社会政治参与的相关性。研究结果表明,与同性恋、双性恋和变性人(LGBT)群体的联系感对他们在LGBT和有色人种(POC)群体中的社会政治参与都起着最大的影响作用,而种族群体中的舒适感对LGBT群体的社会政治参与起着负向作用,而对POC群体的社会政治参与没有影响。然后我们讨论身份形成的含义。
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引用次数: 5
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Women, Gender, and Families of Color
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