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Mechanical Properties and Diffusion Barrier Performance of CrWN Coatings Fabricated through Hybrid HiPIMS/RFMS HiPIMS/RFMS复合制备CrWN涂层的力学性能和扩散阻挡性能
Pub Date : 2021-06-09 DOI: 10.3390/COATINGS11060690
Li-Chun Chang, C. Wu, Tzu-Yu Ou
CrWN coatings were fabricated through a hybrid high-power impulse magnetron sputtering/radio-frequency magnetron sputtering technique. The phase structures, mechanical properties, and tribological characteristics of CrWN coatings prepared with various nitrogen flow ratios (fN2s) were investigated. The results indicated that the CrWN coatings prepared at fN2 levels of 0.1 and 0.2 exhibited a Cr2N phase, whereas the coatings prepared at fN2 levels of 0.3 and 0.4 exhibited a CrN phase. These CrWN coatings exhibited hardness values of 16.7–20.2 GPa and Young’s modulus levels of 268–296 GPa, which indicated higher mechanical properties than those of coatings with similar residual stresses prepared through conventional direct current magnetron sputtering. Face-centered cubic (fcc) Cr51W2N47 coatings with a residual stress of −0.53 GPa exhibited the highest wear and scratch resistance. Furthermore, the diffusion barrier performance of fcc CrWN films on Cu metallization was explored, and they exhibited excellent barrier characteristics up to 650 °C.
采用高功率脉冲磁控溅射/射频磁控溅射混合技术制备CrWN涂层。研究了不同氮流比(fN2s)制备的CrWN涂层的相结构、力学性能和摩擦学特性。结果表明,在fN2浓度为0.1和0.2时制备的CrWN涂层呈现Cr2N相,而在fN2浓度为0.3和0.4时制备的涂层呈现CrN相。CrWN涂层的硬度值为16.7 ~ 20.2 GPa,杨氏模量为268 ~ 296 GPa,与传统直流磁控溅射制备的残余应力相似的涂层相比,具有更高的力学性能。面心立方(fcc) Cr51W2N47涂层的残余应力为- 0.53 GPa,具有最高的耐磨损和抗划伤性能。进一步研究了fcc CrWN膜在Cu金属化过程中的扩散势垒性能,发现fcc CrWN膜在高达650℃时具有优异的势垒特性。
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引用次数: 4
Roles of London Dispersive and Polar Components of Nano-Metal-Coated Activated Carbons for Improving Carbon Dioxide Uptake 纳米金属包覆活性炭的伦敦分散和极性组分对提高二氧化碳吸收的作用
Pub Date : 2021-06-09 DOI: 10.3390/COATINGS11060691
Seulbee Lee, Jong-Hoon Lee, Yeong-Hun Kim, K. Rhee, Soojin Park
Adsorption using carbonaceous materials has been considered as the prevailing technology for CO2 capture because it offers advantages such as high adsorption capacity, durability, and economic benefits. Activated carbon (AC) has been widely used as an adsorbent for CO2 capture. We investigated CO2 adsorption behaviors of magnesium oxide-coated AC (MgO-AC) as a function of MgO content. The microstructure and textural properties of MgO-AC were characterized by X-ray diffraction and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms at 77 K, respectively. The CO2 adsorption behaviors of MgO-AC were evaluated at 298 K and 1 atm. Our experimental results revealed that the presence of MgO plays a key role in increasing the CO2 uptake through the interaction between an acidic adsorbate (e+) and an efficient basic adsorbent (e−).
使用碳质材料吸附已被认为是二氧化碳捕获的主流技术,因为它具有高吸附容量、耐用性和经济效益等优点。活性炭(AC)作为一种吸附剂已被广泛应用于二氧化碳的捕获。研究了氧化镁包覆AC (MgO-AC)对CO2的吸附行为与MgO含量的关系。用x射线衍射和77 K下的氮吸附-脱附等温线分别表征了MgO-AC的微观结构和织构性能。考察了MgO-AC在298 K和1atm下的CO2吸附行为。我们的实验结果表明,MgO的存在通过酸性吸附剂(e+)和高效碱性吸附剂(e−)之间的相互作用,在增加CO2吸收方面起着关键作用。
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引用次数: 3
Numerical Simulation of Heat Mass Transfer Effects on MHD Flow of Williamson Nanofluid by a Stretching Surface with Thermal Conductivity and Variable Thickness 热导率变厚度拉伸表面对Williamson纳米流体MHD流动传热传质影响的数值模拟
Pub Date : 2021-06-06 DOI: 10.3390/COATINGS11060684
S. Islam, Haroon Ur Rasheed, K. Nisar, N. Alshehri, M. Zakarya
The current analysis deals with radiative aspects of magnetohydrodynamic boundary layer flow with heat mass transfer features on electrically conductive Williamson nanofluid by a stretching surface. The impact of variable thickness and thermal conductivity characteristics in view of melting heat flow are examined. The mathematical formulation of Williamson nanofluid flow is based on boundary layer theory pioneered by Prandtl. The boundary layer nanofluid flow idea yields a constitutive flow laws of partial differential equations (PDEs) are made dimensionless and then reduce to ordinary nonlinear differential equations (ODEs) versus transformation technique. A built-in numerical algorithm bvp4c in Mathematica software is employed for nonlinear systems computation. Considerable features of dimensionless parameters are reviewed via graphical description. A comparison with another homotopic approach (HAM) as a limiting case and an excellent agreement perceived.
目前的分析涉及的磁流体动力学边界层流动的辐射方面具有热质传递特征的导电威廉森纳米流体的拉伸表面。从熔体热流的角度考察了变厚度和导热特性对熔体热流的影响。威廉姆森纳米流体流动的数学公式是基于普朗特尔开创的边界层理论。边界层纳米流体流动思想提出了一种将偏微分方程的本构流动规律进行无因次化,然后转化为普通非线性微分方程的方法。采用Mathematica软件内置的数值算法bvp4c对非线性系统进行计算。通过图形描述回顾了无量纲参数的重要特征。作为一种极限情况,与另一种同伦方法(HAM)进行了比较,得到了很好的一致性。
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引用次数: 12
Thermal Spray Multilayer Ceramic Structures with Potential for Solid Oxide Cell Applications 具有固体氧化物电池应用潜力的热喷涂多层陶瓷结构
Pub Date : 2021-06-05 DOI: 10.3390/COATINGS11060682
M. Vardavoulias, P. Gkomoza, M. Arkas, D. Niakolas, S. Neophytides
The objective of this paper is to manufacture free-standing solid oxide cells (SOCs) through the atmospheric plasma spray process (APS), without the aid of a metallic support nor the need for a post-process heating treatment. A five-layered cell was fabricated. Fused and crushed yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) powder in the 5–22 μm particle size range was used in order to achieve a dense electrolyte layer, yet still permitting satisfactory ionic diffusivity. Nickel oxide (NiO) powder that was obtained by in-house flame spray (FS) oxidation of pure nickel (Ni) powder was mixed and sprayed with the original Ni-YSZ feedstock, so as to increase the porosity content in the supporting electrode. Two transition layers were sprayed, the first between the support electrode and the electrolyte (25% (Ni/NiO)–75% YSZ) and the second at the electrolyte and the end electrode interface (50% YSZ–50% lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM)). The purpose of intercalation of these transition layers was to facilitate the ionic motion and also to eliminate thermal expansion mismatches. All the as-sprayed layers were separately tested by an in-house developed acetone permeability comparative test (APCT). Electrodes with adequate porosity (25–30%) were obtained. Concerning electrolytes, relatively thick (150–200 µm) layers derived from fused and crushed YSZ were found to be impermeable to acetone, while thinner YSZ counterparts of less than 100 µm showed a low degree of permeability, which was attributed mostly to existent microcracks and insufficient interparticle cohesion, rather than to interconnected porosity.
本文的目的是通过大气等离子体喷涂工艺(APS)制造独立的固体氧化物电池(soc),而不需要金属支架的帮助,也不需要后处理加热。制作了一个五层细胞。采用5-22 μm的钇稳定氧化锆(YSZ)粉末进行熔合和粉碎,以获得致密的电解质层,同时仍然具有令人满意的离子扩散系数。将纯镍(Ni)粉末经内部火焰喷涂(FS)氧化得到的氧化镍(NiO)粉末与原Ni- ysz原料混合喷涂,以增加支撑电极的孔隙率。喷涂了两个过渡层,第一个在支撑电极和电解质之间(25% (Ni/NiO) -75% YSZ),第二个在电解质和端电极界面(50% YSZ - 50%镧锶锰矿(LSM))。这些过渡层的插入目的是为了促进离子运动,并消除热膨胀不匹配。通过内部开发的丙酮渗透率比较测试(APCT)对所有喷涂层进行了单独测试。获得具有足够孔隙率(25-30%)的电极。电解液方面,熔融破碎后的YSZ较厚(150-200µm)层对丙酮不渗透,而较薄(小于100µm)的YSZ层渗透性较低,这主要是由于存在微裂纹和颗粒间凝聚力不足,而不是相互连接的孔隙。
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引用次数: 1
Weight Loss during Calcination and Sintering Process of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–Bi1/2(Mg2/3Nb1/3)O3 Composite Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-Bi1/2 (Mg2/3Nb1/3)O3复合无铅压电陶瓷煅烧和烧结过程中的失重
Pub Date : 2021-06-03 DOI: 10.3390/COATINGS11060676
S. Afzal, F. Hussain, S. Siyal, M. Javed, M. Saleem, M. Imran, Mohammed A. Assiri, A. A. A. Bahajjaj, A. Ghfar, M. Al-Anazy, M. Ouladsmane, S. Al-Tamrah, Shafaqat Ali
(1 − x)(Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3–xBi(Mg2/3Nb1/3)O3 ceramics with x = 0.00 mol.% (0BMN), 0.01 mol.% (1BMN), 0.03 mol.% (3BMN), and 0.05 mol.% (5BMN) were synthesized using a solid-state processing technique. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of uncalcined samples up to 730 °C showed that the maximum weight loss was observed for 3BMN, whereas the minimum weight loss was attributed to the 0BMN sample. After that, calcination was performed at 800 °C for 4 h. The XRD of calcined samples showed the successful formation of the perovskite phase with no impurity phases. 1BMN and 3BMN samples showed some of the lattice strain; however, a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) existed around x = 0.03 between the rhombohedral and tetragonal structure. The TGA of the green pellets showed weight loss up to the sintering temperature (1100 °C) and during the 3 h holding period. 5BMN showed the maximum weight loss up to sintering temperature, as well as during the holding period, whereas 0BMN displayed the minimum weight loss up to sintering temperature, as well as some weight gain during the holding period. The relative permittivity (er) was maximum at low frequencies, but the addition of BMN improved the er. The frequency dependence of dielectric loss (tanδ) showed that the maximum loss was observed for 3BMN at lower frequencies, and 5BMN showed the maximum loss at higher frequency among all samples.
采用固态法合成了x = 0.00 mol.% (0BMN)、0.01 mol.% (1BMN)、0.03 mol.% (3BMN)和0.05 mol.% (5BMN)的(1−x)(Na0.5Bi0.5) TiO3-xBi (Mg2/3Nb1/3)O3陶瓷。热重分析(TGA)表明,在730℃下未煅烧的样品中,3BMN的重量损失最大,而0BMN的重量损失最小。之后,在800℃下煅烧4 h。煅烧样品的XRD结果表明,成功形成了钙钛矿相,且无杂质相。1BMN和3BMN样品表现出一定的晶格应变;而在x = 0.03附近,在菱形和四边形结构之间存在一个向形态相边界(MPB)。在烧结温度(1100℃)和保温3 h时,绿球团的TGA显示出失重。5BMN在烧结温度和保温期间失重最大,而0BMN在烧结温度和保温期间失重最小,保温期间失重增加。相对介电常数(er)在低频时最大,但BMN的加入改善了er。介质损耗(tanδ)的频率依赖性表明,在所有样品中,3BMN在低频处损耗最大,5BMN在高频处损耗最大。
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引用次数: 2
Experimental Study Regarding the Possibility of Blocking the Diffusion of Sulfur at Casting-Mold Interface in Ductile Iron Castings 阻止球墨铸铁件铸模界面硫扩散可能性的实验研究
Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.3390/COATINGS11060673
D. Anca, I. Stan, M. Chişamera, I. Riposan, S. Stan
The main objective of this work is to investigate the mechanism of sulfur diffusion from the mold (sand resin P-toluol sulfonic acid mold, sulfur-containing acid) in liquid cast iron in order to limit the graphite degeneration in the surface layer of iron castings. A pyramid trunk with square section samples was cast. On the opposite side of the feed canal of the samples, steel sheets with different thicknesses (0.5, 1, and 3 mm) were inserted with the intention of blocking the diffusion of sulfur from the mold into the cast sample during solidification. The structure evaluation (graphite and matrix) in the surface layer and the casting body was recorded. The experimental results revealed that by blocking the direct diffusion of sulfur at the mold-casting interface, a decrease of the demodified layer thickness (for 0.5 mm steel sheet thickness) is obtained until its disappearance (for steel sheet thicknesses of more than 1 mm). The paper contains data that may be useful in elucidating the mechanism of graphite degeneration in the superficial layer of ductile iron castings. Based on the obtained results, we recommend using such barriers on the metal-mold interface, which are able to limit sulfur diffusion from the mold/core materials into the iron castings, in order to limit or even cease graphite degeneration in the Mg-treated surface iron casting layer. The paper presents additional data related to the interaction of sulfur at the ductile iron casting-mold interface previously analyzed.
本工作的主要目的是研究硫在铸铁液中从模具(砂树脂对甲苯磺酸模具,含硫酸)中扩散的机理,以限制铸铁件表层石墨的退化。浇铸了一个方形截面的金字塔形躯干。在样品进料通道的另一侧,插入不同厚度(0.5、1和3mm)的钢板,目的是阻止凝固过程中硫从模具扩散到铸样中。记录了表面层和铸体的组织评价(石墨和基体)。实验结果表明,通过阻断硫在铸型界面的直接扩散,可以使脱晶层厚度(对于0.5 mm厚的钢板)减小,直到脱晶层厚度消失(对于厚度大于1 mm的钢板)。本文所包含的数据可能有助于阐明球墨铸铁铸件表层石墨退化的机理。基于所获得的结果,我们建议在金属-模具界面上使用这种屏障,它能够限制硫从模具/芯材料扩散到铸铁件中,以限制甚至停止mg处理的表面铸铁层中的石墨退化。本文提供了先前分析过的有关球墨铸铁铸模界面处硫相互作用的附加数据。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Curing Agents on Electrical Properties of Low-Temperature Curing Conductive Coatings and Thermodynamic Analysis 固化剂对低温固化导电涂料电性能的影响及热力学分析
Pub Date : 2021-05-30 DOI: 10.3390/COATINGS11060656
Junjie Shu, Wang Yang, Bei Guo, Qin Weihua, Liu Lanxuan, Liu Xiusheng
Silver-based high-conductivity coatings are used in many advanced manufacturing equipment and components, and existing coatings require high-temperature curing. This paper studies the effects of different curing agents on the electrical properties of low-temperature curing (<100 °C) conductive coatings, and analyzes the effects of different curing temperatures and curing time on the surface resistance, square resistance and resistivity of conductive coatings. The response surface method in Design Expert was used to construct the model, and the curing thermodynamics of different curing agents were analyzed by DSC. It was found that curing agents with lower Tm and activation energy, higher pre-exponential factor and more flexible segments are beneficial to the preparation of highly conductive coatings.
银基高导电性涂料用于许多先进的制造设备和部件,现有的涂料需要高温固化。本文研究了不同固化剂对低温固化(<100℃)导电涂料电性能的影响,分析了不同固化温度和固化时间对导电涂料表面电阻、方电阻和电阻率的影响。采用Design Expert软件中的响应面法建立模型,采用DSC分析了不同固化剂的固化热力学。研究发现,低Tm和活化能、高指前因子和多柔性段的固化剂有利于制备高导电涂料。
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引用次数: 1
Innovative Surface Modification Procedures to Achieve Micro/Nano-Graded Ti-Based Biomedical Alloys and Implants 创新的表面改性程序,以实现微/纳米级钛基生物医学合金和植入物
Pub Date : 2021-05-28 DOI: 10.3390/COATINGS11060647
Jie Li, P. Zhou, Shokouh Attarilar, Hongyuan Shi
Due to the growing aging population of the world, and as a result of the increasing need for dental implants and prostheses, the use of titanium and its alloys as implant materials has spread rapidly. Although titanium and its alloys are considered the best metallic materials for biomedical applications, the need for innovative technologies is necessary due to the sensitivity of medical applications and to eliminate any potentially harmful reactions, enhancing the implant-to-bone integration and preventing infection. In this regard, the implant’s surface as the substrate for any reaction is of crucial importance, and it is accurately addressed in this review paper. For constructing this review paper, an internet search was performed on the web of science with these keywords: surface modification techniques, titanium implant, biomedical applications, surface functionalization, etc. Numerous recent papers about titanium and its alloys were selected and reviewed, except for the section on forthcoming modern implants, in which extended research was performed. This review paper aimed to briefly introduce the necessary surface characteristics for biomedical applications and the numerous surface treatment techniques. Specific emphasis was given to micro/nano-structured topographies, biocompatibility, osteogenesis, and bactericidal effects. Additionally, gradient, multi-scale, and hierarchical surfaces with multifunctional properties were discussed. Finally, special attention was paid to modern implants and forthcoming surface modification strategies such as four-dimensional printing, metamaterials, and metasurfaces. This review paper, including traditional and novel surface modification strategies, will pave the way toward designing the next generation of more efficient implants.
由于世界人口老龄化的加剧,以及对牙种植体和义齿的需求的增加,钛及其合金作为种植材料的使用迅速普及。虽然钛及其合金被认为是生物医学应用的最佳金属材料,但由于医疗应用的敏感性和消除任何潜在的有害反应,加强植入物与骨的整合和预防感染,需要创新技术。在这方面,植入物的表面作为任何反应的底物是至关重要的,这在这篇综述中得到了准确的解决。为了构建这篇综述论文,我们在科学网上搜索了这些关键词:表面改性技术,钛种植体,生物医学应用,表面功能化等。许多关于钛及其合金的最新论文被选择和审查,除了即将到来的现代植入物部分,其中进行了扩展研究。本文旨在简要介绍生物医学应用所需的表面特性和各种表面处理技术。特别强调了微/纳米结构的地形,生物相容性,成骨和杀菌作用。此外,还讨论了具有多功能性质的梯度曲面、多尺度曲面和层次曲面。最后,特别关注了现代植入物和即将到来的表面改性策略,如四维打印,超材料和超表面。本文综述了传统的和新型的表面修饰策略,为设计下一代更高效的种植体铺平了道路。
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引用次数: 23
Electrospun Sericin/PNIPAM-Based Nano-Modified Cotton Fabric with Multi-Function Responsiveness 静电纺丝胶/ pnipam基纳米改性棉织物的多功能响应性研究
Pub Date : 2021-05-25 DOI: 10.3390/COATINGS11060632
L. Jia, Wang Boxiang, Cheng Dehong, Liu Zhimei, Lizhang Lv, Jingfeng Guo, Lu Yanhua
There is a significant interest in developing environmentally responsive or stimuli-responsive smart materials. The purpose of this study was to investigate multi-function responsive cotton fabrics with surface modification on the nanoscale. Three technologies including electrospinning technology, interpenetrating polymer network technology, and cross-linking technology were applied to prepare the multi-function sericin/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/Poly(ethylene oxide) nanofibers, which were then grafted onto the surfaces of cotton textiles to endow the cotton textiles with outstanding stimuli-responsive functionalities. The multi-function responsive properties were evaluated via SEM, DSC, the pH-responsive swelling behavior test and contact angle measurements. The results demonstrate that with this method, multi-function responsive, including thermo- and pH-responsiveness, cotton fabrics were fast formed, and the stimuli-responsiveness of the materials was well controlled. In addition, the antimicrobial testing reveals efficient activity of cotton fabrics with the sericin/PNIPAM/PEO nanofiber treatments against Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The research shows that the presented strategy demonstrated the great potential of multi-function responsive cotton fabrics fabricated using our method.
人们对开发环境响应型或刺激响应型智能材料非常感兴趣。本研究的目的是研究纳米级表面改性的多功能反应棉织物。采用静电纺丝技术、互穿聚合物网络技术和交联技术制备了丝胶/聚(n -异丙基丙烯酰胺)/聚(环氧乙烷)多功能纳米纤维,并将其接枝到棉织物表面,使棉织物具有优异的刺激响应功能。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、DSC、ph响应膨胀行为测试和接触角测量来评价复合材料的多功能响应性能。结果表明,该方法能快速形成棉织物的热响应性和ph响应性等多功能响应性,并能很好地控制材料的刺激响应性。此外,抗菌测试表明,丝胶蛋白/PNIPAM/PEO纳米纤维处理棉织物对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌(如金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌)具有有效的抗菌活性。研究表明,该策略显示了用我们的方法制造多功能响应棉织物的巨大潜力。
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引用次数: 7
Mechanical, Electrochemical, and Osteoblastic Properties of Gradient Tantalum Coatings on Ti6Al4V by Prepared Plasma Alloying Technique 等离子体合金化技术制备Ti6Al4V表面梯度钽涂层的力学、电化学和成骨性能
Pub Date : 2021-05-25 DOI: 10.3390/COATINGS11060631
Zhang Meng, Yong Ma, Gao Jie, Hei Hongjun, Wenru Jia, J. Bai, Liu Zhubo, Xiaobo Huang, Yanpeng Xue, Shengwang Yu, Yucheng Wu
Plasma alloying technique capable of producing metallic coatings with metallurgical bonding has attracted much attention in dental and orthopedic fields. In this study, the effects of temperature and time of plasma tantalum (Ta) alloying technique on the mechanical, electrochemical, and osteoblastic properties of Ta coatings were systematically investigated. Ta coatings prepared at 800 °C possess better interfacial strengths than those prepared at 750 and 850 °C, and the interfacial strength increases with prolonged alloying time (30–120 min). At 800 °C, however, the increased proportion of the soft Ta deposition layer with alloying time in the whole coating impairs the surface mechanical properties of the entire coating, as convinced by decreased microhardness and wear resistance. Moreover, Ta coatings exhibit better corrosion resistance than the Ti6Al4V substrate in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium. The enhanced adhesion and extracellular matrix mineralization level of osteoblasts demonstrate the better cytocompatibility and osteogenic activity of the Ta coating. Ta30 (Ta coating prepared at 800 °C for 30 min) exhibits excellent mechanical, electrochemical, and osteoblastic behaviors and is promising in biomedical applications.
等离子合金化技术是一种通过冶金键合制备金属镀层的技术,在牙科和骨科领域受到广泛关注。本文系统地研究了等离子体钽合金化工艺温度和时间对钽涂层力学性能、电化学性能和成骨性能的影响。在800℃下制备的Ta涂层比在750℃和850℃下制备的Ta涂层具有更好的界面强度,并且界面强度随着合金化时间的延长(30-120 min)而增加。然而,在800℃时,随着合金化时间的增加,软Ta沉积层在整个涂层中所占比例的增加,损害了整个涂层的表面力学性能,显微硬度和耐磨性下降。此外,在Dulbecco的改性Eagle介质中,Ta涂层比Ti6Al4V衬底具有更好的耐腐蚀性。对成骨细胞的黏附和细胞外基质矿化水平的提高表明,Ta涂层具有较好的细胞相容性和成骨活性。Ta30(在800°C下30分钟制备的Ta涂层)具有优异的机械、电化学和成骨行为,在生物医学应用中具有广阔的前景。
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引用次数: 6
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