Pub Date : 2022-02-22DOI: 10.1080/1463922X.2022.2036861
Jonathan Deniel, J. Navarro
Abstract Among highly automated driving research topics, transition of control, especially from automated to manual driving (i.e., takeover) have been the object of numerous studies. Drivers’ gaze behaviours are of particular interest as proper information processing by the driver is a key element to safe manual control resumption. In this study, 22 research articles were selected and reviewed to extract main gaze behaviours tendencies during takeover transitions. Despite a great variety in protocols and gaze metrics, categories of factors and gaze parameters have been established. The resulting data shows that at the onset of the takeover request gaze tend to be quickly reoriented towards the road ahead. Despite this, an increase in gaze dispersion on the road environment was found in automated driving. In addition, clear evidence for detrimental effects of visually engaging non-driving related activities on visual exploration strategies emerge (e.g., delay in reorienting the gaze towards the road ahead). Altogether, gaze data reveal the complexity of information processing during takeovers. A synthetical view of gaze parameters evolution during the takeover process has been established and associated with visual information gathering and processing. Finally, a broader view underlying the importance of combining technological approaches with human centred ones is proposed. Supplemental data for this article is available online at at http://doi:10.1080/1463922X.2022.2036861 .
{"title":"Gaze behaviours engaged while taking over automated driving: a systematic literature review","authors":"Jonathan Deniel, J. Navarro","doi":"10.1080/1463922X.2022.2036861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2022.2036861","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Among highly automated driving research topics, transition of control, especially from automated to manual driving (i.e., takeover) have been the object of numerous studies. Drivers’ gaze behaviours are of particular interest as proper information processing by the driver is a key element to safe manual control resumption. In this study, 22 research articles were selected and reviewed to extract main gaze behaviours tendencies during takeover transitions. Despite a great variety in protocols and gaze metrics, categories of factors and gaze parameters have been established. The resulting data shows that at the onset of the takeover request gaze tend to be quickly reoriented towards the road ahead. Despite this, an increase in gaze dispersion on the road environment was found in automated driving. In addition, clear evidence for detrimental effects of visually engaging non-driving related activities on visual exploration strategies emerge (e.g., delay in reorienting the gaze towards the road ahead). Altogether, gaze data reveal the complexity of information processing during takeovers. A synthetical view of gaze parameters evolution during the takeover process has been established and associated with visual information gathering and processing. Finally, a broader view underlying the importance of combining technological approaches with human centred ones is proposed. Supplemental data for this article is available online at at http://doi:10.1080/1463922X.2022.2036861 .","PeriodicalId":22852,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47977183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-20DOI: 10.1080/1463922X.2022.2036859
Mangesh Joshi, V. Deshpande
Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate the sensitivity of the Ovako working posture analyzing system. This paper also focuses on the identification of insensitive and highly sensitive posture zones. The OWAS sensitivity analysis, together with the ordinal regression analysis, offers deeper insights into the methodology for assessing posture. A full factorial design was used to account for all possible combinations of body members. To assess the sensitivity, one parameter of the body part was changed while other parameters were left unchanged to understand its effect on the output score. Combinations of postures in which no change was observed and corresponding ranges were noted. Posture ratings with sudden jumps were also noted. Ordinal regression analysis was performed to identify the body variable with the greatest impact and its weight in estimating the OWAS action category. Ergonomic practitioners can be made aware of insensitive and sensitive zones when assessing posture.
{"title":"An investigative sensitivity study of Ovako working posture analyzing system (OWAS)","authors":"Mangesh Joshi, V. Deshpande","doi":"10.1080/1463922X.2022.2036859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2022.2036859","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate the sensitivity of the Ovako working posture analyzing system. This paper also focuses on the identification of insensitive and highly sensitive posture zones. The OWAS sensitivity analysis, together with the ordinal regression analysis, offers deeper insights into the methodology for assessing posture. A full factorial design was used to account for all possible combinations of body members. To assess the sensitivity, one parameter of the body part was changed while other parameters were left unchanged to understand its effect on the output score. Combinations of postures in which no change was observed and corresponding ranges were noted. Posture ratings with sudden jumps were also noted. Ordinal regression analysis was performed to identify the body variable with the greatest impact and its weight in estimating the OWAS action category. Ergonomic practitioners can be made aware of insensitive and sensitive zones when assessing posture.","PeriodicalId":22852,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43033837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.1080/1463922X.2022.2040062
Juergen Sauer, A. Sonderegger, S. Thuillard, N. Semmer
Abstract This article presents some deliberations on methodological approaches to researching the effects of work-related social stress on performance, with particular consideration being given to machine-induced social stress. The article proposes a broad methodological approach to examine such effects. A particular focus is placed on performance after-effects (e.g. unscheduled probe tasks), extra-role behaviour, and task management behaviour because of conventional performance measures (i.e. scheduled tasks) often being unimpaired by social stressors. The role of the ‘performance protection mode’ as an important concept is discussed. A distinction is made between three facets of after-effects: performance-related, behavioural, and emotional. Unscheduled probe tasks and voluntary tasks are proposed to measure performance-related and behavioural after-effects. Propositions for specific experimental scenarios are made, allowing for sufficiently realistic simulations of social stress at work. The availability of such lab-based simulations of work environments offers good opportunities for this line of experimental research, which is expected to gain in importance since highly automated systems may modify the impact of human-induced social stress or may even represent a social stressor themselves. Finally, the considerations presented in this article are not only of relevance to the domain of social stress but to experimental stress research in general.
{"title":"Social stress in human-machine systems: opportunities and challenges of an experimental research approach","authors":"Juergen Sauer, A. Sonderegger, S. Thuillard, N. Semmer","doi":"10.1080/1463922X.2022.2040062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2022.2040062","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article presents some deliberations on methodological approaches to researching the effects of work-related social stress on performance, with particular consideration being given to machine-induced social stress. The article proposes a broad methodological approach to examine such effects. A particular focus is placed on performance after-effects (e.g. unscheduled probe tasks), extra-role behaviour, and task management behaviour because of conventional performance measures (i.e. scheduled tasks) often being unimpaired by social stressors. The role of the ‘performance protection mode’ as an important concept is discussed. A distinction is made between three facets of after-effects: performance-related, behavioural, and emotional. Unscheduled probe tasks and voluntary tasks are proposed to measure performance-related and behavioural after-effects. Propositions for specific experimental scenarios are made, allowing for sufficiently realistic simulations of social stress at work. The availability of such lab-based simulations of work environments offers good opportunities for this line of experimental research, which is expected to gain in importance since highly automated systems may modify the impact of human-induced social stress or may even represent a social stressor themselves. Finally, the considerations presented in this article are not only of relevance to the domain of social stress but to experimental stress research in general.","PeriodicalId":22852,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42224879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-10DOI: 10.1080/1463922X.2022.2036860
K. Mohan, V. Pillai, Pujara Dhaval Jayendrakumar, P. Sankaran, Arun Chandramohan
Abstract Traditional observational posture evaluation methods stress on sampling approach for continuous evaluation of dynamic postures in any activity. Hence, the quality of results from such evaluations is under debate. This article proposes a Video Image-based Posture Assessment (VIPA) method as a highly capable one for assessing an activity requiring dynamic postures of workers. This article explains the various steps of VIPA and its application for (i) the extraction and classification of postures into different categories based on the instructed posture classes from 10 videos of soil loosening activity having 48,715 postures and (ii) the use of OWAS to evaluate the postures. VIPA relies on traditional posture evaluation methods. The results indicate that VIPA could identify precarious postures 30% of the activity duration; these results were found to be accurate and reliable because there is no sampling method involved. The capability of VIPA method is proven through the activity studied.
{"title":"Video image-based posture assessment: an approach for dynamic working posture assessment","authors":"K. Mohan, V. Pillai, Pujara Dhaval Jayendrakumar, P. Sankaran, Arun Chandramohan","doi":"10.1080/1463922X.2022.2036860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2022.2036860","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Traditional observational posture evaluation methods stress on sampling approach for continuous evaluation of dynamic postures in any activity. Hence, the quality of results from such evaluations is under debate. This article proposes a Video Image-based Posture Assessment (VIPA) method as a highly capable one for assessing an activity requiring dynamic postures of workers. This article explains the various steps of VIPA and its application for (i) the extraction and classification of postures into different categories based on the instructed posture classes from 10 videos of soil loosening activity having 48,715 postures and (ii) the use of OWAS to evaluate the postures. VIPA relies on traditional posture evaluation methods. The results indicate that VIPA could identify precarious postures 30% of the activity duration; these results were found to be accurate and reliable because there is no sampling method involved. The capability of VIPA method is proven through the activity studied.","PeriodicalId":22852,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45895419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-02DOI: 10.1080/1463922X.2022.2033877
Mayur Bhat, K. Dehury, B. Chandrasekaran, Hari Prakash Palanisamy, A. Arumugam
Abstract The present study investigated the effects of attending lectures in sitting and standing postures on executive function of young adults. In this randomized, counterbalanced, crossover trial on 15 adults (19.2 ± 2.4 years), selective attention and executive control (response inhibition) were measured through reaction times and event related potentials (ERPs using electroencephalography [EEG]) associated with congruent and incongruent stimuli presented during a modified Eriksen flanker task. The reaction times and latencies of ERPs for the modified Eriksen flanker task among the interventions (sitting/standing), conditions (congruent/incongruent) and EEG electrodes were analyzed using analyses of variance. Attending a lecture in a standing posture was found to improve executive function (response inhibition) measured with reaction times (for incongruent stimuli) and ERPs (P3 [cognitive potential] amplitude at Pz and Cz electrodes; irrespective of congruent/incongruent stimuli) compared to that of the sitting posture. Standing might improve executive function compared to sitting among young adults in a simulated lecture environment.
{"title":"Does standing alter reaction times and event related potentials compared to sitting in young adults? A counterbalanced, crossover trial","authors":"Mayur Bhat, K. Dehury, B. Chandrasekaran, Hari Prakash Palanisamy, A. Arumugam","doi":"10.1080/1463922X.2022.2033877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2022.2033877","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present study investigated the effects of attending lectures in sitting and standing postures on executive function of young adults. In this randomized, counterbalanced, crossover trial on 15 adults (19.2 ± 2.4 years), selective attention and executive control (response inhibition) were measured through reaction times and event related potentials (ERPs using electroencephalography [EEG]) associated with congruent and incongruent stimuli presented during a modified Eriksen flanker task. The reaction times and latencies of ERPs for the modified Eriksen flanker task among the interventions (sitting/standing), conditions (congruent/incongruent) and EEG electrodes were analyzed using analyses of variance. Attending a lecture in a standing posture was found to improve executive function (response inhibition) measured with reaction times (for incongruent stimuli) and ERPs (P3 [cognitive potential] amplitude at Pz and Cz electrodes; irrespective of congruent/incongruent stimuli) compared to that of the sitting posture. Standing might improve executive function compared to sitting among young adults in a simulated lecture environment.","PeriodicalId":22852,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41988420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. D. Wilson, L. Strickland, T. Ballard, Mark Griffin
Biomathematical models (BMMs) are parametric models that quantitatively predict fatigue and are routinely implemented in fatigue risk management systems in increasingly diverse workplaces. There have been consistent calls for an improved "next generation” of BMMs that provide more accurate and targeted predictions of human fatigue. This review examines the core characteristics of next-generation advancements in BMMs, including tailoring with field data, individual-level parameter tuning and real-time fatigue prediction, extensions to account for additional factors that influence fatigue, and emerging nonparametric methodologies that may augment or provide alternatives to BMMs. Examination of past literature and quantitative examples suggests there are notable challenges to advancing BMMs beyond their current applications. Adoption of multi-model frameworks, including quantitative joint modelling and machine learning, was identified as crucial to next-generation models. We close with general recommendations for researchers and model developers, including focusing research efforts on understanding the cognitive dynamics underpinning fatigue-related vigilance decrements, applying emerging dynamic modelling methods to fatigue data from field settings, and improving the adoption of open scientific practices in fatigue research.
{"title":"The Next Generation of Fatigue Prediction Models: Evaluating Current Trends in Biomathematical Modelling for Safety Optimization","authors":"M. D. Wilson, L. Strickland, T. Ballard, Mark Griffin","doi":"10.31234/osf.io/e8awh","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/e8awh","url":null,"abstract":"Biomathematical models (BMMs) are parametric models that quantitatively predict fatigue and are routinely implemented in fatigue risk management systems in increasingly diverse workplaces. There have been consistent calls for an improved \"next generation” of BMMs that provide more accurate and targeted predictions of human fatigue. This review examines the core characteristics of next-generation advancements in BMMs, including tailoring with field data, individual-level parameter tuning and real-time fatigue prediction, extensions to account for additional factors that influence fatigue, and emerging nonparametric methodologies that may augment or provide alternatives to BMMs. Examination of past literature and quantitative examples suggests there are notable challenges to advancing BMMs beyond their current applications. Adoption of multi-model frameworks, including quantitative joint modelling and machine learning, was identified as crucial to next-generation models. We close with general recommendations for researchers and model developers, including focusing research efforts on understanding the cognitive dynamics underpinning fatigue-related vigilance decrements, applying emerging dynamic modelling methods to fatigue data from field settings, and improving the adoption of open scientific practices in fatigue research.","PeriodicalId":22852,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42309727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-23DOI: 10.1080/1463922X.2021.2000668
M. Haghighat, Saeid Yazdanirad, M. Faridan, Mahsa Jahadi Naeini, S. Mousavi
Abstract There are various strategies to prevent and control of noise exposure in occupational settings. This study was aimed to use Shannon’s entropy – PROMEHTEE hybrid model for weighing and prioritizing noise control solutions in an oil refinery. At first, the sound pressure levels were measured based on the recommended standard of ISO 9612. Next, criteria and noise control strategies were determined using the Delphi technique. In the third stage, the weights of the criteria were computed using Shannon’s entropy method and in the last stage, the solutions were prioritized by the PROMEHTEE method. Based on the results of Shannon’s entropy method, criteria in the order of priority included executive cost (0.2710), noise reduction efficiency (0.2531), feasibility (0.2435), safety (0.1120), possible interference with other processes (0.1107) and up-to-datedness of the methods (0.091). Also, based on the results of the PROMEHTEE method, the best solutions were construction of acoustic enclosures for people exposed to noise with a weight of 0.5476, and Modification or change of the work process with a weight of −0.6905, respectively. Therefore, the Shannon’s entropy – PROMEHTEE hybrid method can be used as a credible scientific tool to select the most appropriate noise control solution in the industries.
{"title":"Application of hybrid Shannon’s entropy – PROMEHTEE methods in weighing and prioritizing industrial noise control measures","authors":"M. Haghighat, Saeid Yazdanirad, M. Faridan, Mahsa Jahadi Naeini, S. Mousavi","doi":"10.1080/1463922X.2021.2000668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2021.2000668","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There are various strategies to prevent and control of noise exposure in occupational settings. This study was aimed to use Shannon’s entropy – PROMEHTEE hybrid model for weighing and prioritizing noise control solutions in an oil refinery. At first, the sound pressure levels were measured based on the recommended standard of ISO 9612. Next, criteria and noise control strategies were determined using the Delphi technique. In the third stage, the weights of the criteria were computed using Shannon’s entropy method and in the last stage, the solutions were prioritized by the PROMEHTEE method. Based on the results of Shannon’s entropy method, criteria in the order of priority included executive cost (0.2710), noise reduction efficiency (0.2531), feasibility (0.2435), safety (0.1120), possible interference with other processes (0.1107) and up-to-datedness of the methods (0.091). Also, based on the results of the PROMEHTEE method, the best solutions were construction of acoustic enclosures for people exposed to noise with a weight of 0.5476, and Modification or change of the work process with a weight of −0.6905, respectively. Therefore, the Shannon’s entropy – PROMEHTEE hybrid method can be used as a credible scientific tool to select the most appropriate noise control solution in the industries.","PeriodicalId":22852,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45658987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-13DOI: 10.1080/1463922X.2021.2009933
C. Karageorghis, William Payre, Luke W. Howard, Garry Kuan, E. Mouchlianitis, Nick Reed, Andrew M. Parkes
Abstract Underpinned by pragmatism and symbolic interactionism, an inductive content analysis was conducted to assess driving experiences under a variety of music conditions. Many quantitative studies have addressed the effects of music on drivers, but there has been a conspicuous dearth of qualitative research to provide a more nuanced understanding of music-related phenomena. Data collection took place over three simulated driving studies, each with different tasks/participants (Study 1 – n = 34, Study 2 – n = 46, and Study 3 – n = 27). The inductive content analysis was conducted by two members of the research team and a peer debriefing was conducted by a third. Findings show that music can have a range of affective, behavioural and cognitive effects (both positive and negative), that are moderated by the driving environment (i.e. urban vs. highway) and aspects of the musical stimulus (i.e. inclusion/non-inclusion of lyrics, loudness and tempo). Participants were mindful of the implications of in-vehicle music vis-à-vis the safety–performance–pleasure trade-off. The analysis suggested a perceived beneficial effect of music and consequent contribution to driving style/safety-related performance. Younger drivers’ apparent reliance on music as a means by which to regulate their emotion highlights an education need in terms of optimising selections. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2021.2009933 .
在实用主义和符号互动主义的基础上，对不同音乐条件下的驾驶体验进行了归纳性内容分析。许多定量研究已经解决了音乐对司机的影响，但明显缺乏对音乐相关现象提供更细致入微理解的定性研究。数据收集通过三个模拟驾驶研究进行，每个研究都有不同的任务/参与者(研究1 - n = 34，研究2 - n = 46，研究3 - n = 27)。归纳内容分析由研究小组的两名成员进行，同行汇报由第三人进行。研究结果表明，音乐可以产生一系列的情感、行为和认知影响(积极和消极的)，这些影响受到驾驶环境(即城市与高速公路)和音乐刺激方面(即包含/不包含歌词、响度和节奏)的调节。参与者注意到车内音乐对-à-vis安全-性能-愉悦权衡的影响。分析表明，音乐对驾驶风格和安全相关表现有明显的有益影响。年轻司机明显依赖音乐作为调节情绪的一种手段，这突出了在优化选择方面的教育需求。本文的补充数据可在https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2021.2009933上在线获得。
{"title":"Influence of music on driver psychology and safety-relevant behaviours: a multi-study inductive content analysis","authors":"C. Karageorghis, William Payre, Luke W. Howard, Garry Kuan, E. Mouchlianitis, Nick Reed, Andrew M. Parkes","doi":"10.1080/1463922X.2021.2009933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2021.2009933","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Underpinned by pragmatism and symbolic interactionism, an inductive content analysis was conducted to assess driving experiences under a variety of music conditions. Many quantitative studies have addressed the effects of music on drivers, but there has been a conspicuous dearth of qualitative research to provide a more nuanced understanding of music-related phenomena. Data collection took place over three simulated driving studies, each with different tasks/participants (Study 1 – n = 34, Study 2 – n = 46, and Study 3 – n = 27). The inductive content analysis was conducted by two members of the research team and a peer debriefing was conducted by a third. Findings show that music can have a range of affective, behavioural and cognitive effects (both positive and negative), that are moderated by the driving environment (i.e. urban vs. highway) and aspects of the musical stimulus (i.e. inclusion/non-inclusion of lyrics, loudness and tempo). Participants were mindful of the implications of in-vehicle music vis-à-vis the safety–performance–pleasure trade-off. The analysis suggested a perceived beneficial effect of music and consequent contribution to driving style/safety-related performance. Younger drivers’ apparent reliance on music as a means by which to regulate their emotion highlights an education need in terms of optimising selections. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2021.2009933 .","PeriodicalId":22852,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44031845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-17DOI: 10.1080/1463922X.2021.2000667
K. Virtanen, H. Mansikka, Helmiina Kontio, D. Harris
Abstract National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) is a popular method to evaluate mental workload. NASA-TLX assesses mental workload across six load dimensions. When the dimensions are not assumed to be approximately equally important, they are weighted by conducting a pairwise comparison for every dimension pair, followed by the normalisation of weights reflecting the importance of the dimensions. This original NASA-TLX weighting method creates some challenges that are difficult to identify when the weights are being assigned. First, the original NASA-TLX weighting does not allow directly expressing two or more dimensions as equally important. Second, if pairwise comparisons are conducted consistently, there exists only one possible importance order for the dimensions. Third, with consistently conducted pairwise comparisons, a weight of 0.33 is artificially forced on the most important dimension. Swing and Analytic Hierarchy Process weighting methods for eliciting the weights of the dimensions are proposed as a solution to these challenges. The advantages of applying these methods in NASA-TLX are introduced theoretically and demonstrated empirically using data from virtual air combat simulations. The objective of this paper is to help scholars and practitioners to use NASA-TLX in mental workload assessments such that the discussed weighting issues are avoided.
{"title":"Weight watchers: NASA-TLX weights revisited","authors":"K. Virtanen, H. Mansikka, Helmiina Kontio, D. Harris","doi":"10.1080/1463922X.2021.2000667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2021.2000667","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) is a popular method to evaluate mental workload. NASA-TLX assesses mental workload across six load dimensions. When the dimensions are not assumed to be approximately equally important, they are weighted by conducting a pairwise comparison for every dimension pair, followed by the normalisation of weights reflecting the importance of the dimensions. This original NASA-TLX weighting method creates some challenges that are difficult to identify when the weights are being assigned. First, the original NASA-TLX weighting does not allow directly expressing two or more dimensions as equally important. Second, if pairwise comparisons are conducted consistently, there exists only one possible importance order for the dimensions. Third, with consistently conducted pairwise comparisons, a weight of 0.33 is artificially forced on the most important dimension. Swing and Analytic Hierarchy Process weighting methods for eliciting the weights of the dimensions are proposed as a solution to these challenges. The advantages of applying these methods in NASA-TLX are introduced theoretically and demonstrated empirically using data from virtual air combat simulations. The objective of this paper is to help scholars and practitioners to use NASA-TLX in mental workload assessments such that the discussed weighting issues are avoided.","PeriodicalId":22852,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45243188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-26DOI: 10.1080/1463922X.2021.1981483
E. Cinar, Shikha Saxena, B. McFadyen, A. Lamontagne, I. Gagnon
Abstract A model of Multiple Resource Theory (MRT) was created to describe the influence of different concurrent tasks on driving but no such framework exists for DT walking. The objective of this study was to modify MRT model and computational DT framework to explore two task-related concepts—resource demand and resource conflict—in the context of gait and to illustrate the initial validity of the modified model. A literature search was conducted to identify DT walking-related elements related to the MRT model. An instructional guide for utilizing the computational framework was constructed using a modified e-Delphi method. Inter-rater reliability of the constructed guideline was analyzed by Kappa statistics. The initial validity of the modified model was tested using meta-regression analyses. Three new elements were included into the modified model: vestibular and somatosensory perceptions, and locomotor response. The spatial code from the original model was modified into a visuospatial domain. The computational framework was constructed, and two separate guidelines were created for walking and concurrent tasks. Using the guidelines and computational framework, task-related elements were quantified for meta-regression analysis. The analysis showed that the modified model can explain 79% of the variability in speed reduction during DT walking.
{"title":"A prediction model of multiple resource theory for dual task walking","authors":"E. Cinar, Shikha Saxena, B. McFadyen, A. Lamontagne, I. Gagnon","doi":"10.1080/1463922X.2021.1981483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2021.1981483","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A model of Multiple Resource Theory (MRT) was created to describe the influence of different concurrent tasks on driving but no such framework exists for DT walking. The objective of this study was to modify MRT model and computational DT framework to explore two task-related concepts—resource demand and resource conflict—in the context of gait and to illustrate the initial validity of the modified model. A literature search was conducted to identify DT walking-related elements related to the MRT model. An instructional guide for utilizing the computational framework was constructed using a modified e-Delphi method. Inter-rater reliability of the constructed guideline was analyzed by Kappa statistics. The initial validity of the modified model was tested using meta-regression analyses. Three new elements were included into the modified model: vestibular and somatosensory perceptions, and locomotor response. The spatial code from the original model was modified into a visuospatial domain. The computational framework was constructed, and two separate guidelines were created for walking and concurrent tasks. Using the guidelines and computational framework, task-related elements were quantified for meta-regression analysis. The analysis showed that the modified model can explain 79% of the variability in speed reduction during DT walking.","PeriodicalId":22852,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46583255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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