Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li-TFSI) and 4-tert-butylpyridine (tBP) are critical dopants in hole transporting materials (HTMs) for achieving highly efficient n-i-p perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the migration of Li+ and the volatility of tBP seriously affect the long-term stability of PSCs. In this work, a facile strategy is proposed by mixing a developed terpyridine-based HTM (TPy-CzDPA, simultaneously serving as a tBP alternative) and Li-TFSI into spiro-OMeTAD. Owing to the multidentate structure and strong electrostatic potential of the terpyridine unit, TPy-CzDPA forms a stable coordination with Li+, which effectively restricts the migration of Li+ and inhibits the associated hydrolysis. Furthermore, replacing tBP with TPy-CzDPA confers not only enhanced thermal stability but also a higher hole mobility of 2.53 × 10-4 cm2 v-1 s-1 to the mixed HTMs. Consequently, the PSCs based on mixed HTMs achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.13% along with preferable stability. The PSCs with PTAA-based mixed HTMs retain 90% of initial efficiency after 528 h storage at 80°C, while the encapsulated devices exhibit only a 14% drop in PCE after 4800 h storage under 30-40% relative humidity (RH). This work provides a new strategy to promote the performance of tBP-free PSCs.
{"title":"Restricting Li+ Migration via Mixed Hole Transporting Materials Strategy for Stable tBP-Free Perovskite Solar Cells.","authors":"Huayu Bao,Cancan Gu,Dewang Li,Shirong Wang,Guohui Yin","doi":"10.1002/smll.202511830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202511830","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li-TFSI) and 4-tert-butylpyridine (tBP) are critical dopants in hole transporting materials (HTMs) for achieving highly efficient n-i-p perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the migration of Li+ and the volatility of tBP seriously affect the long-term stability of PSCs. In this work, a facile strategy is proposed by mixing a developed terpyridine-based HTM (TPy-CzDPA, simultaneously serving as a tBP alternative) and Li-TFSI into spiro-OMeTAD. Owing to the multidentate structure and strong electrostatic potential of the terpyridine unit, TPy-CzDPA forms a stable coordination with Li+, which effectively restricts the migration of Li+ and inhibits the associated hydrolysis. Furthermore, replacing tBP with TPy-CzDPA confers not only enhanced thermal stability but also a higher hole mobility of 2.53 × 10-4 cm2 v-1 s-1 to the mixed HTMs. Consequently, the PSCs based on mixed HTMs achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.13% along with preferable stability. The PSCs with PTAA-based mixed HTMs retain 90% of initial efficiency after 528 h storage at 80°C, while the encapsulated devices exhibit only a 14% drop in PCE after 4800 h storage under 30-40% relative humidity (RH). This work provides a new strategy to promote the performance of tBP-free PSCs.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"5 1","pages":"e11830"},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147471821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) have recently been highlighted as next-generation structural materials owing to their lightweight nature, mechanical flexibility, and chemical selectivity. However, despite extensive research efforts, the understanding of the structural behavior of nanometer-sized HOFs remains confined to empirical observations. Using molecular dynamics, we uncover how HOF lattices respond mechanically from energy gradients and deformation tests. This highlights that catenation acts as a key source for reduced atomic fluctuations, effective shear redistribution, and emerging auxetic deformation under in-plane loading. In particular, we demonstrate the robustness of HOF substrates modeled after biomolecular exoskeletons, proposing an engineering perspective on computational methodologies for advancing the structural design of porous organic materials.
{"title":"Computational Mechanics Model to Evaluate the Structural Maintenance of Catenated Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks.","authors":"Byeonghwa Goh,Joonmyung Choi","doi":"10.1002/smll.202512308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202512308","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) have recently been highlighted as next-generation structural materials owing to their lightweight nature, mechanical flexibility, and chemical selectivity. However, despite extensive research efforts, the understanding of the structural behavior of nanometer-sized HOFs remains confined to empirical observations. Using molecular dynamics, we uncover how HOF lattices respond mechanically from energy gradients and deformation tests. This highlights that catenation acts as a key source for reduced atomic fluctuations, effective shear redistribution, and emerging auxetic deformation under in-plane loading. In particular, we demonstrate the robustness of HOF substrates modeled after biomolecular exoskeletons, proposing an engineering perspective on computational methodologies for advancing the structural design of porous organic materials.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"1 1","pages":"e12308"},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147471828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pengkai Shi, Haikun Liu, Ahmed Refaat, Hung Nguyen, Anne Nguyen, Kaiting Miao, Yuyang Song, Sylvain Trépout, Rico F Tabor, Liliana de Campo, Karlheinz Peter, Mark Louis P Vidallon, Xiaowei Wang
mRNA nanotherapeutics hold immense potential for treating a wide range of diseases, but their widespread clinical adoption is limited by current lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery platforms, which frequently face challenges such as limited biocompatibility, immunogenic response, insufficient mRNA delivery efficacy and stringent cold-chain requirements. In this study, we systematically screened a 20-member lipid mixture library by substituting ionizable lipids and sterol components to identify formulations with improved physicochemical and biological profiles. A lead candidate combining γ-oryzanol and DLin-KC2-DMA as LNPs, termed OryKL (or KO 12 LNPs), was identified, exhibiting spherical bleb-type and core-shell nanostructures (∼150 nm), high mRNA encapsulation, and significantly enhanced in vitro transfection efficiency compared to cholesterol-based controls. Intravenous administration of OryKL delivered Cre recombinase mRNA effectively across multiple organs in Ai9 reporter mice, resulting in distinct cell-level tropism, and no detectable toxicity or inflammation, as confirmed via qPCR, organ histology, hematological assessment and liver function tests. Additionally, OryKL retained transfection potency for at least 60 days in lyophilized form with 20% (w/v) sucrose, supporting ambient-stable storage. These findings establish γ-oryzanol as a promising sterol alternative and position OryKL as a biocompatible, effective, and storage-stable platform for next-generation mRNA therapeutics.
{"title":"Innovative γ-Oryzanol and KC2 Based Lipid Nanoparticles: OryKL Platform Provides Safe and Efficient In Vivo mRNA Delivery.","authors":"Pengkai Shi, Haikun Liu, Ahmed Refaat, Hung Nguyen, Anne Nguyen, Kaiting Miao, Yuyang Song, Sylvain Trépout, Rico F Tabor, Liliana de Campo, Karlheinz Peter, Mark Louis P Vidallon, Xiaowei Wang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202511946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202511946","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>mRNA nanotherapeutics hold immense potential for treating a wide range of diseases, but their widespread clinical adoption is limited by current lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery platforms, which frequently face challenges such as limited biocompatibility, immunogenic response, insufficient mRNA delivery efficacy and stringent cold-chain requirements. In this study, we systematically screened a 20-member lipid mixture library by substituting ionizable lipids and sterol components to identify formulations with improved physicochemical and biological profiles. A lead candidate combining γ-oryzanol and DLin-KC2-DMA as LNPs, termed OryKL (or KO 12 LNPs), was identified, exhibiting spherical bleb-type and core-shell nanostructures (∼150 nm), high mRNA encapsulation, and significantly enhanced in vitro transfection efficiency compared to cholesterol-based controls. Intravenous administration of OryKL delivered Cre recombinase mRNA effectively across multiple organs in Ai9 reporter mice, resulting in distinct cell-level tropism, and no detectable toxicity or inflammation, as confirmed via qPCR, organ histology, hematological assessment and liver function tests. Additionally, OryKL retained transfection potency for at least 60 days in lyophilized form with 20% (w/v) sucrose, supporting ambient-stable storage. These findings establish γ-oryzanol as a promising sterol alternative and position OryKL as a biocompatible, effective, and storage-stable platform for next-generation mRNA therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":" ","pages":"e11946"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147472046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mervic D. Kagho, Katharina Schmidt, Christopher Lambert, Lili Jia, Vignesh Venkatakrishnan, Luisa Mehr, Johan Bylund, Klemens Rottner, Marc Stadler, Theresia E. B. Stradal, Philipp Klahn
{"title":"NQO1‐Responsive Prodrug for in Cellulo Release of Cytochalasin B as Cancer Cell‐Targeted Migrastatic (Small 16/2026)","authors":"Mervic D. Kagho, Katharina Schmidt, Christopher Lambert, Lili Jia, Vignesh Venkatakrishnan, Luisa Mehr, Johan Bylund, Klemens Rottner, Marc Stadler, Theresia E. B. Stradal, Philipp Klahn","doi":"10.1002/smll.73009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.73009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147471412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jeongvin Park, Hong Rim Shin, Seung Jong Lee, Seongmin Ha, Jongchan Song, Jong‐Won Lee
Practical implementation of Li metal anodes has been hindered by non‐uniform, dendritic growth of Li, which causes continuous side reactions, internal short‐circuiting, and early cell failure. Although applying external pressure has been reported to promote dense Li plating to some extent, the practical application of this approach remains limited. Herein, a carbon framework‐integrated separator to regulate the plating–stripping behavior of Li at reduced external pressure is proposed. To ensure both high porosity and mechanical integrity, carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are employed as a model material for realizing the framework‐integrated separator structure. CNFs are electrophoretically deposited onto the separator to achieve a uniform and mechanically robust layer, while preserving the intrinsic porous structure of the separator. Combined experimental and computational studies show that when assembled with a Li metal anode, the carbon framework‐integrated separator enables kinetics‐controlled “in‐cavity” deposition, effectively guiding dense Li plating and accommodating plating‐induced volume changes. As a result, a high‐voltage (4.25 V) and high‐capacity (4.0 mAh cm −2 ) full cell exhibits stable cycling under low external pressure (0.26 MPa). This work provides a promising strategy for designing functional separators to realize practical high‐energy‐density Li metal batteries.
锂金属阳极的实际应用一直受到锂不均匀、枝状生长的阻碍，这导致了持续的副反应、内部短路和早期细胞衰竭。虽然外界压力在一定程度上促进了致密锂电镀，但这种方法的实际应用仍然有限。本文提出了一种碳框架集成分离器，用于调节Li在降低外部压力下的镀剥离行为。为了保证高孔隙率和机械完整性，采用纳米碳纤维（CNFs）作为模型材料来实现框架集成分离器结构。CNFs电泳沉积到分离器上，以实现均匀和机械坚固的层，同时保留分离器固有的多孔结构。结合实验和计算研究表明，当与锂金属阳极组装时，碳框架集成分离器可以实现动力学控制的“腔内”沉积，有效地指导致密的锂电镀和适应电镀引起的体积变化。因此，高电压（4.25 V）和高容量（4.0 mAh cm−2）的全电池在低外部压力（0.26 MPa）下表现出稳定的循环。本研究为实现实用高能密度锂金属电池的功能隔膜设计提供了一种有前景的策略。
{"title":"In‐Cavity Lithium Deposition Enabled by Carbon Framework‐Integrated Separator for Stable Low‐Pressure Cycling","authors":"Jeongvin Park, Hong Rim Shin, Seung Jong Lee, Seongmin Ha, Jongchan Song, Jong‐Won Lee","doi":"10.1002/smll.73114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.73114","url":null,"abstract":"Practical implementation of Li metal anodes has been hindered by non‐uniform, dendritic growth of Li, which causes continuous side reactions, internal short‐circuiting, and early cell failure. Although applying external pressure has been reported to promote dense Li plating to some extent, the practical application of this approach remains limited. Herein, a carbon framework‐integrated separator to regulate the plating–stripping behavior of Li at reduced external pressure is proposed. To ensure both high porosity and mechanical integrity, carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are employed as a model material for realizing the framework‐integrated separator structure. CNFs are electrophoretically deposited onto the separator to achieve a uniform and mechanically robust layer, while preserving the intrinsic porous structure of the separator. Combined experimental and computational studies show that when assembled with a Li metal anode, the carbon framework‐integrated separator enables kinetics‐controlled “in‐cavity” deposition, effectively guiding dense Li plating and accommodating plating‐induced volume changes. As a result, a high‐voltage (4.25 V) and high‐capacity (4.0 mAh cm <jats:sup>−2</jats:sup> ) full cell exhibits stable cycling under low external pressure (0.26 MPa). This work provides a promising strategy for designing functional separators to realize practical high‐energy‐density Li metal batteries.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147471672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hao Zhang, Xinqiang Wang, Fan Gao, Wen-Gang Cui, Fulai Qi, Zichao Shen, Ke Wang, Yanxia Liu, Jindou Shi, Yuanchao Yang, Mingchang Zhang, Zhijun Wu, Yaxiong Yang, Hongge Pan
The rapid advancement of hydrogen energy and clean energy conversion technologies urgently requires the electrocatalysts to break through current performance limits. Oxophilic elements with strong affinity for oxygen-containing species have become the pivotal components in enhancing electrocatalytic activity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the application of oxophilic elements in hydrogen and oxygen electrocatalysis, particularly emphasizing the core mechanism by which oxophilic elements can optimize the reaction pathway by regulating the binding of electrocatalysts with key oxygen-containing species (e.g., H2O, OH, O, OOH), thereby overcoming the inherent scale relationship limitations and achieving performance breakthroughs. This review first introduces the design strategies across multiple scales, precise synthesis methodologies, and advanced characterization techniques of electrocatalysts with oxophilic elements. Subsequently, the mechanistic roles of oxophilic elements in hydrogen and oxygen electrocatalysis are explored in detail, and the representative examples in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are discussed. Finally, we critically assess current challenges and propose promising future research directions. In conclusion, this review highlights the central role of oxophilic elements, aiming to provide a foundational roadmap for the rational design of electrocatalysts.
{"title":"Oxophilic Elements in Hydrogen and Oxygen Electrocatalysis: Design, Mechanisms, and Prospects","authors":"Hao Zhang, Xinqiang Wang, Fan Gao, Wen-Gang Cui, Fulai Qi, Zichao Shen, Ke Wang, Yanxia Liu, Jindou Shi, Yuanchao Yang, Mingchang Zhang, Zhijun Wu, Yaxiong Yang, Hongge Pan","doi":"10.1002/smll.73123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.73123","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid advancement of hydrogen energy and clean energy conversion technologies urgently requires the electrocatalysts to break through current performance limits. Oxophilic elements with strong affinity for oxygen-containing species have become the pivotal components in enhancing electrocatalytic activity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the application of oxophilic elements in hydrogen and oxygen electrocatalysis, particularly emphasizing the core mechanism by which oxophilic elements can optimize the reaction pathway by regulating the binding of electrocatalysts with key oxygen-containing species (e.g., H<sub>2</sub>O, OH, O, OOH), thereby overcoming the inherent scale relationship limitations and achieving performance breakthroughs. This review first introduces the design strategies across multiple scales, precise synthesis methodologies, and advanced characterization techniques of electrocatalysts with oxophilic elements. Subsequently, the mechanistic roles of oxophilic elements in hydrogen and oxygen electrocatalysis are explored in detail, and the representative examples in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are discussed. Finally, we critically assess current challenges and propose promising future research directions. In conclusion, this review highlights the central role of oxophilic elements, aiming to provide a foundational roadmap for the rational design of electrocatalysts.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147466013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although the development of highly controllable and low-cost three-terminal synaptic nano-devices is essential for advancing neuromorphic electronics, achieving precise alignment of single nanowire and stable electrical gating still remains severely challenging. Here, we propose and demonstrate a three-terminal artificial synaptic nano-device based on the GaN nanowire successfully, enabled by a dielectrophoretic-assisted assembly strategy that ensures controllable nanowire placement. Benefiting from this cost-efficient method and with an engineered gate-coupled interface, the nano-device exhibits robust and gate-tunable synaptic plasticity, including short-/long-term memory transition, paired-pulse facilitation, and spike-timing-dependent plasticity. By modulating optical spike parameters and gate voltages, the key cognitive behaviors such as learning–forgetting–relearning are effectively emulated, with negative gating significantly accelerating memory reinforcement. They are mainly attributed to the gate-regulated optoelectronic mechanisms, particularly carrier modulation and oxygen-vacancy-induced persistent photoconductivity. Thanks to the excellent regulatory capability of electrical gating, the postsynaptic current of nano-device can be enhanced over 1,000%. Furthermore, the recognition accuracy can surpass 95% accuracy by gating modulation when integrated into a spiking neural network. This work highlights the promise of three-terminal nano-synapses as effective and cost-efficient building blocks for next-generation neuromorphic systems.
{"title":"Controllable and Cost-Efficient Three-Terminal GaN Nano-Synapse for Brain-Inspired Computing","authors":"Xiushuo Gu, Zhiyang Liu, Jianya Zhang, Xing Huang, Yukun Zhao, Lifeng Bian","doi":"10.1002/smll.202514447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202514447","url":null,"abstract":"Although the development of highly controllable and low-cost three-terminal synaptic nano-devices is essential for advancing neuromorphic electronics, achieving precise alignment of single nanowire and stable electrical gating still remains severely challenging. Here, we propose and demonstrate a three-terminal artificial synaptic nano-device based on the GaN nanowire successfully, enabled by a dielectrophoretic-assisted assembly strategy that ensures controllable nanowire placement. Benefiting from this cost-efficient method and with an engineered gate-coupled interface, the nano-device exhibits robust and gate-tunable synaptic plasticity, including short-/long-term memory transition, paired-pulse facilitation, and spike-timing-dependent plasticity. By modulating optical spike parameters and gate voltages, the key cognitive behaviors such as learning–forgetting–relearning are effectively emulated, with negative gating significantly accelerating memory reinforcement. They are mainly attributed to the gate-regulated optoelectronic mechanisms, particularly carrier modulation and oxygen-vacancy-induced persistent photoconductivity. Thanks to the excellent regulatory capability of electrical gating, the postsynaptic current of nano-device can be enhanced over 1,000%. Furthermore, the recognition accuracy can surpass 95% accuracy by gating modulation when integrated into a spiking neural network. This work highlights the promise of three-terminal nano-synapses as effective and cost-efficient building blocks for next-generation neuromorphic systems.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147466009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sophia Uemura, Celeste Elkort, Kaitlyn Than, Sydney Rapier, Yuto Katsuyama, Joanne Hui, Zhiyin Yang, Hung-Yi Huang, Chi-Chang Hu, Maher F. El-Kady, Richard B. Kaner
The rising demand for sustainable and scalable energy storage systems has accelerated the development of aqueous zinc-based technologies. However, conventional slurry-cast planar electrodes underperform at high mass loading, causing low areal capacitance and sluggish rate performance. Herein, we introduce a 3D printed freestanding, binder-free conductive carbon lattice electrode integrated with vanadium oxide (VOx). The 3D framework facilitates homogeneous dispersion of VOx, increasing the electroactive surface area, enhancing the ion transport ability, and maintaining structural integrity under high current density. Enabled by this architecture and a high mass loading of 38 mg cm−2, the electrode achieves areal capacitance of 7129 mF cm−2 at 3 mA cm−2, areal power and energy densities of 44 mW cm−2 and 1 mWh cm−2, along with robust cycling performance, with a capacity retention of 82% after 1500 cycles. To ensure rigorous and reproducible evaluation, we introduce a sealed, 3D-printed test cell that fixes the inter-electrode spacing and suppresses electrolyte evaporation. Compared with open beaker setups commonly used for three-electrode measurements, the printed cell yields more consistent capacitance and resistance. It also maintains 98% capacity retention after 1400 cycles. This synergy of 3D engineered electrodes and cells provides a reproducible pathway to practical, high-energy, and power-density zinc-ion supercapacitors.
对可持续和可扩展的储能系统不断增长的需求加速了水锌基技术的发展。然而，传统的浆料浇铸平面电极在高质量负载下表现不佳，导致面电容低和速率性能缓慢。在此，我们介绍了一种3D打印的独立式、无粘结剂的导电碳晶格电极，该电极集成了氧化钒（VOx）。3D框架有利于VOx的均匀分散，增加电活性表面积，增强离子传输能力，并在高电流密度下保持结构完整性。在这种结构和38 mg cm - 2的高质量负载的支持下，电极在3 mA cm - 2时的面电容为7129 mF cm - 2，面功率和能量密度为44 mW cm - 2和1 mWh cm - 2，并且具有强大的循环性能，在1500次循环后容量保持率为82%。为了确保严格和可重复的评估，我们引入了一个密封的3d打印测试单元，固定电极间距并抑制电解质蒸发。与通常用于三电极测量的开口烧杯设置相比，印刷电池产生更一致的电容和电阻。在1400次循环后，它还保持98%的容量保留。这种3D工程电极和电池的协同作用为实用、高能量和功率密度的锌离子超级电容器提供了可重复的途径。
{"title":"High Mass-Loading Vanadium Oxide on 3D Printed Carbon Lattices for Zinc-Ion Supercapacitors","authors":"Sophia Uemura, Celeste Elkort, Kaitlyn Than, Sydney Rapier, Yuto Katsuyama, Joanne Hui, Zhiyin Yang, Hung-Yi Huang, Chi-Chang Hu, Maher F. El-Kady, Richard B. Kaner","doi":"10.1002/smll.202514911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202514911","url":null,"abstract":"The rising demand for sustainable and scalable energy storage systems has accelerated the development of aqueous zinc-based technologies. However, conventional slurry-cast planar electrodes underperform at high mass loading, causing low areal capacitance and sluggish rate performance. Herein, we introduce a 3D printed freestanding, binder-free conductive carbon lattice electrode integrated with vanadium oxide (VO<sub>x</sub>). The 3D framework facilitates homogeneous dispersion of VO<sub>x</sub>, increasing the electroactive surface area, enhancing the ion transport ability, and maintaining structural integrity under high current density. Enabled by this architecture and a high mass loading of 38 mg cm<sup>−2</sup>, the electrode achieves areal capacitance of 7129 mF cm<sup>−2</sup> at 3 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>, areal power and energy densities of 44 mW cm<sup>−2</sup> and 1 mWh cm<sup>−2</sup>, along with robust cycling performance, with a capacity retention of 82% after 1500 cycles. To ensure rigorous and reproducible evaluation, we introduce a sealed, 3D-printed test cell that fixes the inter-electrode spacing and suppresses electrolyte evaporation. Compared with open beaker setups commonly used for three-electrode measurements, the printed cell yields more consistent capacitance and resistance. It also maintains 98% capacity retention after 1400 cycles. This synergy of 3D engineered electrodes and cells provides a reproducible pathway to practical, high-energy, and power-density zinc-ion supercapacitors.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147466011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Propane dehydrogenation has been a key technology with great industrial promise for meeting the growing global demand for propylene. Although much effort has been devoted to developing ideal catalysts that demonstrate high catalytic activity, selectivity, and durability at the same time, there have been few reports on the achievement of this goal due to a persistent tradeoff between activity and selectivity/stability. Herein, we report that subnanometric Pt─Ge alloy clusters encapsulated in pure silica MFI zeolite can break the activity–stability tradeoff in propane dehydrogenation. We also discovered that MnOx could act as an efficient co-catalyst to reach the full potential of Pt─Ge alloy clusters by preventing hydrogen poisoning. The MnOx-PtGe@MFI catalyst exhibited exceptionally high catalytic activity, selectivity, and durability in the absence of co-fed hydrogen (for stabilization) at 600°C, exceeding those of other reported catalysts. Mechanistic study revealed that the combination of subnano-downsizing, alloying Pt clusters with Ge, and hydrogen release by MnOx was the origin of the exceptional performance.
{"title":"Subnanometric Platinum–Germanium Clusters for Efficient Propane Dehydrogenation Catalysis","authors":"Yuki Nakaya, Ken-ichi Shimizu, Shinya Furukawa","doi":"10.1002/smll.73115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.73115","url":null,"abstract":"Propane dehydrogenation has been a key technology with great industrial promise for meeting the growing global demand for propylene. Although much effort has been devoted to developing ideal catalysts that demonstrate high catalytic activity, selectivity, and durability at the same time, there have been few reports on the achievement of this goal due to a persistent tradeoff between activity and selectivity/stability. Herein, we report that subnanometric Pt─Ge alloy clusters encapsulated in pure silica MFI zeolite can break the activity–stability tradeoff in propane dehydrogenation. We also discovered that MnO<i><sub>x</sub></i> could act as an efficient co-catalyst to reach the full potential of Pt─Ge alloy clusters by preventing hydrogen poisoning. The MnO<i><sub>x</sub></i>-PtGe@MFI catalyst exhibited exceptionally high catalytic activity, selectivity, and durability in the absence of co-fed hydrogen (for stabilization) at 600°C, exceeding those of other reported catalysts. Mechanistic study revealed that the combination of subnano-downsizing, alloying Pt clusters with Ge, and hydrogen release by MnO<i><sub>x</sub></i> was the origin of the exceptional performance.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147466010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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