Pub Date : 2022-08-31DOI: 10.51846/the-sky.v0i0.2075
Pavlína Vaculíková, Adéla Paclíková, M. Kotková, Ivan Struhár, Dominika Nancy Balousová
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in physical activity programs for older adults. Questions have been raised about the efficacy of programs regarding real effects on life. The purpose of the study is to compare the impact of ten weeks of Whole-Body Electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) and resistance training (RT) programs on one mineral density (BMD) and T-score values in women at risk of osteoporosis. The WB-EMS was carried out once per week (total: ten sessions), the RT was carried out twice per week (total: 20 sessions). Twenty-eight elderly women participated in the study, nine in a WB-EMS group (weight: 69.84±10.29kg; BMI: 25.04±4.18 kg/m2), eight in a RT group (weight: 74.16±4.19kg; BMI: 27.35±2.76 kg/m2), and ten in a control group (CG) (weight: 79.72±15.61kg kg; BMI 28.58±5.70 kg/m2). A dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanner (DXA) was used to assess body composition, BMD, and T-score values. To identify the statistical significance of the differences between pre-test and post-test in all groups, the parametric t-test was used. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Although no significant differences were found in either BMD or T-score values, the study appeared to elicit some positive behaviour that could have an impact for more than ten weeks. The present study was designed to determine the effect of RT and WB-EMS on selected parameters in groups of women at risk of osteoporosis. Even though the results were not statistically significant, we consider the impact of programs on the level of BMD and T-score beneficial. Results show that the RT method is more practical. More tested subjects of the RT reported the same or higher level of BMD in the post-test compared to the WB-EMS method (RT 50% vs WB-EMS 44.7%). It was impossible to further investigate the significant relationships between selected parameters and intervention because the sample size was too small. Therefore, a further study with more focus on the duration of intervention and an increase in sample size is suggested.
{"title":"IMPACT OF WHOLE-BODY ELECTROMYOSTIMULATION AND RESISTANCE TRAINING ON BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN WOMEN AT RISK OF OSTEOPOROSIS","authors":"Pavlína Vaculíková, Adéla Paclíková, M. Kotková, Ivan Struhár, Dominika Nancy Balousová","doi":"10.51846/the-sky.v0i0.2075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51846/the-sky.v0i0.2075","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in physical activity programs for older adults. Questions have been raised about the efficacy of programs regarding real effects on life. The purpose of the study is to compare the impact of ten weeks of Whole-Body Electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) and resistance training (RT) programs on one mineral density (BMD) and T-score values in women at risk of osteoporosis. The WB-EMS was carried out once per week (total: ten sessions), the RT was carried out twice per week (total: 20 sessions). Twenty-eight elderly women participated in the study, nine in a WB-EMS group (weight: 69.84±10.29kg; BMI: 25.04±4.18 kg/m2), eight in a RT group (weight: 74.16±4.19kg; BMI: 27.35±2.76 kg/m2), and ten in a control group (CG) (weight: 79.72±15.61kg kg; BMI 28.58±5.70 kg/m2). A dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanner (DXA) was used to assess body composition, BMD, and T-score values. To identify the statistical significance of the differences between pre-test and post-test in all groups, the parametric t-test was used. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Although no significant differences were found in either BMD or T-score values, the study appeared to elicit some positive behaviour that could have an impact for more than ten weeks. The present study was designed to determine the effect of RT and WB-EMS on selected parameters in groups of women at risk of osteoporosis. Even though the results were not statistically significant, we consider the impact of programs on the level of BMD and T-score beneficial. Results show that the RT method is more practical. More tested subjects of the RT reported the same or higher level of BMD in the post-test compared to the WB-EMS method (RT 50% vs WB-EMS 44.7%). It was impossible to further investigate the significant relationships between selected parameters and intervention because the sample size was too small. Therefore, a further study with more focus on the duration of intervention and an increase in sample size is suggested.","PeriodicalId":22954,"journal":{"name":"THE SKY-International Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (IJPESS)","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75433917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-31DOI: 10.51846/the-sky.v0i0.2073
K. Kovács, Ágnes Novák
In the autumn semester of the 2021/22 academic year, Eötvös University offered both online and in-person physical education courses, which were filled within days. The interest of hundreds of students in the online course peaked the educators’ interest in whether there is a difference in the motivation of students who complete the course on-line and those who attend in-person. Of the 14 sub-factors of the EMI-2 motivation scale, only two (affiliation and competition) showed significant differences between the students of the two courses, however when comparing women and men we found significant differences in 7 factors. Regardless of whether the students attended the online or in-person physical education course, their motivations for physical activity were almost the same. Greater differences were observed between the sexes and between former competitive and non-competitive athletes.
{"title":"IS THERE DEMAND FOR ONLINE PHYSICAL EDUCATION NEXT TO IN-PERSON CLASSES? A STUDY OF THE MOTIVATION OF EÖTVÖS UNIVERSITY’S STUDENTS","authors":"K. Kovács, Ágnes Novák","doi":"10.51846/the-sky.v0i0.2073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51846/the-sky.v0i0.2073","url":null,"abstract":"In the autumn semester of the 2021/22 academic year, Eötvös University offered both online and in-person physical education courses, which were filled within days. The interest of hundreds of students in the online course peaked the educators’ interest in whether there is a difference in the motivation of students who complete the course on-line and those who attend in-person. Of the 14 sub-factors of the EMI-2 motivation scale, only two (affiliation and competition) showed significant differences between the students of the two courses, however when comparing women and men we found significant differences in 7 factors. Regardless of whether the students attended the online or in-person physical education course, their motivations for physical activity were almost the same. Greater differences were observed between the sexes and between former competitive and non-competitive athletes.","PeriodicalId":22954,"journal":{"name":"THE SKY-International Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (IJPESS)","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88542016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5771/2747-6073-2022-1-30
P. Subramaniam, D. Wuest
{"title":"Moving from detachment to connectedness: Student trauma and relationship building","authors":"P. Subramaniam, D. Wuest","doi":"10.5771/2747-6073-2022-1-30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/2747-6073-2022-1-30","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22954,"journal":{"name":"THE SKY-International Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (IJPESS)","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78316177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5771/2747-6073-2022-1-37
D. Barney, Zack Beddoes
{"title":"A qualitative investigation of physical education teacher education (PETE): Majors’ noticing their teaching during a high school practicum","authors":"D. Barney, Zack Beddoes","doi":"10.5771/2747-6073-2022-1-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/2747-6073-2022-1-37","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22954,"journal":{"name":"THE SKY-International Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (IJPESS)","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86034423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5771/2747-6073-2022-1-2
U. Lysniak, Eve R. Bernstein
{"title":"Teacher cognition and instruction: Effective teachers’ critical choices for low skilled students and physical activities","authors":"U. Lysniak, Eve R. Bernstein","doi":"10.5771/2747-6073-2022-1-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/2747-6073-2022-1-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22954,"journal":{"name":"THE SKY-International Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (IJPESS)","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80325722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5771/2747-6073-2022-1-44
{"title":"News of International Organisations","authors":"","doi":"10.5771/2747-6073-2022-1-44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/2747-6073-2022-1-44","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22954,"journal":{"name":"THE SKY-International Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (IJPESS)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89401663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5771/2747-6073-2022-1-12
K. Kougioumtzis
{"title":"Physical literacy in physically inactive children and adolescents","authors":"K. Kougioumtzis","doi":"10.5771/2747-6073-2022-1-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/2747-6073-2022-1-12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22954,"journal":{"name":"THE SKY-International Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (IJPESS)","volume":"341 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77778290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-10DOI: 10.51846/the-sky.v5i1.998
Y. Tabassum, Muhammad Zafar Iqbal Butt, N. Roohi
The home advantage is a powerful wonder that happens in the realm of amateur and professional games where most teams win more than 50% of matches. The present study compared the effects of playing venue on hormonal responses and psychological state of inter-university volleyball players at home and away ground. A total of 96 male players age, 18 to 24 years from eight different public and private universities were selected as the subject in this study. Matches were scheduled in such a manner so that each team would play one match on home ground and one on away ground. The results of this study showed that a 13% reduction in the testosterone level of players was seen on the opponent’s home ground before playing the match, whereas, 18% elevation in cortisol level of players was recorded on the opponent’s home ground before-match. Psychological measures indicated that players’ cognitive and somatic anxiety levels were increased on away ground (10% and 13%, respectively) whereas, their self-confidence level declined by 17% on an opponent’s home ground before the commencement of the match. The present study supports the notion that there are differences in pre-competition hormonal and psychological states that may play a key role in ‘the home advantage’ which could affect players’ behavior and match outcomes.
{"title":"Effect of Playing Venue on Hormonal Responses and Psychological State of Inter-University Volleyball Players","authors":"Y. Tabassum, Muhammad Zafar Iqbal Butt, N. Roohi","doi":"10.51846/the-sky.v5i1.998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51846/the-sky.v5i1.998","url":null,"abstract":"The home advantage is a powerful wonder that happens in the realm of amateur and professional games where most teams win more than 50% of matches. The present study compared the effects of playing venue on hormonal responses and psychological state of inter-university volleyball players at home and away ground. A total of 96 male players age, 18 to 24 years from eight different public and private universities were selected as the subject in this study. Matches were scheduled in such a manner so that each team would play one match on home ground and one on away ground. The results of this study showed that a 13% reduction in the testosterone level of players was seen on the opponent’s home ground before playing the match, whereas, 18% elevation in cortisol level of players was recorded on the opponent’s home ground before-match. Psychological measures indicated that players’ cognitive and somatic anxiety levels were increased on away ground (10% and 13%, respectively) whereas, their self-confidence level declined by 17% on an opponent’s home ground before the commencement of the match. The present study supports the notion that there are differences in pre-competition hormonal and psychological states that may play a key role in ‘the home advantage’ which could affect players’ behavior and match outcomes.","PeriodicalId":22954,"journal":{"name":"THE SKY-International Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (IJPESS)","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83856511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-10DOI: 10.51846/the-sky.v5i1.1004
Saqib Fayyaz, Sabahat Afsheen, Adeel Khan
A common problem was observed at local level weightlifting clubs in Lahore, Pakistan i.e., coaches use inappropriate ways (shouting and abusing) to get desired performance results but, it ends in young weightlifter’s resentment and take them away from their sport targets and some choose to quit weightlifting sport as well. The existing literature about acquiring desired results in sports suggests; only positive approach can be useful i.e., Positive Reinforcement Theory ‘PRT’ developed by B F Skinner (Marzieh Gordan, 2014). Hence, in this applied deductive type quantitative study, an eight-week experiment was conducted in Lahore which tested the implications of Positive Reinforcement Theory on young weightlifters’ performance. The objectives of this study were; (a) to apply Positive Reinforcement Theory in weightlifting sport to examine the cause-and-effect relationship between positive reinforcement and young weightlifter’s performance, (b) to test if the study’s Positive Reinforcement Program ‘PRP’ model helps young weightlifters to achieve desired targets within given timeframe or not? At first, pre-competition was administered to record standard performance results of both groups. Secondly, ‘PRP’ Model based on ‘PRT’ was introduced to experimental group and then post-competition testing was conducted to record and compare performance results of both groups. The results of both groups’ Paired Sample t-test and Independent Sample t-test, using statistical package SPSS version 23, showed a significant impact of ‘PRP’ model on the young weightlifter’s performance. Therefore, it is concluded that; acquisition of young weightlifters’ desired performance results. Coaches should use ‘PRP’ model rather than applying inappropriate ways to motivate young weightlifters. The PRP model also helps young weightlifters to achieve their targeted performance results within given timeframe.
在巴基斯坦拉合尔的地方举重俱乐部观察到一个普遍的问题，即教练使用不恰当的方式(大喊大叫和辱骂)来获得理想的成绩，但是，这最终导致了年轻举重运动员的怨恨，并使他们远离了他们的运动目标，有些人也选择退出举重运动。现有的关于在运动中获得期望结果的文献表明;只有积极的方法才有用，即B·F·斯金纳(Marzieh Gordan, 2014)开发的积极强化理论“PRT”。因此，在这个应用演绎型定量研究中，在拉合尔进行了为期八周的实验，测试了正强化理论对年轻举重运动员成绩的影响。本研究的目的是:(a)将正强化理论应用于举重运动，以检验正强化与年轻举重运动员成绩之间的因果关系;(b)检验研究的正强化计划“PRP”模型是否能帮助年轻举重运动员在既定时间内达到预期目标?首先进行赛前训练，记录两组小鼠的标准成绩。其次，将基于“PRT”的“PRP”模型引入实验组，并进行赛后测试，记录和比较两组的成绩结果。两组使用SPSS version 23进行配对样本t检验和独立样本t检验的结果显示，“PRP”模型对年轻举重运动员成绩有显著影响。因此，得出结论:获得年轻举重运动员的理想成绩。教练应该使用“PRP”模式，而不是用不恰当的方式来激励年轻的举重运动员。PRP模型还可以帮助年轻举重运动员在给定的时间内达到目标成绩。
{"title":"Impact of Positive Reinforcement Theory on Weightlifter’s Performance","authors":"Saqib Fayyaz, Sabahat Afsheen, Adeel Khan","doi":"10.51846/the-sky.v5i1.1004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51846/the-sky.v5i1.1004","url":null,"abstract":"A common problem was observed at local level weightlifting clubs in Lahore, Pakistan i.e., coaches use inappropriate ways (shouting and abusing) to get desired performance results but, it ends in young weightlifter’s resentment and take them away from their sport targets and some choose to quit weightlifting sport as well. The existing literature about acquiring desired results in sports suggests; only positive approach can be useful i.e., Positive Reinforcement Theory ‘PRT’ developed by B F Skinner (Marzieh Gordan, 2014). Hence, in this applied deductive type quantitative study, an eight-week experiment was conducted in Lahore which tested the implications of Positive Reinforcement Theory on young weightlifters’ performance. The objectives of this study were; (a) to apply Positive Reinforcement Theory in weightlifting sport to examine the cause-and-effect relationship between positive reinforcement and young weightlifter’s performance, (b) to test if the study’s Positive Reinforcement Program ‘PRP’ model helps young weightlifters to achieve desired targets within given timeframe or not? At first, pre-competition was administered to record standard performance results of both groups. Secondly, ‘PRP’ Model based on ‘PRT’ was introduced to experimental group and then post-competition testing was conducted to record and compare performance results of both groups. The results of both groups’ Paired Sample t-test and Independent Sample t-test, using statistical package SPSS version 23, showed a significant impact of ‘PRP’ model on the young weightlifter’s performance. Therefore, it is concluded that; acquisition of young weightlifters’ desired performance results. Coaches should use ‘PRP’ model rather than applying inappropriate ways to motivate young weightlifters. The PRP model also helps young weightlifters to achieve their targeted performance results within given timeframe.","PeriodicalId":22954,"journal":{"name":"THE SKY-International Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (IJPESS)","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87383142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-10DOI: 10.51846/the-sky.v5i1.1023
Muhammad Zeeshan Butt, Syed Muhammad Bilal Gillani, Basit Ali
Sports massage is very common among the athletes of developed nations. Since many of studies have been conducted and revealed positive benefits of Sports massage (SMT). The results of different studies show that it improves health, enhance immunity, speedy recovery after an injury, and after intensive training. This study is aimed to investigate the knowledge of university level athletes in Pakistan about the concept of Sport Massage Therapy (SMT). 125 participants were participated in this study, the sample was selected using convenient sampling technique and data was gathered using sport massage questionnaire developed by Lloyd Leach and Mignon Schilz. The results show that there is very little awareness and knowledge about Sport Massage Therapy among the University Football Players. The results of this study also indicate athletes perceive that sport massage helpful in rehabilitation and just an event of enjoyment. It was concluded on basis of results that athlete have very little knowledge about the role of sport massage in Sport Performance.
{"title":"Awareness of Sport Massage Therapy among University Level Football Players in Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Zeeshan Butt, Syed Muhammad Bilal Gillani, Basit Ali","doi":"10.51846/the-sky.v5i1.1023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51846/the-sky.v5i1.1023","url":null,"abstract":"Sports massage is very common among the athletes of developed nations. Since many of studies have been conducted and revealed positive benefits of Sports massage (SMT). The results of different studies show that it improves health, enhance immunity, speedy recovery after an injury, and after intensive training. This study is aimed to investigate the knowledge of university level athletes in Pakistan about the concept of Sport Massage Therapy (SMT). 125 participants were participated in this study, the sample was selected using convenient sampling technique and data was gathered using sport massage questionnaire developed by Lloyd Leach and Mignon Schilz. The results show that there is very little awareness and knowledge about Sport Massage Therapy among the University Football Players. The results of this study also indicate athletes perceive that sport massage helpful in rehabilitation and just an event of enjoyment. It was concluded on basis of results that athlete have very little knowledge about the role of sport massage in Sport Performance.","PeriodicalId":22954,"journal":{"name":"THE SKY-International Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (IJPESS)","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73875906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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