El editor de la revista escribe un breve comentario donde presenta al lector 'Puentes entre trincheras', la nueva sección de Borealis que iniciamos en su décimo aniversario.
{"title":"¿Qué es 'Puentes entre trincheras'?","authors":"Antonio Fábregas","doi":"10.7557/1.10.1.5815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/1.10.1.5815","url":null,"abstract":"El editor de la revista escribe un breve comentario donde presenta al lector 'Puentes entre trincheras', la nueva sección de Borealis que iniciamos en su décimo aniversario.","PeriodicalId":230880,"journal":{"name":"Borealis: An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129092275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
El futuro morfológico y el condicional en las lenguas iberorromances expresan tanto modalidad como temporalidad, pero cada vez más autores señalan que también pueden configurar evidencialidad. Los datos que se manejan a día de hoy proceden de escasos ejemplos o provienen de la introspección del propio investigador. En este artículo pretendemos dar cuenta de la vigencia actual del futuro y el condicional en todo el espectro iberorromance a través de las ocurrencias de una serie de corpus dialectales que reflejan habla oral y espontánea. La muestra cuantitativa permitirá precisar si ambos tiempos verbales se han convertido en marcas de evidencialidad, en qué medida alguno de ellos ha condicionado al otro y qué tipo de evidencialidad pueden denotar. Asimismo, analizaremos qué lengua es la difusora de evidencialidad, qué direccionalidad ha experimentado y hasta qué punto es posible atestiguar las diferentes etapas por las que estos tiempos transitan hasta su especialización como fuente de información.
{"title":"Futuro y condicional en las lenguas iberorromances","authors":"V. Bermejo","doi":"10.7557/1.10.1.5753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/1.10.1.5753","url":null,"abstract":"El futuro morfológico y el condicional en las lenguas iberorromances expresan tanto modalidad como temporalidad, pero cada vez más autores señalan que también pueden configurar evidencialidad. Los datos que se manejan a día de hoy proceden de escasos ejemplos o provienen de la introspección del propio investigador. En este artículo pretendemos dar cuenta de la vigencia actual del futuro y el condicional en todo el espectro iberorromance a través de las ocurrencias de una serie de corpus dialectales que reflejan habla oral y espontánea. La muestra cuantitativa permitirá precisar si ambos tiempos verbales se han convertido en marcas de evidencialidad, en qué medida alguno de ellos ha condicionado al otro y qué tipo de evidencialidad pueden denotar. Asimismo, analizaremos qué lengua es la difusora de evidencialidad, qué direccionalidad ha experimentado y hasta qué punto es posible atestiguar las diferentes etapas por las que estos tiempos transitan hasta su especialización como fuente de información.","PeriodicalId":230880,"journal":{"name":"Borealis: An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127627317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explores the language attitudes of listeners from six different regions of Spain, Asturias, Castile and León, Castile-La Mancha, the Canary Islands, Catalonia and the Balearic Islands, towards a nonsibilant variant of coda /s/, the velarized /s/. This velar pronunciation, known by some as the ejque madrileño, has previously been found to index a Madrid identity for Madrileño listeners, though the traits ascribed such a speaker are quite negative. The current paper finds that like Madrileños themselves, participants from Asturias and Castile and León also associate velarized /s/ with Madrid. Participants from Castile-La Mancha, the Canary Islands, Catalonia and the Balearic Islands do not consider the velarized variant to be Madrileño. Furthermore, differing judgments of the nonsibilant /s/ are found among the regions tested, with participants from Catalonia and the Balearic Islands showing the most negative judgments while participants from Castile-La Mancha show no negative variable effect in their judgments. It is found that all of these out-group listeners do not show as severe of judgments as those seen by in-group members (Madrilenos themselves) in previous literature.
{"title":"Regional perceptions of the 'ejque'","authors":"Robyn Wright","doi":"10.7557/1.10.1.5677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/1.10.1.5677","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the language attitudes of listeners from six different regions of Spain, Asturias, Castile and León, Castile-La Mancha, the Canary Islands, Catalonia and the Balearic Islands, towards a nonsibilant variant of coda /s/, the velarized /s/. This velar pronunciation, known by some as the ejque madrileño, has previously been found to index a Madrid identity for Madrileño listeners, though the traits ascribed such a speaker are quite negative. The current paper finds that like Madrileños themselves, participants from Asturias and Castile and León also associate velarized /s/ with Madrid. Participants from Castile-La Mancha, the Canary Islands, Catalonia and the Balearic Islands do not consider the velarized variant to be Madrileño. Furthermore, differing judgments of the nonsibilant /s/ are found among the regions tested, with participants from Catalonia and the Balearic Islands showing the most negative judgments while participants from Castile-La Mancha show no negative variable effect in their judgments. It is found that all of these out-group listeners do not show as severe of judgments as those seen by in-group members (Madrilenos themselves) in previous literature.","PeriodicalId":230880,"journal":{"name":"Borealis: An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics","volume":"220 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121857762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
En este artículo se analiza la Gramática de Construcciones como marco teórico, así como algunas de sus conexiones con otros enfoques, sean antiguos o modernos. El objetivo del trabajo no es oponerse a este modelo en su conjunto o defender una teoría alternativa a él, sino valorar sus aspectos positivos y destacar a la vez aquellos que no lo son tanto, examinados por un lingüista no constructivista. Entre los aciertos de ese marco teórico se resalta especialmente la concepción escalar o gradual de la composicionalidad, con notables consecuencias para la relación léxico-sintaxis. Entre los aspectos menos positivos se menciona la atribución de significado a las construcciones mismas, así como las dificultades que el modelo presenta para incorporar las relaciones sintácticas que se establecen a distancia.
{"title":"La gramática de construcciones. Una mirada externa","authors":"I. Bosque","doi":"10.7557/1.10.1.5804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/1.10.1.5804","url":null,"abstract":"En este artículo se analiza la Gramática de Construcciones como marco teórico, así como algunas de sus conexiones con otros enfoques, sean antiguos o modernos. El objetivo del trabajo no es oponerse a este modelo en su conjunto o defender una teoría alternativa a él, sino valorar sus aspectos positivos y destacar a la vez aquellos que no lo son tanto, examinados por un lingüista no constructivista. Entre los aciertos de ese marco teórico se resalta especialmente la concepción escalar o gradual de la composicionalidad, con notables consecuencias para la relación léxico-sintaxis. Entre los aspectos menos positivos se menciona la atribución de significado a las construcciones mismas, así como las dificultades que el modelo presenta para incorporar las relaciones sintácticas que se establecen a distancia. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":230880,"journal":{"name":"Borealis: An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics","volume":"54 82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131766516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Discourse markers of attention focus (enfocadores de alteridad in Spanish) frequently serve the purposes of drawing the hearer’s attention to what the speaker is saying, either to establish or maintain contact between the two interlocutors. The current study aims to determine whether the choice of appellative marker is socially or grammatically motivated. Using sociolinguistic corpora from two major Latin American cities, the study will analyze the variation among the markers. More specifically, are there extenuating factors that influence whether a speaker elects to use mira, fíjate or oye to focus the attention of the hearer? The study finds that the choice between markers in San Juan and Mexico City is conditioned by different markers in each locale and, additionally, hints that the style of discourse may have an effect on the prevalence of these markers in general.
注意焦点的话语标记(西班牙语中为enfocadores de alteridad)经常起到吸引听者注意说话者所说内容的作用，从而建立或维持两个对话者之间的联系。本研究旨在确定称谓标记的选择是出于社会动机还是语法动机。使用来自两个主要拉丁美洲城市的社会语言学语料库，本研究将分析标记之间的差异。更具体地说，说话者是否选择使用mira、fíjate或眼睛来集中听者的注意力，是否存在减轻影响的因素?研究发现，圣胡安和墨西哥城的标记之间的选择取决于每个地区的不同标记，此外，暗示话语风格可能会对这些标记的流行程度产生影响。
{"title":"Sociopragmatic variation in attention focus: 'mira', 'fíjate', and 'oye' in San Juan and Mexico City","authors":"L. Graham","doi":"10.7557/1.10.1.5721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/1.10.1.5721","url":null,"abstract":"Discourse markers of attention focus (enfocadores de alteridad in Spanish) frequently serve the purposes of drawing the hearer’s attention to what the speaker is saying, either to establish or maintain contact between the two interlocutors. The current study aims to determine whether the choice of appellative marker is socially or grammatically motivated. Using sociolinguistic corpora from two major Latin American cities, the study will analyze the variation among the markers. More specifically, are there extenuating factors that influence whether a speaker elects to use mira, fíjate or oye to focus the attention of the hearer? The study finds that the choice between markers in San Juan and Mexico City is conditioned by different markers in each locale and, additionally, hints that the style of discourse may have an effect on the prevalence of these markers in general.","PeriodicalId":230880,"journal":{"name":"Borealis: An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124228956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The subject (S) in Spanish sentences may appear post–verbally and even sentence–finally following an object (O). Further, in post–verbal SO/OS pairs, the first element asymmetrically c–commands the second element. Previous analyses of the VOS phenomenon encounter difficulties in accounting for this asymmetric c–command relation and/or for Case and subject–verb agreement involving the VOS subject. We argue here that these Spanish SO/OS pairs operate in parallel to English double–objects (Larson 1988). Based on the work of Phillips (1997) and others, we propose a top–down approach to sentence derivation which resolves the problems with VOS sentences encountered by other analyses and which obviates the need for devices such as pro to account for ‘pro–drop’ sentences.
{"title":"The VOS Puzzle","authors":"N. Sobin, S. Zavala","doi":"10.7557/1.10.1.5760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/1.10.1.5760","url":null,"abstract":"The subject (S) in Spanish sentences may appear post–verbally and even sentence–finally following an object (O). Further, in post–verbal SO/OS pairs, the first element asymmetrically c–commands the second element. Previous analyses of the VOS phenomenon encounter difficulties in accounting for this asymmetric c–command relation and/or for Case and subject–verb agreement involving the VOS subject. We argue here that these Spanish SO/OS pairs operate in parallel to English double–objects (Larson 1988). Based on the work of Phillips (1997) and others, we propose a top–down approach to sentence derivation which resolves the problems with VOS sentences encountered by other analyses and which obviates the need for devices such as pro to account for ‘pro–drop’ sentences.","PeriodicalId":230880,"journal":{"name":"Borealis: An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125200973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Este artículo constituye una respuesta a la crítica de la gramática de construcciones realizada por Ignacio Bosque en su trabajo La gramática de construcciones: una mirada externa. La crítica de Bosque se complementa con una mirada interna, periférica y aplicada. Para contextualizar mi respuesta, comienzo presentando una panorámica de los enfoques constructivistas, para poner de relieve la existencia de diferencias en cuanto a los intereses como a las herramientas conceptuales y el grado de formalización, así como los aspectos más destacados de los enfoques constructivistas para mis tareas como analista de la sintaxis coloquial (periferia de la sintaxis) y profesor de español como lengua extranjera (visión aplicada). En la segunda parte del texto, respondo a las principales críticas de Bosque desde la versión de la gramática de construcciones desarrollada por Charles Fillmore, que debe dar cuenta tanto de las expresiones idiomáticas como de las composicionales. El objetivo final del texto es contribuir al dialogo interteórico mostrando que las diferencias entre constructivistas y proyeccionistas no son tan extremas como a veces se suele asumir.
{"title":"La gramática de construcciones. Una mirada interna, periférica y aplicada","authors":"Pedro Gras","doi":"10.7557/1.10.1.5805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/1.10.1.5805","url":null,"abstract":"Este artículo constituye una respuesta a la crítica de la gramática de construcciones realizada por Ignacio Bosque en su trabajo La gramática de construcciones: una mirada externa. La crítica de Bosque se complementa con una mirada interna, periférica y aplicada. Para contextualizar mi respuesta, comienzo presentando una panorámica de los enfoques constructivistas, para poner de relieve la existencia de diferencias en cuanto a los intereses como a las herramientas conceptuales y el grado de formalización, así como los aspectos más destacados de los enfoques constructivistas para mis tareas como analista de la sintaxis coloquial (periferia de la sintaxis) y profesor de español como lengua extranjera (visión aplicada). En la segunda parte del texto, respondo a las principales críticas de Bosque desde la versión de la gramática de construcciones desarrollada por Charles Fillmore, que debe dar cuenta tanto de las expresiones idiomáticas como de las composicionales. El objetivo final del texto es contribuir al dialogo interteórico mostrando que las diferencias entre constructivistas y proyeccionistas no son tan extremas como a veces se suele asumir.","PeriodicalId":230880,"journal":{"name":"Borealis: An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics","volume":"11 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126130674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper scrutinizes the path of the semantic extension of the originally neutral Spanish term macho‘male animal’ to the pejorative ‘animal-like man’. Semantic pejoration belongs to one of the techniques that Hill (1995b) identifies when describing Mock Spanish, a type of racist discourse used by monolingual English speakers when using single Spanish words. My objective was to identify if the origin of this pejoration and its subsequent proliferation had some relation to Mock Spanish. Methodologically, this is conducted by means of a lexical research of diachronic corpora in Spanish and English. I trace the origin of macho as an exclusively Spanish and neutral term to an international word with a pejorative connotation. My analysis leads me to conclude that the semantic shift of macho, at least in its written form, developed in both sides of the Mexican-American border in the first half of the XX century. Macho as an ‘animal-like man’ acquires a negative meaning northwards and a positive southwards. The latter during the Nationalist uproars of the Mexican Revolution.
{"title":"\"Macho\": The singularity of a mock Spanish item","authors":"Adriana Rosalía Galván Torres","doi":"10.7557/1.10.1.5577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/1.10.1.5577","url":null,"abstract":"This paper scrutinizes the path of the semantic extension of the originally neutral Spanish term macho‘male animal’ to the pejorative ‘animal-like man’. Semantic pejoration belongs to one of the techniques that Hill (1995b) identifies when describing Mock Spanish, a type of racist discourse used by monolingual English speakers when using single Spanish words. My objective was to identify if the origin of this pejoration and its subsequent proliferation had some relation to Mock Spanish. Methodologically, this is conducted by means of a lexical research of diachronic corpora in Spanish and English. I trace the origin of macho as an exclusively Spanish and neutral term to an international word with a pejorative connotation. My analysis leads me to conclude that the semantic shift of macho, at least in its written form, developed in both sides of the Mexican-American border in the first half of the XX century. Macho as an ‘animal-like man’ acquires a negative meaning northwards and a positive southwards. The latter during the Nationalist uproars of the Mexican Revolution.","PeriodicalId":230880,"journal":{"name":"Borealis: An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130761432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since Baker (1968) suggested the term concealed question —which, following Autor (forthcoming), we translate as “interrogativa encubierta”— to refer to a DP that complements a verb and can be paraphrased by an indirect question (Preguntó el precio/Preguntó cuál era el precio), one of the most debated issues in the literature on languages other than Spanish has been, beside the concept of concealed question itself, what nouns can appear in this type of constructions. However, this issue has practically gone unnoticed in the descriptive grammar of Spanish. This article aims to deal with the ensuing shortcomings of Spanish grammar as well as to review the proposals that fall outside the context of Hispanic linguistics. Most importantly, on the assumption that concealed questions are predicate complements that are remaining elements of an elliptical specificational copular sentence within an indirect question, it will be shown that the type of noun, though irrelevant for the licensing of this kind of structure, plays an important role in its interpretation.
自从Baker(1968)提出了“隐含疑问句”一词——继Autor(即将出版)之后，我们将其翻译为“疑问问句”——指的是补充动词并可以由间接疑问句(Preguntó el precio/Preguntó cuál era el precio)转述的DP，除了隐含疑问句本身的概念之外，在西班牙语以外的语言文献中最具争议的问题之一是，什么名词可以出现在这种结构中。然而，这个问题在西班牙语的描述语法中几乎没有被注意到。这篇文章的目的是处理随之而来的西班牙语语法的缺点，以及审查的建议落在西班牙语语言学的语境之外。最重要的是，假设隐语疑问句是间接疑问句中省略规定性俗语句中剩余的谓语补语，我们将会发现，名词的类型虽然与这种结构的许可无关，但在其解释中起着重要作用。
{"title":"Sustantivos e interrogativas encubiertas en español","authors":"P. P. Devís Márquez","doi":"10.7557/1.10.1.5754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/1.10.1.5754","url":null,"abstract":"Since Baker (1968) suggested the term concealed question —which, following Autor (forthcoming), we translate as “interrogativa encubierta”— to refer to a DP that complements a verb and can be paraphrased by an indirect question (Preguntó el precio/Preguntó cuál era el precio), one of the most debated issues in the literature on languages other than Spanish has been, beside the concept of concealed question itself, what nouns can appear in this type of constructions. However, this issue has practically gone unnoticed in the descriptive grammar of Spanish. This article aims to deal with the ensuing shortcomings of Spanish grammar as well as to review the proposals that fall outside the context of Hispanic linguistics. Most importantly, on the assumption that concealed questions are predicate complements that are remaining elements of an elliptical specificational copular sentence within an indirect question, it will be shown that the type of noun, though irrelevant for the licensing of this kind of structure, plays an important role in its interpretation.","PeriodicalId":230880,"journal":{"name":"Borealis: An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126151279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article analyzes the distribution of the copulas ser and estar in Spanish, based on a scalar theoretical framework. The main proposal is that their distribution can be captured in terms of the scalar structure of the predicates involved and the presence of cognitive salient points on those scales. The proposed framework centers around ser predicates involving a single degree on the scale, while those with estar involve an interval, which additionally must involve an onset, or salient point. This analysis has two advantages. First, it accounts for subjects and closed-scale adjective pairs not being able to alternate between ser or estar. The endpoints present on closed-scales act as strong salient points that, based on the Principle of Interpretive Economy, require that the copula estar is used if it can. Second, this analysis also accounts for the distribution of estar with open-scale predicates and explains why adjectives like famoso ‘famous’ or rico ‘rich’ are virtually absent from estar predications, despite having the appropriate temporal reading. Cognitive salient points are also responsible for generating the appropriate scalar interval required for estar predications, although their being weaker than endpoints on closed-scales does not require estar be the only copula available. The article also accounts for the nature of these onsets on open-scale adjectives and provides a diagnostic tool to determine which adjectives have them, and consequently can appear in estar predications.
{"title":"Copulas in Spanish: Scalar structure and interpretive economy","authors":"Carmelo Bazaco","doi":"10.7557/1.9.2.5432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7557/1.9.2.5432","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes the distribution of the copulas ser and estar in Spanish, based on a scalar theoretical framework. The main proposal is that their distribution can be captured in terms of the scalar structure of the predicates involved and the presence of cognitive salient points on those scales. The proposed framework centers around ser predicates involving a single degree on the scale, while those with estar involve an interval, which additionally must involve an onset, or salient point. \u0000 \u0000This analysis has two advantages. First, it accounts for subjects and closed-scale adjective pairs not being able to alternate between ser or estar. The endpoints present on closed-scales act as strong salient points that, based on the Principle of Interpretive Economy, require that the copula estar is used if it can. Second, this analysis also accounts for the distribution of estar with open-scale predicates and explains why adjectives like famoso ‘famous’ or rico ‘rich’ are virtually absent from estar predications, despite having the appropriate temporal reading. Cognitive salient points are also responsible for generating the appropriate scalar interval required for estar predications, although their being weaker than endpoints on closed-scales does not require estar be the only copula available. The article also accounts for the nature of these onsets on open-scale adjectives and provides a diagnostic tool to determine which adjectives have them, and consequently can appear in estar predications.","PeriodicalId":230880,"journal":{"name":"Borealis: An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics","volume":"204 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133032227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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