Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i12/st1911-012
Shimelis Kebede Kekeba
Environmental pollution of heavy metals from automobiles has attained much attention in the recent past. The present research was conducted to study heavy metal contamination in roadside soils of East Shoa Zone of Ethiopia. Roadside soil samples were collected from 4 sites (36 soil samples) and analyzed for the concentrations of two heavy metals (cadmium and lead).Soil samples were collected at distance of 0m, 25m and 50m from the roadside. Lead concentration in soil samples was low and ranged from 0.31 to 0.91 mg kg-1. Lead analyses showed that there was no considerable contamination of soil in the study area. Cadmium concentration was the lowest in the soil and varied from 0.11 to 0.43 mg kg-1. These concentrations were below the critical maximum levels above which toxicity is possible. In general, the levels of heavy metals in the roadside soils investigated were low. Both heavy metals exhibited a decrease in the roadside soils with the increasing distance from the road.
{"title":"Toxicity Level of Lead and Cadmium in High Traffic Density Roadside Soils in Selected Towns of East Shoa Zone, Ethiopia","authors":"Shimelis Kebede Kekeba","doi":"10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i12/st1911-012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i12/st1911-012","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental pollution of heavy metals from automobiles has attained much attention in the recent past. The present research was conducted to study heavy metal contamination in roadside soils of East Shoa Zone of Ethiopia. Roadside soil samples were collected from 4 sites (36 soil samples) and analyzed for the concentrations of two heavy metals (cadmium and lead).Soil samples were collected at distance of 0m, 25m and 50m from the roadside. Lead concentration in soil samples was low and ranged from 0.31 to 0.91 mg kg-1. Lead analyses showed that there was no considerable contamination of soil in the study area. Cadmium concentration was the lowest in the soil and varied from 0.11 to 0.43 mg kg-1. These concentrations were below the critical maximum levels above which toxicity is possible. In general, the levels of heavy metals in the roadside soils investigated were low. Both heavy metals exhibited a decrease in the roadside soils with the increasing distance from the road.","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134263559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i12/st1912-020
I. M. Anaenyeonu, Ikuelogbon Olamire James, Obiano Dinah Ifeinaya
This study is descriptive survey research carried out to ascertain job related stress among female teachers in public secondary schools in Aniocha North L.G.A. of Delta state. A sample of 100 female teachers was used for the study. The instrument used for data collection was a 24-item questionnaire. The research questions were answered using mean scores and standard deviations. The findings revealed that the level of stress among female teachers is significantly high which make them often engaged in some coping behaviours. Also, it was revealed that there are some factors causing stress among female teachers. Likewise, the study revealed some strategies that could be adopted to reduce job related stress among female teachers. Based on the findings, the researchers recommended that female teachers should dedicate more time to sport activities, there should be expertise such as counselors in the schools so as to assists anyone going through stressful situations in the schools. Government should make provision sporting and recreational centers in the school and that school authorities should ensure that the work assigned everyone is minimal enough so as to reduce stress among the female teachers.
{"title":"Job Stress and Coping Strategies of Female Teachers in Public Secondary Schools in Aniocha North L.G.A of Delta State, Nigeria","authors":"I. M. Anaenyeonu, Ikuelogbon Olamire James, Obiano Dinah Ifeinaya","doi":"10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i12/st1912-020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i12/st1912-020","url":null,"abstract":"This study is descriptive survey research carried out to ascertain job related stress among female teachers in public secondary schools in Aniocha North L.G.A. of Delta state. A sample of 100 female teachers was used for the study. The instrument used for data collection was a 24-item questionnaire. The research questions were answered using mean scores and standard deviations. The findings revealed that the level of stress among female teachers is significantly high which make them often engaged in some coping behaviours. Also, it was revealed that there are some factors causing stress among female teachers. Likewise, the study revealed some strategies that could be adopted to reduce job related stress among female teachers. Based on the findings, the researchers recommended that female teachers should dedicate more time to sport activities, there should be expertise such as counselors in the schools so as to assists anyone going through stressful situations in the schools. Government should make provision sporting and recreational centers in the school and that school authorities should ensure that the work assigned everyone is minimal enough so as to reduce stress among the female teachers.","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123328786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-30DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i11/st1911-017
S. J. Abayomi
This research is based on the design and implementation of Secured Personal Data Server of Patient Medical Records in Nigeria. It is built upon the emergence of portable data server (PDS) with well secured devices that combines the security of smart cards with embedded software devices and storage capacity of NAND Flash Chips which is a novel model that is in compliance with healthcare standards in relation to data and service user-friendliness. In order to access a resource, users must meet the regulatory conditions of the policy class which is in conformity with organizational standards as stipulated by the Federal Ministry of Health in Nigeria that regularize healthcare policies. The system was designed to be flexible and adaptive in order to allow users pass on their rights of access to other users, permission given for right of access can be withdrawn based on the stipulated restrictions that have been defined in the program. The problem of inadequate healthcare facilities in producing sustainable development in Nigeria, breaches of security, delivery, confidentiality, ethical risk issues and privacy risks incurred by centralization due to privacy violations that arise from negligence, abusive use, internal and external attacks. The PDS with current server-based approach, cryptography-based and server-side secured hardware is capable of dismissing the semajor problems. The researchs pecific objectives are to provide the main functionalities of a database engine that will be interoperable with existing data sources and allow secured data sharing protocols by establishing control of how users personal data are shared with others and creating a way of harmonising patient’s data from other hospitals in the country as well as beyond and also allow interoperability of clinical systems. This study adopts authentication and authorization method at inter / intra organizational levels for the security and delivery of patients’ clinical data. A stratified database with indexing and hashing techniques that can change strata without incurring a dramatic number of alterations where precomputed, relational context and Queries are executed in a pure pipeline fashion. The system will cut down substantially the cost of travelling abroad for medical consultations, which runs into billions of U.S. dollars or Naira (the Nigerian currency), especially given the poverty and related economic difficulties that Nigeria and other developing world countries face. The PDS devices are expected to assist doctors and clinicians in reviewing patients’ medical history and status prior to a consult or in reaching a diagnosis. It is also expected to provide support regarding timely referrals to and location of healthcare facilities for parallel care as needed.
{"title":"Design and Implementation of Secured Personal Data Servers of Patient Medical Records in Nigeria: A Case Study of Island Maternity Lagos","authors":"S. J. Abayomi","doi":"10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i11/st1911-017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i11/st1911-017","url":null,"abstract":"This research is based on the design and implementation of Secured Personal Data Server of Patient Medical Records in Nigeria. It is built upon the emergence of portable data server (PDS) with well secured devices that combines the security of smart cards with embedded software devices and storage capacity of NAND Flash Chips which is a novel model that is in compliance with healthcare standards in relation to data and service user-friendliness. In order to access a resource, users must meet the regulatory conditions of the policy class which is in conformity with organizational standards as stipulated by the Federal Ministry of Health in Nigeria that regularize healthcare policies. The system was designed to be flexible and adaptive in order to allow users pass on their rights of access to other users, permission given for right of access can be withdrawn based on the stipulated restrictions that have been defined in the program. The problem of inadequate healthcare facilities in producing sustainable development in Nigeria, breaches of security, delivery, confidentiality, ethical risk issues and privacy risks incurred by centralization due to privacy violations that arise from negligence, abusive use, internal and external attacks. The PDS with current server-based approach, cryptography-based and server-side secured hardware is capable of dismissing the semajor problems. The researchs pecific objectives are to provide the main functionalities of a database engine that will be interoperable with existing data sources and allow secured data sharing protocols by establishing control of how users personal data are shared with others and creating a way of harmonising patient’s data from other hospitals in the country as well as beyond and also allow interoperability of clinical systems. This study adopts authentication and authorization method at inter / intra organizational levels for the security and delivery of patients’ clinical data. A stratified database with indexing and hashing techniques that can change strata without incurring a dramatic number of alterations where precomputed, relational context and Queries are executed in a pure pipeline fashion. The system will cut down substantially the cost of travelling abroad for medical consultations, which runs into billions of U.S. dollars or Naira (the Nigerian currency), especially given the poverty and related economic difficulties that Nigeria and other developing world countries face. The PDS devices are expected to assist doctors and clinicians in reviewing patients’ medical history and status prior to a consult or in reaching a diagnosis. It is also expected to provide support regarding timely referrals to and location of healthcare facilities for parallel care as needed.","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121433921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-30DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i11/st1911-025
Joseph Menge Orori
Social Networking Sites (SNS) are pages or sites through which individuals or a group of individual shares and communicate over issues relating to a variety of topics. It plays an important role that is significant in the fields of agriculture, business, banking and tourism, especially in transfer information, search, advertising and interaction among the customers. Telemedicine is provision and support of health care with the use of Information Communication Technology. It does not limit its services to communication between doctors and nurses but also in diagnosis, consultations monitoring and surgical services. It enables citizens irrespective of their location from medical services to access and seek medical attention without moving from a remote area to an urban area with these services. A good number of developed countries like the United States of America and the United Kingdom have implemented telemedicine and the results can be felt. In some developing countries, implementation has been undertaken but with challenges involved. For instance, countries like Kenya and Bangladesh are working tirelessly to implement telemedicine to improve the provision of affordable healthcare services to its people. Social Networking Sites are the most effective means of online communication that has been integrated in political, social and economic life of users. This study is a result of literature review evaluation to establish role of social networking sites in implementation of Telemedicine in developing countries.
{"title":"Social Networking Sites an Enabler for Implementation for Telemedicine in Developing Countries","authors":"Joseph Menge Orori","doi":"10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i11/st1911-025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i11/st1911-025","url":null,"abstract":"Social Networking Sites (SNS) are pages or sites through which individuals or a group of individual shares and communicate over issues relating to a variety of topics. It plays an important role that is significant in the fields of agriculture, business, banking and tourism, especially in transfer information, search, advertising and interaction among the customers. Telemedicine is provision and support of health care with the use of Information Communication Technology. It does not limit its services to communication between doctors and nurses but also in diagnosis, consultations monitoring and surgical services. It enables citizens irrespective of their location from medical services to access and seek medical attention without moving from a remote area to an urban area with these services. A good number of developed countries like the United States of America and the United Kingdom have implemented telemedicine and the results can be felt. In some developing countries, implementation has been undertaken but with challenges involved. For instance, countries like Kenya and Bangladesh are working tirelessly to implement telemedicine to improve the provision of affordable healthcare services to its people. Social Networking Sites are the most effective means of online communication that has been integrated in political, social and economic life of users. This study is a result of literature review evaluation to establish role of social networking sites in implementation of Telemedicine in developing countries.","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"2016 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125647652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-30DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i11/st1911-001
Kebenei Enock Kipchirchir, G. Otieno, Rucha Kibaara Kenneth
Background A study conducted in Kenya between January and June 2014 showed that one of the important challenges facing researchers in public health data sharing is the risk to the interests of study participants. Exposure of participant’s data can lead to stigmatization, loss of privacy, and unfair competition. Data loss can be through the form of intentional and unintentional 'misuse' of data. This study sought to determine the factors influencing adherence to the data protection guidelines among the researchers at KEMRI, Kenya: the national body responsible for carrying out health research in Kenya. Objective The study sought to determine the individual and organizational factors influencing adherence to the data protection guidelines among health researchers in KEMRI, Kenya. Methods This study was conducted among health researchers at the Kenya Medical Research Institute in Nairobi, Kilifi, Kisumu, and Busia Counties, Kenya. This was a quantitative cross-sectional study design involving 141 health researchers. Stratified sampling method was used to obtain the representative sample of the whole population. Questionnaires were administered to the selected KEMRI researchers. A total of nine questions extracted from the NACOSTI guidelines were asked. A respondent was considered to have adhered if he/she has agreed to all the nine questions. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The significant individual factors that influences adherence to the national data protection guidelines among KEMRI researchers are common forms in which data may leak to unintended persons/places (p-value of 0.04) and research stages (p-value of 0.03). The availability of guidelines or policies on data protection within the institute is the organizational factor which highly influences adherence to data protection with a p-value of 0.01 (this shows that it is highly significant). Institutional Ethics Review Boards (IRB) and Data Safety & Monitoring Boards (DSMBs) clearly do not play a critical role in data protection in health research with a p-value of 0.77(this shows that it is highly insignificant). Conclusion These results imply that both the individual and organizational factors influence adherence to the data protection guidelines among health researchers.
{"title":"Factors Influencing Adherence to Data Protection Guidelines among Researchers at the Kenya Medical Research Institute","authors":"Kebenei Enock Kipchirchir, G. Otieno, Rucha Kibaara Kenneth","doi":"10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i11/st1911-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i11/st1911-001","url":null,"abstract":"Background A study conducted in Kenya between January and June 2014 showed that one of the important challenges facing researchers in public health data sharing is the risk to the interests of study participants. Exposure of participant’s data can lead to stigmatization, loss of privacy, and unfair competition. Data loss can be through the form of intentional and unintentional 'misuse' of data. This study sought to determine the factors influencing adherence to the data protection guidelines among the researchers at KEMRI, Kenya: the national body responsible for carrying out health research in Kenya. Objective The study sought to determine the individual and organizational factors influencing adherence to the data protection guidelines among health researchers in KEMRI, Kenya. Methods This study was conducted among health researchers at the Kenya Medical Research Institute in Nairobi, Kilifi, Kisumu, and Busia Counties, Kenya. This was a quantitative cross-sectional study design involving 141 health researchers. Stratified sampling method was used to obtain the representative sample of the whole population. Questionnaires were administered to the selected KEMRI researchers. A total of nine questions extracted from the NACOSTI guidelines were asked. A respondent was considered to have adhered if he/she has agreed to all the nine questions. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The significant individual factors that influences adherence to the national data protection guidelines among KEMRI researchers are common forms in which data may leak to unintended persons/places (p-value of 0.04) and research stages (p-value of 0.03). The availability of guidelines or policies on data protection within the institute is the organizational factor which highly influences adherence to data protection with a p-value of 0.01 (this shows that it is highly significant). Institutional Ethics Review Boards (IRB) and Data Safety & Monitoring Boards (DSMBs) clearly do not play a critical role in data protection in health research with a p-value of 0.77(this shows that it is highly insignificant). Conclusion These results imply that both the individual and organizational factors influence adherence to the data protection guidelines among health researchers.","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126608897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-31DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i10/st1910-025
O. Okhonlaye, B. A. Adepetun
Fermentation makes the food condiment Parkiabiglobosa “Iru” to be more nutritious, digestible and safer with better flavour. Fermented Parkiabiglobosa‘Iru’ is known to have high protein content, thus serving a dual purpose of flavouring as well as source of protein supplement. There is only little information available on comparative evaluation of the nutritional quality of the locally produced “Iru” condiment with the one produced in the laboratory. Hence, this present study focusses on the evaluation of proximate and anti-nutrient composition of fermented Parkia biglobosa produced locally and in the laboratory. Result from the microbial examination revealed the bacterial load for the locally produced Parkiabiglobosa‘Iru’ ranged between 75.00 x103cfu/g and 264.66x103cfu/g while that of laboratory produced sample ranged between 5.33x103cfu/g and 84.33x103cfu/g. Lactic acid bacteria load was higher after de-hulling in the locally produced samples with a value of 84.33x103cfu/g and reduced significantly to 6.33 x103cfu/g after 72hrs of fermentation. Fungal load of the laboratory produced Parkiabiglobosa ‘Iru’ reduced significantly (P<0.05) as fermentation progresses. More so, the proximate analysis revealed that Ash content also increased significantly (P<0.05) as fermentation progresses. The protein content also increased after 72hrs of fermentation in both local and laboratory produced ‘Iru’ samples. Carbohydrate content also reduced significantly from 34.35 to 14.47% and 32.82 to 20.80% for the locally produced and laboratory produced fermented Parkiabiglobosa respectively. Conclusively, this work had shown that contamination of fermented Parkiabiglobosa‘iru” might have originatedParkiabiglobosa might have originated from foot pressing during de-hulling, contaminated water, poor personal hygiene of food handlers and dirty environmental conditions during processing. Therefore, training about environmental sanitation is essential and highly recommended.
{"title":"Comparative Study on the Microbiological and Nutritional Qualities of Fermented Parkia Biglobosa Produced Locally and in the Laboratory","authors":"O. Okhonlaye, B. A. Adepetun","doi":"10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i10/st1910-025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i10/st1910-025","url":null,"abstract":"Fermentation makes the food condiment Parkiabiglobosa “Iru” to be more nutritious, digestible and safer with better flavour. Fermented Parkiabiglobosa‘Iru’ is known to have high protein content, thus serving a dual purpose of flavouring as well as source of protein supplement. There is only little information available on comparative evaluation of the nutritional quality of the locally produced “Iru” condiment with the one produced in the laboratory. Hence, this present study focusses on the evaluation of proximate and anti-nutrient composition of fermented Parkia biglobosa produced locally and in the laboratory. Result from the microbial examination revealed the bacterial load for the locally produced Parkiabiglobosa‘Iru’ ranged between 75.00 x103cfu/g and 264.66x103cfu/g while that of laboratory produced sample ranged between 5.33x103cfu/g and 84.33x103cfu/g. Lactic acid bacteria load was higher after de-hulling in the locally produced samples with a value of 84.33x103cfu/g and reduced significantly to 6.33 x103cfu/g after 72hrs of fermentation. Fungal load of the laboratory produced Parkiabiglobosa ‘Iru’ reduced significantly (P<0.05) as fermentation progresses. More so, the proximate analysis revealed that Ash content also increased significantly (P<0.05) as fermentation progresses. The protein content also increased after 72hrs of fermentation in both local and laboratory produced ‘Iru’ samples. Carbohydrate content also reduced significantly from 34.35 to 14.47% and 32.82 to 20.80% for the locally produced and laboratory produced fermented Parkiabiglobosa respectively. Conclusively, this work had shown that contamination of fermented Parkiabiglobosa‘iru” might have originatedParkiabiglobosa might have originated from foot pressing during de-hulling, contaminated water, poor personal hygiene of food handlers and dirty environmental conditions during processing. Therefore, training about environmental sanitation is essential and highly recommended.","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131441981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-31DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i10/st1908-014
Jiddah Choke Chufe, B. Oindo, P. Abuom
: Communities in arid and semi-arid lands are faced with a number of challenges including short and unreliable rainfall and recurrent droughts affecting large numbers of humans and livestock. The drought frequency and severity has increased and is negatively impacting on households. This has increased the vulnerability levels in households. However, the magnitudes of vulnerabilities on households are not well understood and documented. The objectives of this study are to assess magnitude of vulnerabilities to drought in pastoral production system. Simple cross-sectional random sampling was used for primary data collection through questionnaires. 384 households were randomly interviewed in a household population of about 19,000 households using the (Scott Smith, 2013) formula for deciding the sample size. Secondary data was obtained from relevant public reports, journals, agricultural reports, statistical abstracts and development partners. The study considered various biophysical and socio-economic factors to calculate Vulnerability Index. Weights for different indicators to calculate the household vulnerability index (HVI) was used. The household Vulnerability Index was constructed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Data analysis was done using frequencies, percentages, spearman correlation, cross tabulations and chi square tests. The results were presented using tables, bar graphs, pie charts and plates. The data was analysed through computer Excel and SPSS programmes. The presentation of results was done in form of narrative, graphs, tables, pie and bar charts. The results show that 2.3 % of the households were highly vulnerable, 32.6 % were moderately vulnerable and 65.1 % less vulnerable. The overall drought vulnerability for the study area was 0.46, indicating moderate vulnerability. This implies moderate support is required from external sources. In order to build community drought resilience camel keeping, development of strategic water resources and investments in rangeland reseeding and control of invasive plant species is necessary. pre-drought mitigation of future placed on response-oriented (Abraham, risk management involves understanding vulnerabilities mitigation modifies in to ‘crisis
{"title":"Assessment of Magnitudes of Vulnerabilities to Drought in Pastoral Production System in Marsabit, Northern Kenya","authors":"Jiddah Choke Chufe, B. Oindo, P. Abuom","doi":"10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i10/st1908-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i10/st1908-014","url":null,"abstract":": Communities in arid and semi-arid lands are faced with a number of challenges including short and unreliable rainfall and recurrent droughts affecting large numbers of humans and livestock. The drought frequency and severity has increased and is negatively impacting on households. This has increased the vulnerability levels in households. However, the magnitudes of vulnerabilities on households are not well understood and documented. The objectives of this study are to assess magnitude of vulnerabilities to drought in pastoral production system. Simple cross-sectional random sampling was used for primary data collection through questionnaires. 384 households were randomly interviewed in a household population of about 19,000 households using the (Scott Smith, 2013) formula for deciding the sample size. Secondary data was obtained from relevant public reports, journals, agricultural reports, statistical abstracts and development partners. The study considered various biophysical and socio-economic factors to calculate Vulnerability Index. Weights for different indicators to calculate the household vulnerability index (HVI) was used. The household Vulnerability Index was constructed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Data analysis was done using frequencies, percentages, spearman correlation, cross tabulations and chi square tests. The results were presented using tables, bar graphs, pie charts and plates. The data was analysed through computer Excel and SPSS programmes. The presentation of results was done in form of narrative, graphs, tables, pie and bar charts. The results show that 2.3 % of the households were highly vulnerable, 32.6 % were moderately vulnerable and 65.1 % less vulnerable. The overall drought vulnerability for the study area was 0.46, indicating moderate vulnerability. This implies moderate support is required from external sources. In order to build community drought resilience camel keeping, development of strategic water resources and investments in rangeland reseeding and control of invasive plant species is necessary. pre-drought mitigation of future placed on response-oriented (Abraham, risk management involves understanding vulnerabilities mitigation modifies in to ‘crisis","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127942714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-31DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i10/st1910-009
N. Umar, N. Garba, N. Rabiu, Odoh M. Christopher, M. Saleh
The activity concentrations of the naturally occurring radionuclide for the soil samples collected from Southern Zamfara State were measured using Hyper-pure Germanium detector (HPGe). The terrestrial gamma radiation doses were measured using inspector alert, model 35448 manufactured by U.S.A from 250 locations across southern Zamfara. The mean activity concentrations of226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the soil samples were found to be 55 Bqkg-1, 35 Bqkg-1 and 267 Bqkg-1, respectively. The activity concentration of232Th, and 40K obtained are within the recommended values of 45 Bqkg1 and 420 Bqkg-1, while 226Ra concentration 55Bqkg-1is higher than the world average value of 32 Bqkg-1. The annual effective dose (AED), external ( ) and internal ( ) hazard index and Gamma representative index were computed as 0.07 μSvy-1, 0.33, 0.98 and 0.81, respectively. The values are within the recommended safe limit of unity. Other parameters such as annual gonadal dose equivalent, radium equivalent activity and excess lifetime cancer risk were also computed as 390.61 μSvy-1, 123.73 Bqkg-1 and 0.34. The values obtained for annual gonadal dose equivalent and excess lifetime cancer risk are higher than the recommended values of 300 μSvy-1 and 0.29, while radium equivalent activity is lower than the safe limit 370 Bqkg-1. The result implies that the gonadal values may have some effects on the reproductive organs of the people in the study area. But other radiation hazard parameters show that it is safe to use the soil in the study area for farming and other activities.
{"title":"Environmental Radiology of Southern Part of Zamfara State, Nigeria","authors":"N. Umar, N. Garba, N. Rabiu, Odoh M. Christopher, M. Saleh","doi":"10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i10/st1910-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i10/st1910-009","url":null,"abstract":"The activity concentrations of the naturally occurring radionuclide for the soil samples collected from Southern Zamfara State were measured using Hyper-pure Germanium detector (HPGe). The terrestrial gamma radiation doses were measured using inspector alert, model 35448 manufactured by U.S.A from 250 locations across southern Zamfara. The mean activity concentrations of226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the soil samples were found to be 55 Bqkg-1, 35 Bqkg-1 and 267 Bqkg-1, respectively. The activity concentration of232Th, and 40K obtained are within the recommended values of 45 Bqkg1 and 420 Bqkg-1, while 226Ra concentration 55Bqkg-1is higher than the world average value of 32 Bqkg-1. The annual effective dose (AED), external ( ) and internal ( ) hazard index and Gamma representative index were computed as 0.07 μSvy-1, 0.33, 0.98 and 0.81, respectively. The values are within the recommended safe limit of unity. Other parameters such as annual gonadal dose equivalent, radium equivalent activity and excess lifetime cancer risk were also computed as 390.61 μSvy-1, 123.73 Bqkg-1 and 0.34. The values obtained for annual gonadal dose equivalent and excess lifetime cancer risk are higher than the recommended values of 300 μSvy-1 and 0.29, while radium equivalent activity is lower than the safe limit 370 Bqkg-1. The result implies that the gonadal values may have some effects on the reproductive organs of the people in the study area. But other radiation hazard parameters show that it is safe to use the soil in the study area for farming and other activities.","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"5 8‐9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132835599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-30DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i9/st1909-027
O. Ogundiran, J. Tobih, O. Odetoyinbo, A. A. Adeosun, A. Olaosun, O AdedejiT., C OgundiranA., S. A. Ogunkeyede, J. Falade, A. J. Adigun, B. Eegunranti
Background: Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by incoherent or illogical thoughts, bizarre behavior and speech, delusions or hallucinations such as hearing voices. The prevalence rate of schizophrenia is about 1.1 percent of the population over the age of 18 years old, while the average age of onset is 18 and 25 years old in male and female respectively. This is considered the most critical age in social and vocational development. Most schizophrenic patients have a low socioeconomic status but this is not because schizophrenia preferentially targets the poor but mainly because it brings about drastic impairment in social and occupational skills.
{"title":"Auditory Brainstem Responses of Schizophrenic Patients in a Nigerian Mental Health Clinic","authors":"O. Ogundiran, J. Tobih, O. Odetoyinbo, A. A. Adeosun, A. Olaosun, O AdedejiT., C OgundiranA., S. A. Ogunkeyede, J. Falade, A. J. Adigun, B. Eegunranti","doi":"10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i9/st1909-027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i9/st1909-027","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by incoherent or illogical thoughts, bizarre behavior and speech, delusions or hallucinations such as hearing voices. The prevalence rate of schizophrenia is about 1.1 percent of the population over the age of 18 years old, while the average age of onset is 18 and 25 years old in male and female respectively. This is considered the most critical age in social and vocational development. Most schizophrenic patients have a low socioeconomic status but this is not because schizophrenia preferentially targets the poor but mainly because it brings about drastic impairment in social and occupational skills.","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124589675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-30DOI: 10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i9/st1909-001
Benjamin A. Adegola, G. A. Idowu
: In Sub-Sahara Africa, small-scale aquaculture systems (earthen ponds and plastic basin ponds) have become popular as means of fish cultivation, both for subsistence and as a source of income. Their successful practice, however, involves the use of organic and inorganic chemical substances which may accumulate in pond water and sediments, ultimately finding their ways into the larger environment when the ponds are eventually emptied. This may have significant impact on the environment, since individual communities have thousands of such small-scale systems which are largely unregulated. In this study, we investigated the physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metal composition of typical earthen and plastic ponds. Result of physicochemical analyses revealed the possibility of release of carbonaceous organic materials which may deplete the oxygen levels in natural waters for their decomposition. Such organic materials would come mainly from plastic ponds, as a result of leaching of the plastic monomers and additives into the pond water. The study indicated that both earthen and plastic ponds could contribute to the contamination of the environment by heavy metals, especially Copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and Zinc (Zn). Possible contributions to Cu, Mn and Znlevels are 3.92 mg, 2.68 mg and 2.63 mgrespectively, per litre of earthen pond water; and 2.57 mg, 1.94 mg and 2.08 mgrespectively, per litre of plastic pond water discharged into the environment. Sediment/sludge of both earthen and plastic ponds have the potential to spike Cu levels in the environment by 5.27 mg and 3.61 mg per kg of sediment discharged, respectively. This study constitutes an initial investigation into the environmental impacts of earthen and plastic pond aquaculture (with respect to chemical contaminants) and could assist authorities in tropical Africa to formulate policies to ensure that the sustainability and quality of the natural environments are not compromised by the proliferation of small-scale effect of heavy metals on plant species, on fauna such as arthropods and earthworms, on the development of microbiological processes, the tendency of the metals to go into solution, and the possibility to enter ground and surface waters. Thus, values above the MPC suggest that the particular metals in the sediment or soil may constitute a hazard to the environment. For metals that the MPC are specified for, the results show that the concentration of metals measured in the earthen and plastic pond sediments are mostly below the MPC, implying that the levels of metals in sediment/sludge resulting from single operation of earthen or plastic pond do not constitute a source of environmental concern. The only exception is Cu, in which the MPC is exceeded in both sediment types, even after taking out the background Cu concentration in the soil for the earthen pond. As for the pond waters in both cases, this study reveals that Cu concentration in the sediments/sludge of both pond ty
{"title":"Aquaculture as Source of Environmental Contaminants: A Study of Earthen Pond versus Plastic Pond","authors":"Benjamin A. Adegola, G. A. Idowu","doi":"10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i9/st1909-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24940/theijst/2019/v7/i9/st1909-001","url":null,"abstract":": In Sub-Sahara Africa, small-scale aquaculture systems (earthen ponds and plastic basin ponds) have become popular as means of fish cultivation, both for subsistence and as a source of income. Their successful practice, however, involves the use of organic and inorganic chemical substances which may accumulate in pond water and sediments, ultimately finding their ways into the larger environment when the ponds are eventually emptied. This may have significant impact on the environment, since individual communities have thousands of such small-scale systems which are largely unregulated. In this study, we investigated the physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metal composition of typical earthen and plastic ponds. Result of physicochemical analyses revealed the possibility of release of carbonaceous organic materials which may deplete the oxygen levels in natural waters for their decomposition. Such organic materials would come mainly from plastic ponds, as a result of leaching of the plastic monomers and additives into the pond water. The study indicated that both earthen and plastic ponds could contribute to the contamination of the environment by heavy metals, especially Copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and Zinc (Zn). Possible contributions to Cu, Mn and Znlevels are 3.92 mg, 2.68 mg and 2.63 mgrespectively, per litre of earthen pond water; and 2.57 mg, 1.94 mg and 2.08 mgrespectively, per litre of plastic pond water discharged into the environment. Sediment/sludge of both earthen and plastic ponds have the potential to spike Cu levels in the environment by 5.27 mg and 3.61 mg per kg of sediment discharged, respectively. This study constitutes an initial investigation into the environmental impacts of earthen and plastic pond aquaculture (with respect to chemical contaminants) and could assist authorities in tropical Africa to formulate policies to ensure that the sustainability and quality of the natural environments are not compromised by the proliferation of small-scale effect of heavy metals on plant species, on fauna such as arthropods and earthworms, on the development of microbiological processes, the tendency of the metals to go into solution, and the possibility to enter ground and surface waters. Thus, values above the MPC suggest that the particular metals in the sediment or soil may constitute a hazard to the environment. For metals that the MPC are specified for, the results show that the concentration of metals measured in the earthen and plastic pond sediments are mostly below the MPC, implying that the levels of metals in sediment/sludge resulting from single operation of earthen or plastic pond do not constitute a source of environmental concern. The only exception is Cu, in which the MPC is exceeded in both sediment types, even after taking out the background Cu concentration in the soil for the earthen pond. As for the pond waters in both cases, this study reveals that Cu concentration in the sediments/sludge of both pond ty","PeriodicalId":231256,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Science & Technoledge","volume":"228 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133153440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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