Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the most popular energy storage devices due to their high energy density, high operating voltage, and long cycle life. However, green and effective recycling methods are needed because LIBs contain heavy metals such as Co, Ni, and Mn and organic compounds inside, which seriously threaten human health and the environment. In this work, we review the current status of spent LIB recycling, discuss the traditional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recovery processes, and summarize the existing short-process recovery technologies such as salt-assisted roasting, flotation processes, and direct recycling. Finally, we analyze the problems and potential research prospects of the current recycling process, and point out that the multidisciplinary integration of recycling will become the mainstream technology for the development of spent LIBs.
{"title":"Recycling technologies of spent lithium-ion batteries and future directions: A review","authors":"Xue-song GAO , Meng WU , Guang-jin ZHAO , Kun-hong GU , Jia-jia WU , Hong-bo ZENG , Wen-qing QIN , Jun-wei HAN","doi":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66679-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66679-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the most popular energy storage devices due to their high energy density, high operating voltage, and long cycle life. However, green and effective recycling methods are needed because LIBs contain heavy metals such as Co, Ni, and Mn and organic compounds inside, which seriously threaten human health and the environment. In this work, we review the current status of spent LIB recycling, discuss the traditional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recovery processes, and summarize the existing short-process recovery technologies such as salt-assisted roasting, flotation processes, and direct recycling. Finally, we analyze the problems and potential research prospects of the current recycling process, and point out that the multidisciplinary integration of recycling will become the mainstream technology for the development of spent LIBs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23191,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China","volume":"35 1","pages":"Pages 271-295"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143160555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66674-4
Ming-jie KAI , Yu-jie MA , Xiao-tian WANG , Liang CHENG , Jian-bo HU , Yao-yao HU , Tai-ran XU , Gui-jiang LI , Xiang-kang MENG , Zhen-hua CAO
The effect of Ti content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast light-weight Tix(AlVCr)100−x medium entropy alloys was studied by compressive tests, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results suggest that yield strength increases and then decreases with the increment of Ti content. The Ti60(AlVCr)40 alloy has the best combination of high strength of 1204 MPa and uniform plastic strain of 70%, possessing a high specific yield strength of 255 MPa·cm3/g. The enhancement of strength is mainly attributed to the synergic effects of solid-solution and coherent nano-precipitation strengthening, while dislocation motion such as dislocation pinning, entanglement and dislocation cells significantly increases the strain-hardening capacity.
{"title":"As-cast Tix(AlVCr)100−x light-weight medium entropy alloys with high strength and uniform compressive plasticity","authors":"Ming-jie KAI , Yu-jie MA , Xiao-tian WANG , Liang CHENG , Jian-bo HU , Yao-yao HU , Tai-ran XU , Gui-jiang LI , Xiang-kang MENG , Zhen-hua CAO","doi":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66674-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66674-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effect of Ti content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast light-weight Ti<sub><em>x</em></sub>(AlVCr)<sub>100−<em>x</em></sub> medium entropy alloys was studied by compressive tests, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results suggest that yield strength increases and then decreases with the increment of Ti content. The Ti<sub>60</sub>(AlVCr)<sub>40</sub> alloy has the best combination of high strength of 1204 MPa and uniform plastic strain of 70%, possessing a high specific yield strength of 255 MPa·cm<sup>3</sup>/g. The enhancement of strength is mainly attributed to the synergic effects of solid-solution and coherent nano-precipitation strengthening, while dislocation motion such as dislocation pinning, entanglement and dislocation cells significantly increases the strain-hardening capacity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23191,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China","volume":"35 1","pages":"Pages 194-206"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143160593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66665-3
Guo-fu XU , Liang LIU , Ying DENG , Yu ZENG , Jun-chang CAO , Lei TANG , Xiao-yan PENG , Jia-qi DUAN , Mei-chan LIANG , Qing-lin PAN
The corrosion behavior and microstructure characteristics of metal inert gas (MIG) welded dissimilar joints of the 6005A alloy modified with Sc (designated as 6005A+Sc) and the 5083 alloy were investigated using corrosion tests and microscopy techniques. Results show that the dissimilar joints exhibit strong stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance, maintaining substantial strength during slow strain rate tensile tests. Notably, the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and base metal (BM) on the 6005A+Sc side show superior performance in terms of inter-granular corrosion (IGC) and exfoliation corrosion (EXCO) compared to the corresponding zones on the 5083 side. The lower corrosion resistance of the 5083-BM and the 5083-HAZ can be attributed to the presence of numerous Al2Mg3 phases and micro-scaled Al6(Mn,Fe) intermetallics, mainly distributed along the rolling direction. Conversely, the enhanced corrosion resistance of the 6005A+Sc-BM and the 6005A+Sc-HAZ can be attributed to the discontinuously distributed grain boundary precipitates (β-Mg2Si), the smaller grain size, and the reduced corrosive current density.
{"title":"Microstructure characteristics and corrosion behavior of metal inert gas welded dissimilar joints of 6005A modified by Sc and 5083 alloys","authors":"Guo-fu XU , Liang LIU , Ying DENG , Yu ZENG , Jun-chang CAO , Lei TANG , Xiao-yan PENG , Jia-qi DUAN , Mei-chan LIANG , Qing-lin PAN","doi":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66665-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66665-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The corrosion behavior and microstructure characteristics of metal inert gas (MIG) welded dissimilar joints of the 6005A alloy modified with Sc (designated as 6005A+Sc) and the 5083 alloy were investigated using corrosion tests and microscopy techniques. Results show that the dissimilar joints exhibit strong stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance, maintaining substantial strength during slow strain rate tensile tests. Notably, the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and base metal (BM) on the 6005A+Sc side show superior performance in terms of inter-granular corrosion (IGC) and exfoliation corrosion (EXCO) compared to the corresponding zones on the 5083 side. The lower corrosion resistance of the 5083-BM and the 5083-HAZ can be attributed to the presence of numerous Al<sub>2</sub>Mg<sub>3</sub> phases and micro-scaled Al<sub>6</sub>(Mn,Fe) intermetallics, mainly distributed along the rolling direction. Conversely, the enhanced corrosion resistance of the 6005A+Sc-BM and the 6005A+Sc-HAZ can be attributed to the discontinuously distributed grain boundary precipitates (<em>β</em>-Mg<sub>2</sub>Si), the smaller grain size, and the reduced corrosive current density.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23191,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China","volume":"35 1","pages":"Pages 60-76"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143160584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66667-7
Bai-hao CAI , Ji-kang FAN , Jie LI , Dong-qing YANG , Yong PENG , Ke-hong WANG
Thin walls of an AZ91 magnesium alloy with fine equiaxed grains were fabricated via cold arc-based wire arc additive manufacturing (CA-WAAM), and the droplet transfer behaviours, microstructures, and mechanical properties were investigated. The results showed that the cold arc process reduced splashing at the moment of liquid bridge breakage and effectively shortened the droplet transfer period. The microstructures of the deposited samples exhibited layered characteristics with alternating distributions of coarse and fine grains. During layer-by-layer deposition, the β-phase precipitated and grew preferentially along grain boundaries, while the fine η-Al8Mn5 phase was dispersed in the α-Mg matrix. The mechanical properties of the CA-WAAM deposited sample showed isotropic characteristics. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation in the building direction (BD) were 282.7 MPa and 14.2%, respectively. The microhardness values of the deposited parts were relatively uniform, with an average value of HV 69.6.
{"title":"Processing, microstructure, and mechanical properties of wire arc additively-manufactured AZ91 magnesium alloy using cold arc process","authors":"Bai-hao CAI , Ji-kang FAN , Jie LI , Dong-qing YANG , Yong PENG , Ke-hong WANG","doi":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66667-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66667-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thin walls of an AZ91 magnesium alloy with fine equiaxed grains were fabricated via cold arc-based wire arc additive manufacturing (CA-WAAM), and the droplet transfer behaviours, microstructures, and mechanical properties were investigated. The results showed that the cold arc process reduced splashing at the moment of liquid bridge breakage and effectively shortened the droplet transfer period. The microstructures of the deposited samples exhibited layered characteristics with alternating distributions of coarse and fine grains. During layer-by-layer deposition, the <em>β</em>-phase precipitated and grew preferentially along grain boundaries, while the fine <em>η</em>-Al<sub>8</sub>Mn<sub>5</sub> phase was dispersed in the <em>α</em>-Mg matrix. The mechanical properties of the CA-WAAM deposited sample showed isotropic characteristics. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation in the building direction (BD) were 282.7 MPa and 14.2%, respectively. The microhardness values of the deposited parts were relatively uniform, with an average value of HV 69.6.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23191,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China","volume":"35 1","pages":"Pages 91-104"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143160586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66678-1
Hong-yu CHEN , Lin WANG , Feng PENG , Meng-meng SHEN , Wei HANG , Tufa Habtamu BERI , Hui-bin ZHANG , Jun ZHAO , Yun-xiao HAN , Bing-hai LÜ
The Fenton-like reaction between Cu2+ and H2O2 was employed in chemical mechanical polishing to achieve efficient and high-quality processing of tungsten. The microstructure evolution and material removal rate of tungsten during polishing process were investigated via scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet−visible spectrophotometry, and electrochemical experiments. The passivation behavior and material removal mechanism were discussed. Results show that the use of mixed H2O2+Cu(NO3)2 oxidant can achieve higher polishing efficiency and surface quality compared with the single oxidant Cu(NO3)2 or H2O2. The increase in material removal rate is attributed to the rapid oxidation of W into WO3 via the chemical reaction between the substrate and hydroxyl radicals produced by the Fenton-like reaction. In addition, material removal rate and static etch rate exhibit significantly different dependencies on the concentration of Cu(NO3)2, while the superior oxidant for achieving the balance between polishing efficiency and surface quality is 0.5 wt.% H2O2 +1.0 wt.% Cu(NO3)2.
{"title":"Efficient chemical mechanical polishing of W promoted by Fenton-like reaction between Cu2+ and H2O2","authors":"Hong-yu CHEN , Lin WANG , Feng PENG , Meng-meng SHEN , Wei HANG , Tufa Habtamu BERI , Hui-bin ZHANG , Jun ZHAO , Yun-xiao HAN , Bing-hai LÜ","doi":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66678-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66678-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Fenton-like reaction between Cu<sup>2+</sup> and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> was employed in chemical mechanical polishing to achieve efficient and high-quality processing of tungsten. The microstructure evolution and material removal rate of tungsten during polishing process were investigated via scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet−visible spectrophotometry, and electrochemical experiments. The passivation behavior and material removal mechanism were discussed. Results show that the use of mixed H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>+Cu(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> oxidant can achieve higher polishing efficiency and surface quality compared with the single oxidant Cu(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> or H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. The increase in material removal rate is attributed to the rapid oxidation of W into WO<sub>3</sub> via the chemical reaction between the substrate and hydroxyl radicals produced by the Fenton-like reaction. In addition, material removal rate and static etch rate exhibit significantly different dependencies on the concentration of Cu(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, while the superior oxidant for achieving the balance between polishing efficiency and surface quality is 0.5 wt.% H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> +1.0 wt.% Cu(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23191,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China","volume":"35 1","pages":"Pages 257-270"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143160600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66668-9
Jian-xing ZHAO, Chao-wei ZENG, Ting YUAN, Wei PENG, Zhen-wei SUN, Ou ZHANG, Hong-jun HU
The Mg−Al composite rods of aluminum core-reinforced magnesium alloy were prepared by the extrusion−shear (ES) process, and the microstructure, deformation mechanism, and mechanical properties of the Mg−Al composite rods were investigated at different extrusion temperatures and shear stresses. The experimental results show that the proportion of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and texture for Al and Mg alloys are controlled by the combination of temperature and shear stress. The texture type of the Al alloys exhibits slight variations at different temperatures. With the increase of temperature, the DRX behavior of Mg alloy shifts from discontinuous DRX (DDRX), continuous DRX (CDRX), and twin-induced DRX (TDRX) dominant to CDRX, the dislocation density in Mg alloy grains decreases significantly, and the average value of Schmid factor (SF) of the basal <a> slip system increases. In particular, partial grains exhibit a distinct dominant slip system at 390 °C. The hardness and thickness of the bonding layer, as well as the yield strength and elongation of the Mg alloy, reach their maximum at 360 °C as a result of the intricate influence of the combined temperature and shear stress.
{"title":"Intricate interplay between shear stress and extrusion temperature in Mg−Al composite rods","authors":"Jian-xing ZHAO, Chao-wei ZENG, Ting YUAN, Wei PENG, Zhen-wei SUN, Ou ZHANG, Hong-jun HU","doi":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66668-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66668-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Mg−Al composite rods of aluminum core-reinforced magnesium alloy were prepared by the extrusion−shear (ES) process, and the microstructure, deformation mechanism, and mechanical properties of the Mg−Al composite rods were investigated at different extrusion temperatures and shear stresses. The experimental results show that the proportion of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and texture for Al and Mg alloys are controlled by the combination of temperature and shear stress. The texture type of the Al alloys exhibits slight variations at different temperatures. With the increase of temperature, the DRX behavior of Mg alloy shifts from discontinuous DRX (DDRX), continuous DRX (CDRX), and twin-induced DRX (TDRX) dominant to CDRX, the dislocation density in Mg alloy grains decreases significantly, and the average value of Schmid factor (SF) of the basal <<em>a</em>> slip system increases. In particular, partial grains exhibit a distinct dominant slip system at 390 °C. The hardness and thickness of the bonding layer, as well as the yield strength and elongation of the Mg alloy, reach their maximum at 360 °C as a result of the intricate influence of the combined temperature and shear stress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23191,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China","volume":"35 1","pages":"Pages 105-125"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143160587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66670-7
Meng-zhen ZHU , Jing-lei MIAO , Xiong-wen ZHOU , Er-lin ZHANG , Zhi-lin LIU , Hai-lin YANG
The corrosion resistance and antibacterial properties of Ti−3Cu alloy prepared by selective laser melting were evaluated using electrochemical experiments and a variety of antibacterial characterization. It is found that the charge transfer resistance of Ti−3Cu alloy was 4.89×105 Ω·cm2 which was doubled the data obtained by CP-Ti alloy. The antibacterial rates of Ti−3Cu alloy against S. mutans and P. gingivalis were 45.0% and 54.5%. And the antibacterial rates increased with the prolongation of cultivation time, reaching up to 62.8% and 68.6%, respectively. The in-situ nano Ti2Cu precipitates were homogeneously distributed in the matrix of the Ti−3Cu alloy, which was the key reason of increasing the corrosion resistance. Additionally, the microscale electric fields between the α-Ti matrix and the Ti2Cu was responsible for the enhancement of the antibacterial properties.
{"title":"Corrosion resistance and antibacterial properties of Ti−3Cu alloy prepared by selective laser melting","authors":"Meng-zhen ZHU , Jing-lei MIAO , Xiong-wen ZHOU , Er-lin ZHANG , Zhi-lin LIU , Hai-lin YANG","doi":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66670-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66670-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The corrosion resistance and antibacterial properties of Ti−3Cu alloy prepared by selective laser melting were evaluated using electrochemical experiments and a variety of antibacterial characterization. It is found that the charge transfer resistance of Ti−3Cu alloy was 4.89×10<sup>5</sup> Ω·cm<sup>2</sup> which was doubled the data obtained by CP-Ti alloy. The antibacterial rates of Ti−3Cu alloy against <em>S. mutans</em> and <em>P. gingivalis</em> were 45.0% and 54.5%. And the antibacterial rates increased with the prolongation of cultivation time, reaching up to 62.8% and 68.6%, respectively. The in-situ nano Ti<sub>2</sub>Cu precipitates were homogeneously distributed in the matrix of the Ti−3Cu alloy, which was the key reason of increasing the corrosion resistance. Additionally, the microscale electric fields between the <em>α</em>-Ti matrix and the Ti<sub>2</sub>Cu was responsible for the enhancement of the antibacterial properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23191,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China","volume":"35 1","pages":"Pages 143-156"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143160589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The leaching of sulfuric acid converted product of scheelite in NH3·H2O−NH4HCO3 solution was systemically studied to improve sulfuric acid conversion−ammonium salts leaching technology route for ammonium paratungstate production. The results showed that the WO3 leaching efficiency was about 99% under optimal conditions of 350 r/min, liquid-to-solid ratio of 3 mL/g, 1 mol/L NH4HCO3, 4 mol/L NH3·H2O, 25 °C, and 15 min. During the leaching, CaSO4 almost had no change and was still in a banding or rod-like shape in short leaching time, while conglobate CaCO3 was gradually formed on the CaSO4 surface. A secondary reaction might occur between CaSO4 and WO42−, which could be restrained by a certain amount of CO32− in the solution. There was no CaCO3 phase determined by XRD in leaching residue of converted product for scheelite concentrate under optimal conditions, which was different from that for synthetic scheelite. The leaching process could be explained by neutralization reaction of H2WO4 and solid transformation of CaSO4 in NH3·H2O−NH4HCO3 solution.
{"title":"Leaching of WO3 from sulfuric acid converted product of scheelite in NH3·H2O−NH4HCO3 solution","authors":"Lei-ting SHEN, Yu LIU, Juan-lang GUO, Qiu-sheng ZHOU, Tian-gui QI, Zhi-hong PENG, Gui-hua LIU, Xiao-bin LI","doi":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66682-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66682-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The leaching of sulfuric acid converted product of scheelite in NH<sub>3</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O−NH<sub>4</sub>HCO<sub>3</sub> solution was systemically studied to improve sulfuric acid conversion−ammonium salts leaching technology route for ammonium paratungstate production. The results showed that the WO<sub>3</sub> leaching efficiency was about 99% under optimal conditions of 350 r/min, liquid-to-solid ratio of 3 mL/g, 1 mol/L NH<sub>4</sub>HCO<sub>3</sub>, 4 mol/L NH<sub>3</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O, 25 °C, and 15 min. During the leaching, CaSO<sub>4</sub> almost had no change and was still in a banding or rod-like shape in short leaching time, while conglobate CaCO<sub>3</sub> was gradually formed on the CaSO<sub>4</sub> surface. A secondary reaction might occur between CaSO<sub>4</sub> and WO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, which could be restrained by a certain amount of CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup> in the solution. There was no CaCO<sub>3</sub> phase determined by XRD in leaching residue of converted product for scheelite concentrate under optimal conditions, which was different from that for synthetic scheelite. The leaching process could be explained by neutralization reaction of H<sub>2</sub>WO<sub>4</sub> and solid transformation of CaSO<sub>4</sub> in NH<sub>3</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O−NH<sub>4</sub>HCO<sub>3</sub> solution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23191,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China","volume":"35 1","pages":"Pages 326-337"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143160598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66662-8
Yue XIAO , Wen-shuai WANG , Waqas FARID , Li-hua ZHANG , Charlie KONG , Hai-liang YU
The impact of cryorolling (CR) and room temperature rolling (RTR) followed by artificial aging on the corrosion characteristics of 2195 Al−Li alloy (AA2195) was studied. Transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, optical microscope, intergranular corrosion experiment, and electrochemical experiment were used. Throughout different stages of aging treatment, the corrosion behavior of both CR and RTR samples exhibited a sequential progression of pitting corrosion, followed by intergranular corrosion, and then pitting corrosion again. The corrosion rates of both samples initially showed an increase, followed by a gradual stabilization over time. The size and density of T1 phase significantly influenced the corrosion performance of the alloy. During the peak aging and over-aging stages, the CR sample exhibited superior corrosion resistance to the RTR sample, attributed to its finer T1 phase.
{"title":"Mechanism of cryorolling and aging treatment for enhancing corrosion properties of 2195 Al−Li alloy","authors":"Yue XIAO , Wen-shuai WANG , Waqas FARID , Li-hua ZHANG , Charlie KONG , Hai-liang YU","doi":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66662-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66662-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The impact of cryorolling (CR) and room temperature rolling (RTR) followed by artificial aging on the corrosion characteristics of 2195 Al−Li alloy (AA2195) was studied. Transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, optical microscope, intergranular corrosion experiment, and electrochemical experiment were used. Throughout different stages of aging treatment, the corrosion behavior of both CR and RTR samples exhibited a sequential progression of pitting corrosion, followed by intergranular corrosion, and then pitting corrosion again. The corrosion rates of both samples initially showed an increase, followed by a gradual stabilization over time. The size and density of <em>T</em><sub>1</sub> phase significantly influenced the corrosion performance of the alloy. During the peak aging and over-aging stages, the CR sample exhibited superior corrosion resistance to the RTR sample, attributed to its finer <em>T</em><sub>1</sub> phase.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23191,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China","volume":"35 1","pages":"Pages 13-29"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143161107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66669-0
Jin-qi PAN , Wen-cong ZHANG , Jian-lei YANG , Song-hui WANG , Yong WU , Huan LI
An internal state variable (ISV) model was established according to the experimental results of hot plane strain compression (PSC) to predict the microstructure evolution during hot spinning of ZK61 alloy. The effects of the internal variables were considered in this ISV model, and the parameters were optimized by genetic algorithm. After validation, the ISV model was used to simulate the evolution of grain size (GS) and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) fraction during hot spinning via Abaqus and its subroutine Vumat. By comparing the simulated results with the experimental results, the application of the ISV model was proven to be reliable. Meanwhile, the strength of the thin-walled spun ZK61 tube increased from 303 to 334 MPa due to grain refinement by DRX and texture strengthening. Besides, some ultrafine grains (0.5 μm) that played an important role in mechanical properties were formed due to the proliferation, movement, and entanglement of dislocations during the spinning process.
{"title":"Prediction of microstructure evolution of ZK61 alloy during hot spinning by internal state variable model","authors":"Jin-qi PAN , Wen-cong ZHANG , Jian-lei YANG , Song-hui WANG , Yong WU , Huan LI","doi":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66669-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66669-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An internal state variable (ISV) model was established according to the experimental results of hot plane strain compression (PSC) to predict the microstructure evolution during hot spinning of ZK61 alloy. The effects of the internal variables were considered in this ISV model, and the parameters were optimized by genetic algorithm. After validation, the ISV model was used to simulate the evolution of grain size (GS) and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) fraction during hot spinning via Abaqus and its subroutine Vumat. By comparing the simulated results with the experimental results, the application of the ISV model was proven to be reliable. Meanwhile, the strength of the thin-walled spun ZK61 tube increased from 303 to 334 MPa due to grain refinement by DRX and texture strengthening. Besides, some ultrafine grains (0.5 μm) that played an important role in mechanical properties were formed due to the proliferation, movement, and entanglement of dislocations during the spinning process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23191,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China","volume":"35 1","pages":"Pages 126-142"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143160588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号