Pub Date : 2025-04-01DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66748-8
Sheng-li LI , Chun-jin HANG , Qi-long GUAN , Xiao-jiu TANG , Ning ZHOU , Yan-hong TIAN , Wei ZHANG , Dan YU , Ying DING , Xiu-li WANG
The inherent brittle behavior and ductile-to-brittle transition (DBT) mechanism of Sn−3.0Ag−0.5Cu (SAC305) solder alloy at the liquid nitrogen temperature (LNT, 77 K) were investigated through uniaxial tensile experiments conducted at different temperatures. Dynamic recovery and recrystallization of SAC305 solder alloy at room temperature (RT, 293 K) activate a softening process. Conversely, intersecting and none-intersecting deformation twins, embedded in body-centered tetragonal Sn, enhance tensile strength and stabilize strain hardening rate, while suppressing the elongation of the alloy at LNT. The irreconcilable velocity difference between twin thickening (~8 µm/s) and dislocation slip (~4 µm/s) results in premature brittle fracture, during the linear hardening and DBT. Moreover, the secondary phases degrade the mechanical property of SAC305 solder alloy, and micro-cracks appear between Cu6Sn5 and Ag3Sn in the eutectic matrix.
{"title":"Mechanisms of ductile-to-brittle transition in Sn−3.0Ag−0.5Cu solder alloy at cryogenic temperature","authors":"Sheng-li LI , Chun-jin HANG , Qi-long GUAN , Xiao-jiu TANG , Ning ZHOU , Yan-hong TIAN , Wei ZHANG , Dan YU , Ying DING , Xiu-li WANG","doi":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66748-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66748-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The inherent brittle behavior and ductile-to-brittle transition (DBT) mechanism of Sn−3.0Ag−0.5Cu (SAC305) solder alloy at the liquid nitrogen temperature (LNT, 77 K) were investigated through uniaxial tensile experiments conducted at different temperatures. Dynamic recovery and recrystallization of SAC305 solder alloy at room temperature (RT, 293 K) activate a softening process. Conversely, intersecting and none-intersecting deformation twins, embedded in body-centered tetragonal Sn, enhance tensile strength and stabilize strain hardening rate, while suppressing the elongation of the alloy at LNT. The irreconcilable velocity difference between twin thickening (~8 µm/s) and dislocation slip (~4 µm/s) results in premature brittle fracture, during the linear hardening and DBT. Moreover, the secondary phases degrade the mechanical property of SAC305 solder alloy, and micro-cracks appear between Cu<sub>6</sub>Sn<sub>5</sub> and Ag<sub>3</sub>Sn in the eutectic matrix.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23191,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China","volume":"35 4","pages":"Pages 1281-1291"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effect of iron concentration on the microstructural and structural properties of ZnO for electrolysis and photodetector applications was investigated. The thin layers of un-doped and doped ZnO with different percentages of Fe (2, 4, and 6 wt.%) were deposited by spin-coating on glass substrates. Sample characterization was done by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), UV−Vis absorption spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Structural measurements by XRD showed that all the layers were composed of polycrystallines with a hexagonal Wurtzite structure. Two new peaks were also discovered after the doping process belonging to the Fe2O4 (400) and (440) crystal phase. Morphological analysis showed that the surface roughness values of ZnO layers ranged between 8 and 45 nm. XPS studies confirmed the presence of Fe in 3+ states in ZnO layers. An average transmittance of 90% was measured by UV−Vis in the wavelength range of 200−900 nm. The values of the energy gap (Eg) decreased with an increase in the concentration of Fe. AFM topography results confirmed that ZnO-based thin layers had a relatively uniform surface. The efficiency of these samples has been confirmed for their use in many electrical applications, including photodetectors and electrolysis of contaminated solutions.
{"title":"Thin layers of Fe-doped ZnO deposited by spin-coating for electrolysis and photodetector applications","authors":"Dikra BOURAS , Mamoun FELLAH , Régis BARILLÉ , Amjad IQBAL , Hamadi FOUZIA , Obrosov ALEKSEI , Gamal A. EL-HITI","doi":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66747-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66747-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effect of iron concentration on the microstructural and structural properties of ZnO for electrolysis and photodetector applications was investigated. The thin layers of un-doped and doped ZnO with different percentages of Fe (2, 4, and 6 wt.%) were deposited by spin-coating on glass substrates. Sample characterization was done by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), UV−Vis absorption spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Structural measurements by XRD showed that all the layers were composed of polycrystallines with a hexagonal Wurtzite structure. Two new peaks were also discovered after the doping process belonging to the Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (400) and (440) crystal phase. Morphological analysis showed that the surface roughness values of ZnO layers ranged between 8 and 45 nm. XPS studies confirmed the presence of Fe in 3+ states in ZnO layers. An average transmittance of 90% was measured by UV−Vis in the wavelength range of 200−900 nm. The values of the energy gap (<em>E</em><sub>g</sub>) decreased with an increase in the concentration of Fe. AFM topography results confirmed that ZnO-based thin layers had a relatively uniform surface. The efficiency of these samples has been confirmed for their use in many electrical applications, including photodetectors and electrolysis of contaminated solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23191,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China","volume":"35 4","pages":"Pages 1262-1280"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-01DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66752-X
Na SUI , Shu-kai MIAO , Hao SHEN , Kai-hui CUI , Jia-qi WANG , Kun HUANG
Based on a non-equilibrium kinetic extraction technique, the complexation kinetics of diethylenetriamine- pentaacetic acid (DTPA) with rare earth (RE) ions was investigated with different adding sequences of DTPA. The results indicated that the separation factors of βTm/Er and βY/Er were higher when adding DTPA at the start of extraction than those before extraction. The extraction order for Y, Er and Tm was Tm>Y>Er. The root of discrepancy in complexation kinetics of Y, Er and Tm ions with DTPA and the enhanced kinetic separation mechanism were elucidated from the forward complex formation and reverse dissociation rates by the stopped-flow spectrophotometric technique. The apparent complexation rate constants began to decrease gradually with the increase of aqueous pH, while increased with increasing DTPA concentration. The emergence of extraction priority order as Tm>Y>Er was verified according to the calculated reaction kinetic constants of Y, Er and Tm at different pH values.
{"title":"Enhanced separation of yttrium, erbium and thulium with P507 induced by complexation kinetics of DTPA","authors":"Na SUI , Shu-kai MIAO , Hao SHEN , Kai-hui CUI , Jia-qi WANG , Kun HUANG","doi":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66752-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66752-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Based on a non-equilibrium kinetic extraction technique, the complexation kinetics of diethylenetriamine- pentaacetic acid (DTPA) with rare earth (RE) ions was investigated with different adding sequences of DTPA. The results indicated that the separation factors of <em>β</em><sub>Tm/Er</sub> and <em>β</em><sub>Y/Er</sub> were higher when adding DTPA at the start of extraction than those before extraction. The extraction order for Y, Er and Tm was Tm>Y>Er. The root of discrepancy in complexation kinetics of Y, Er and Tm ions with DTPA and the enhanced kinetic separation mechanism were elucidated from the forward complex formation and reverse dissociation rates by the stopped-flow spectrophotometric technique. The apparent complexation rate constants began to decrease gradually with the increase of aqueous pH, while increased with increasing DTPA concentration. The emergence of extraction priority order as Tm>Y>Er was verified according to the calculated reaction kinetic constants of Y, Er and Tm at different pH values.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23191,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China","volume":"35 4","pages":"Pages 1338-1349"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-01DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66732-4
Peng-wei LI , Xin WANG , An-hui CAI , Hong-zhi ZHOU , Xiao-peng LIANG , Hui-zhong LI
Non-isothermal aging (NIA) is a composite heat treatment process that involves heating aging, cooling aging, and complex solute precipitation sequences. The precipitation behavior and the strengthening and toughening mechanisms of the 2014 Al alloy during NIA were studied by employing tensile, fatigue crack growth, hardness, and electronic conductivity tests, as well as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that during NIA, the θ′ phase exhibits a complex process of nucleation, nucleation and growth, nucleation and growth and coarsening, growth and coarsening, nucleation and growth, and nucleation. NIA treatment imparts a mixed precipitation characteristic on the alloy, which is manifested as coherent precipitates, including GP zones, θ′′ phases, small-sized θ′ phases, and semi-coherent or non-coherent precipitates such as large-sized θ′ phases and equilibrium θ phases. The simultaneous strengthening and toughening of the NIA-treated 2014 Al alloy is caused by the synergistic effects of the particle-shearing mechanism and Orowan bypassing mechanism.
{"title":"Simultaneous strengthening and toughening of 2014 Al alloy based on precipitation behavior induced by non-isothermal aging","authors":"Peng-wei LI , Xin WANG , An-hui CAI , Hong-zhi ZHOU , Xiao-peng LIANG , Hui-zhong LI","doi":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66732-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66732-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Non-isothermal aging (NIA) is a composite heat treatment process that involves heating aging, cooling aging, and complex solute precipitation sequences. The precipitation behavior and the strengthening and toughening mechanisms of the 2014 Al alloy during NIA were studied by employing tensile, fatigue crack growth, hardness, and electronic conductivity tests, as well as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that during NIA, the <em>θ′</em> phase exhibits a complex process of nucleation, nucleation and growth, nucleation and growth and coarsening, growth and coarsening, nucleation and growth, and nucleation. NIA treatment imparts a mixed precipitation characteristic on the alloy, which is manifested as coherent precipitates, including GP zones, <em>θ′′</em> phases, small-sized <em>θ′</em> phases, and semi-coherent or non-coherent precipitates such as large-sized <em>θ′</em> phases and equilibrium <em>θ</em> phases. The simultaneous strengthening and toughening of the NIA-treated 2014 Al alloy is caused by the synergistic effects of the particle-shearing mechanism and Orowan bypassing mechanism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23191,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China","volume":"35 4","pages":"Pages 1032-1044"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-01DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66734-8
Gang RUAN , Yu-dong LIANG , Gan LI , Ying JIN , Xing-gang LI
A comparative study on the performance of gas atomized (GA) and rotating-disk atomized (RDA) aluminum alloy powders produced on industrial scale for laser directed energy deposition (L-DED) process was carried out. The powder characteristics, the printing process window, and the quality, microstructure, and mechanical properties of printed parts were taken into account for comparison and discussion. The results demonstrate that the RDA powder is superior to the GA powder in terms of sphericity, surface quality, internal defects, flowability, and apparent density, together with a larger printing process window during the L-DED parts fabrication. Besides, the resultant parts from the RDA powder have higher dimensional accuracy, lower internal defects, more uniform and finer microstructure, and more favorable mechanical properties than those from the GA powder.
{"title":"Impact of atomization methods on aluminum alloy powder characteristics and 3D printing performance in laser directed energy deposition process","authors":"Gang RUAN , Yu-dong LIANG , Gan LI , Ying JIN , Xing-gang LI","doi":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66734-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66734-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A comparative study on the performance of gas atomized (GA) and rotating-disk atomized (RDA) aluminum alloy powders produced on industrial scale for laser directed energy deposition (L-DED) process was carried out. The powder characteristics, the printing process window, and the quality, microstructure, and mechanical properties of printed parts were taken into account for comparison and discussion. The results demonstrate that the RDA powder is superior to the GA powder in terms of sphericity, surface quality, internal defects, flowability, and apparent density, together with a larger printing process window during the L-DED parts fabrication. Besides, the resultant parts from the RDA powder have higher dimensional accuracy, lower internal defects, more uniform and finer microstructure, and more favorable mechanical properties than those from the GA powder.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23191,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China","volume":"35 4","pages":"Pages 1057-1074"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-01DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66738-5
Jing TIAN , Jia-fei DENG , Wei LIANG , Xi ZHAO , Xiao-gang WANG
The nonuniform microstructure of magnesium alloy rolled sheets tends to influence their plastic deformation capacity. This study employed multi-pass restricted rolling to successfully prepare AZ31 magnesium alloy rolled sheets with a uniform microstructure, enhancing their mechanical properties. Quasi-in-situ tensile EBSD was used to investigate the effect of microstructure uniformity on the plastic deformation and fracture behavior of magnesium alloy. The results demonstrate that the nonuniformity of the magnesium alloy microstructure intensifies the strain asynchrony between adjacent grains, leading to relative misalignment and crack formation. Fine grains cannot coordinate the strain within their adjacent coarse grains, resulting in ledge formation at their common grain boundaries. Moreover, low-angle grain boundaries (LAGB) influence fracture behavior, rendering fine grains penetrated by LAGB more susceptible to becoming strain concentration areas that promote intergranular fracture and even transgranular fracture.
{"title":"Influence of microstructure uniformity on fracture behavior of magnesium alloy rolling sheet based on slip trace analysis","authors":"Jing TIAN , Jia-fei DENG , Wei LIANG , Xi ZHAO , Xiao-gang WANG","doi":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66738-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66738-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The nonuniform microstructure of magnesium alloy rolled sheets tends to influence their plastic deformation capacity. This study employed multi-pass restricted rolling to successfully prepare AZ31 magnesium alloy rolled sheets with a uniform microstructure, enhancing their mechanical properties. Quasi-in-situ tensile EBSD was used to investigate the effect of microstructure uniformity on the plastic deformation and fracture behavior of magnesium alloy. The results demonstrate that the nonuniformity of the magnesium alloy microstructure intensifies the strain asynchrony between adjacent grains, leading to relative misalignment and crack formation. Fine grains cannot coordinate the strain within their adjacent coarse grains, resulting in ledge formation at their common grain boundaries. Moreover, low-angle grain boundaries (LAGB) influence fracture behavior, rendering fine grains penetrated by LAGB more susceptible to becoming strain concentration areas that promote intergranular fracture and even transgranular fracture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23191,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China","volume":"35 4","pages":"Pages 1122-1136"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143867987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-01DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66742-7
Da-shan SUI , De-peng ZHOU , Yang LIU , Yu SHAN , An-ping DONG
Casting experiments and macro-micro numerical simulations were conducted to examine the microstructure characteristics of K439B nickel-based superalloy casting with varying cross-sections during the gravity investment casting process. Firstly, microstructure analysis was conducted on the casting using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Subsequently, calculation of the phase diagram and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests were conducted to determine the macro-micro simulation parameters of the K439B alloy, and the cellular automaton finite element (CAFE) method was employed to develop macro-micro modeling of K439B nickel-based superalloy casting with varying cross-sections. The experimental results revealed that the ratio of the average grain area increased from the edge to the center of the sections as the ratio of the cross-sectional area increased. The simulation results indicated that the average grain area increased from 0.885 to 0.956 mm2 as the ratio of the cross-sections increased from 6꞉1 to 12꞉1. The experiment and simulation results showed that the grain size became more heterogeneous and the grain shape became more irregular with an increase in the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the casting. CAFE modeling was an effective method to simulate the microstructure evolution of the K439B alloy and ensure the accuracy of the simulation.
{"title":"Microstructure evolution of K439B Ni-based superalloy casting with varying cross-sections by experiments and simulations","authors":"Da-shan SUI , De-peng ZHOU , Yang LIU , Yu SHAN , An-ping DONG","doi":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66742-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66742-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Casting experiments and macro-micro numerical simulations were conducted to examine the microstructure characteristics of K439B nickel-based superalloy casting with varying cross-sections during the gravity investment casting process. Firstly, microstructure analysis was conducted on the casting using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Subsequently, calculation of the phase diagram and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests were conducted to determine the macro-micro simulation parameters of the K439B alloy, and the cellular automaton finite element (CAFE) method was employed to develop macro-micro modeling of K439B nickel-based superalloy casting with varying cross-sections. The experimental results revealed that the ratio of the average grain area increased from the edge to the center of the sections as the ratio of the cross-sectional area increased. The simulation results indicated that the average grain area increased from 0.885 to 0.956 mm<sup>2</sup> as the ratio of the cross-sections increased from 6꞉1 to 12꞉1. The experiment and simulation results showed that the grain size became more heterogeneous and the grain shape became more irregular with an increase in the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the casting. CAFE modeling was an effective method to simulate the microstructure evolution of the K439B alloy and ensure the accuracy of the simulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23191,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China","volume":"35 4","pages":"Pages 1182-1196"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-01DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66743-9
Alireza KALHOR , Kinga RODAK , Marek TKOCZ , Bartosz CHMIELA , Ivo SCHINDLER , Łukasz POLOCZEK , Krzysztof RADWAŃSKI , Hamed MIRZADEH , Marian KAMPIK
The effects of forward extrusion as well as extrusion combined with reversible torsion (KoBo extrusion), followed by additional deformation via the MaxStrain module of the Gleeble thermomechanical simulator, on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and electrical conductivity of a Cu−0.7Mg (wt.%) alloy, were investigated. The simulation results highlighted the critical influence of processing history on determining the equivalent strain distribution. The sample subjected to forward extrusion at 400 °C and subsequent MaxStrain processing (FM sample), possessed 76% lower grain size compared to the sample processed solely with MaxStrain (AM sample). Likewise, the KoBo-extruded and MaxStrain-processed sample (KM sample) exhibited 66% smaller grain size compared to the AM sample. Tensile test results revealed that the AM, FM, and KM samples, respectively, possessed 251%, 288%, and 360% higher yield strength, and 95%, 121%, and 169% higher tensile strength compared to the initial annealed alloy, as a result of grain refinement as well as deformation strengthening. Finally, the electrical conductivity measurements revealed that AM, FM, and KM samples, respectively, possessed electrical conductivity values of 37.9, 35.6, and 32.0 MS/m, which, by considering their mechanical properties, makes them eligible to be categorized as high-strength and high-conductivity copper alloys.
{"title":"Influence of processing history on microstructure, mechanical properties, and electrical conductivity of Cu−0.7Mg alloy","authors":"Alireza KALHOR , Kinga RODAK , Marek TKOCZ , Bartosz CHMIELA , Ivo SCHINDLER , Łukasz POLOCZEK , Krzysztof RADWAŃSKI , Hamed MIRZADEH , Marian KAMPIK","doi":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66743-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66743-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of forward extrusion as well as extrusion combined with reversible torsion (KoBo extrusion), followed by additional deformation via the MaxStrain module of the Gleeble thermomechanical simulator, on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and electrical conductivity of a Cu−0.7Mg (wt.%) alloy, were investigated. The simulation results highlighted the critical influence of processing history on determining the equivalent strain distribution. The sample subjected to forward extrusion at 400 °C and subsequent MaxStrain processing (FM sample), possessed 76% lower grain size compared to the sample processed solely with MaxStrain (AM sample). Likewise, the KoBo-extruded and MaxStrain-processed sample (KM sample) exhibited 66% smaller grain size compared to the AM sample. Tensile test results revealed that the AM, FM, and KM samples, respectively, possessed 251%, 288%, and 360% higher yield strength, and 95%, 121%, and 169% higher tensile strength compared to the initial annealed alloy, as a result of grain refinement as well as deformation strengthening. Finally, the electrical conductivity measurements revealed that AM, FM, and KM samples, respectively, possessed electrical conductivity values of 37.9, 35.6, and 32.0 MS/m, which, by considering their mechanical properties, makes them eligible to be categorized as high-strength and high-conductivity copper alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23191,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China","volume":"35 4","pages":"Pages 1197-1211"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-01DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66746-4
Xin ZHANG , Lu ZHANG , De-kang ZHANG , Lin-yuan HAN , Jing BAI , Zhi-hai HUANG , Chao GUO , Feng XUE , Paul K. CHU , Cheng-lin CHU
To investigate the influence of oxygen content in a physiological liquid environment on the corrosion behavior of biomedical zinc-based alloys, a simulated bodily fluid environment with varying dissolved oxygen was established in vitro using external oxygen supply equipment. The influence of dissolved oxygen concentration on the corrosion behavior of pure Zn and Zn−Cu alloys was studied with scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and electrochemical analysis. Due to oxygen absorption corrosion, the increase in dissolved oxygen concentration increases the pH value of the solution and promotes the accumulation of corrosion product layer. Compared with the environment without additional oxygen supply, the corrosion rate of the sample under the continuous oxygen supply condition is increased by one order of magnitude. Because the Zn−Cu alloy has micro-galvanic corrosion, its corrosion rate is about 1.5 times that of pure zinc under different dissolved oxygen conditions.
{"title":"Effects of dissolved oxygen concentrations in Hanks’ solution on corrosion behavior of pure zinc and zinc−copper alloys","authors":"Xin ZHANG , Lu ZHANG , De-kang ZHANG , Lin-yuan HAN , Jing BAI , Zhi-hai HUANG , Chao GUO , Feng XUE , Paul K. CHU , Cheng-lin CHU","doi":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66746-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66746-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the influence of oxygen content in a physiological liquid environment on the corrosion behavior of biomedical zinc-based alloys, a simulated bodily fluid environment with varying dissolved oxygen was established in vitro using external oxygen supply equipment. The influence of dissolved oxygen concentration on the corrosion behavior of pure Zn and Zn−Cu alloys was studied with scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and electrochemical analysis. Due to oxygen absorption corrosion, the increase in dissolved oxygen concentration increases the pH value of the solution and promotes the accumulation of corrosion product layer. Compared with the environment without additional oxygen supply, the corrosion rate of the sample under the continuous oxygen supply condition is increased by one order of magnitude. Because the Zn−Cu alloy has micro-galvanic corrosion, its corrosion rate is about 1.5 times that of pure zinc under different dissolved oxygen conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23191,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China","volume":"35 4","pages":"Pages 1249-1261"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-01DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66733-6
Yao LI , Guo-fu XU , Xiao-yan PENG , Ying DENG , Zhi-min YIN
Al−3.51Mg−0.42Mn−0.76Sc−0.40Zr (wt.%) alloy was prepared by selective laser melting (SLM) method. The mechanical properties and microstructure of the alloy after annealing at 300 °C or 325 °C for 6 h were studied. The tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of the SLM alloy were 339 MPa, 213 MPa and 24%, respectively. After annealing at 300 °C for 6 h, the tensile and yield strength of the alloy were increased to 518 MPa and 505 MPa, respectively, and the elongation decreased to 13%. After annealing at 325 °C for 6 h, the yield strength of the alloy was reduced to 483 MPa. The grain size of the alloy after annealing at 300 °C and 325 °C did not grow significantly, but the segregation of Mg element was significantly reduced. Nanoscale Al3(Sc,Zr) phase was precipitated from the alloy matrix, and its average size increased with the increase of annealing temperature. Therefore, the strength improvement of the annealed SLM aluminum alloy was mainly attributed to the precipitation strengthening of Al3(Sc,Zr), and the strengthening mechanism was mainly dislocation cutting mechanism. When the annealing temperature was too high, the coarsening of Al3(Sc,Zr) particles caused the strength to decrease.
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