Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China最新文献

英文中文

Additive manufacturing techniques for WC-Co cemented carbides: Principle, progress, and perspective WC-Co硬质合金增材制造技术：原理、进展与展望

IF 4.7 1区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66946-9

Zhan-he LIU , Ke-chao ZHOU , Kai-hua SHI , Xiao-zan WU , He XIAO , Chao-qun PENG , Ri-chu WANG , Xiao-feng WANG

Additive manufacturing (AM) technology has emerged as a viable solution for manufacturing complex- shaped WC-Co cemented carbide products, thereby expanding their applications in industries such as resource mining, equipment manufacturing, and electronic information. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the progress of AM technology in WC-Co cemented carbides. The fundamental principles and classification of AM techniques are introduced, followed by a categorization and evaluation of the AM techniques for WC-Co cemented carbides. These techniques are classified as either direct AM technology (DAM) or indirect AM technology (IDAM), depending on their inclusion of post-processes like de-binding and sintering. Through an analysis of microstructure features, the most suitable AM route for WC-Co cemented carbide products with controllable microstructure is identified as the indirect AM technology, such as binder jet printing (BJP), which integrates AM with conventional powder metallurgy.

增材制造（AM）技术已成为制造复杂形状WC-Co硬质合金产品的可行解决方案，从而扩大了其在资源开采、装备制造和电子信息等行业的应用。本文综述了增材制造技术在WC-Co硬质合金中的研究进展。介绍了增材制造技术的基本原理和分类，对WC-Co硬质合金增材制造技术进行了分类和评价。这些技术分为直接增材制造技术（DAM）或间接增材制造技术（IDAM），这取决于它们是否包含解绑定和烧结等后处理。通过对微观结构特征的分析，确定了微观结构可控的WC-Co硬质合金产品最适合的增材制造路线是将增材制造与传统粉末冶金相结合的粘合剂喷射打印（BJP）等间接增材制造技术。

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引用次数: 0

Numerical model for rapid prediction of temperature field, mushy zone and grain size in heating-cooling combined mold (HCCM) horizontal continuous casting of C70250 alloy plates C70250合金板冷热联合结晶器水平连铸温度场、糊状区和晶粒尺寸快速预测的数值模型

IF 4.7 1区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66958-5

Ling-hui MENG , Fan ZHAO , Dong LIU , Chang-jian LU , Yan-bin JIANG , Xin-hua LIU

Machine learning-assisted methods for rapid and accurate prediction of temperature field, mushy zone, and grain size were proposed for the heating-cooling combined mold (HCCM) horizontal continuous casting of C70250 alloy plates. First, finite element simulations of casting processes were carried out with various parameters to build a dataset. Subsequently, different machine learning algorithms were employed to achieve high precision in predicting temperature fields, mushy zone locations, mushy zone inclination angle, and billet grain size. Finally, the process parameters were quickly optimized using a strategy consisting of random generation, prediction, and screening, allowing the mushy zone to be controlled to the desired target. The optimized parameters are 1234 °C for heating mold temperature, 47 mm/min for casting speed, and 10 L/min for cooling water flow rate. The optimized mushy zone is located in the middle of the second heat insulation section and has an inclination angle of roughly 7°.

针对C70250合金板的冷热联合结晶器（HCCM）水平连铸，提出了基于机器学习的温度场、糊状区和晶粒尺寸快速准确预测方法。首先，采用不同参数对铸造过程进行有限元模拟，建立数据集；随后，采用不同的机器学习算法对温度场、糊化带位置、糊化带倾角和坯料粒度进行高精度预测。最后，使用随机生成、预测和筛选策略快速优化工艺参数，使糊状区域控制到所需目标。优化参数为加热模温1234℃，浇注速度47mm /min，冷却水流速10l /min。优化后的糊化区位于第二隔热段的中间，倾角约为7°。

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引用次数: 0

Alloying process of Mg-La in NaCl-KCl-MgCl2-LaCl3 melts Mg-La在NaCl-KCl-MgCl2-LaCl3熔体中的合金化过程

IF 4.7 1区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66921-4

Jia ZHAO , Zhi-tao SONG , Gui-min LU

The alloying process of Mg-La in NaCl-KCl-MgCl₂-LaCl₃ (NKML) melts during electroreduction was elucidated using electrochemical techniques and deep potential molecular dynamics (DPMD) simulations. In the NKML system, the Mg²⁺/La³⁺ electrodeposition on the tungsten (W) electrode at 973 K was found to be a one-step process. The nucleation of metal ions on the electrode surface followed an instantaneous nucleation mode and was not influenced by the alloying process. The redox potential and underpotential deposition behavior of the metal ions in the NKML system were accurately predicted by the DPMD simulations, confirming the alloying process of the Mg-La. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis results confirmed that the cathodic deposits consisted of a bright phase and a dark phase, corresponding to the Mg-La alloys and Mg, respectively. The distribution of electrolytic products suggests that the cathodic deposit initially favors the Mg phase, with the Mg-La alloy forming more easily when the Mg source in the melt is depleted.

利用电化学技术和深势分子动力学（DPMD）模拟研究了电还原过程中Mg-La在NaCl-KCl-MgCl2-LaCl3 （NKML）熔体中的合金化过程。在NKML体系中，在973 K下，Mg2+/La3+在钨(W)电极上的电沉积过程是一步完成的。金属离子在电极表面的成核遵循瞬时成核模式，不受合金化工艺的影响。DPMD模拟准确预测了金属离子在NKML体系中的氧化还原电位和欠电位沉积行为，证实了Mg-La的合金化过程。此外，扫描电镜和能谱分析（SEM-EDS）结果证实，阴极沉积由亮相和暗相组成，分别对应于Mg- la合金和Mg。电解产物的分布表明，阴极沉积初期有利于Mg相的形成，当熔体中的Mg源耗尽时，Mg- la合金更容易形成。

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引用次数: 0

Loss behavior of Ni and Co during Al and Sc enrichment from HNO3 leach liquor of saprolitic laterite ore 腐土型红土矿HNO3浸出液富集Al、Sc过程中Ni、Co的损失行为

IF 4.7 1区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66922-6

Jian-cheng YU , Bao-zhong MA , Long-fei SHI , Zhi-he CAO , Yu-bo LIU , Cheng-yan WANG

The loss pathways of Ni and Co during Al and Sc enrichment were analyzed in the HNO₃ leach liquor of saprolitic laterite ore. Although over 99% of Al and Sc can be enriched, about 40% of Ni and Co are also lost. The adsorption of Al-Sc precipitate is an important cause of Ni and Co loss. Subsequently, the precipitation behavior of metal ions in the different nitrate solutions was studied. The results confirm that Ni²⁺ and Co²⁺ do not hydrolyze to form their respective hydroxides. Ni²⁺, Co²⁺ and Mg²⁺ can form composite hydroxides with precipitated Al(OH)₃, decreasing the pH at which Ni²⁺ and Co²⁺ begin to precipitate, causing their co-precipitation loss. A high Mg²⁺ concentration enhances the formation of these composite hydroxides. Finally, titration curves for different nitrate systems were determined, further demonstrating the formation of Me-Al composite hydroxides and revealing a formation trend of Mg-Al > Co-Al > Ni-Al.

分析了腐土型红土矿HNO3浸出液富集Al和Sc过程中Ni和Co的损失途径，发现虽然富集了99%以上的Al和Sc，但也损失了约40%的Ni和Co。Al-Sc沉淀的吸附是导致Ni和Co损失的重要原因。随后，研究了金属离子在不同硝酸溶液中的析出行为。结果证实Ni2+和Co2+不能水解形成各自的氢氧化物。Ni2+、Co2+和Mg2+可以与析出的Al(OH)3形成复合氢氧化物，降低Ni2+和Co2+开始析出的pH，造成共析出损失。高浓度的Mg2+促进了这些复合氢氧化物的形成。最后，测定了不同硝酸盐体系的滴定曲线，进一步证明了Me-Al复合氢氧化物的形成，并揭示了Mg-Al >； Co-Al >； Ni-Al的形成趋势。

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引用次数: 0

Research progress on magnetoplastic effects of light alloys assisted by magnetic field 磁场辅助下轻合金磁塑性效应的研究进展

IF 4.7 1区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66898-1

Bo CHE, Liang HUANG, Bing-xin XIE, Wei ZHOU

Light alloys have irreplaceable advantages such as high specific strength and low density. They are indispensable structural materials in aerospace, military, and marine engineering. It is an enduring research hotspot to prepare high-strength and high-toughness light alloys to play a more significant role in advanced engineering applications. As a new method to improve the mechanical properties of light alloys, the magnetic field-assisted process can produce magnetoplastic effects. Therefore, in this paper, research progress on the magnetoplastic effects of light alloys assisted by magnetic fields was reviewed, and the effects of magnetic fields on dislocations, grain refinement, precipitation kinetics, phase transformation, and mechanical properties of light alloys were elucidated. Magnetic field treatment transforms radical pairs from the ground state to the excited state, which reduces the resistance between dislocations and obstacles, facilitating dislocation depinning. Moreover, magnetic field can promote grain refinement and phase transformation, increase precipitation kinetics, and synergistically improve strength and elongation. Finally, the prospects of magnetic field-assisted processes of light alloys were discussed.

轻合金具有高比强度、低密度等不可替代的优点。它们是航空航天、军事和海洋工程中不可缺少的结构材料。制备高强度、高韧性轻合金，使其在先进的工程应用中发挥更大的作用，是一个经久不衰的研究热点。磁场辅助工艺可以产生磁塑性效应，是一种改善轻合金力学性能的新方法。因此，本文综述了磁场辅助下轻合金磁塑性效应的研究进展，阐述了磁场对轻合金的位错、晶粒细化、析出动力学、相变和力学性能的影响。磁场处理使自由基对从基态转变为激发态，从而减小位错与障碍物之间的阻力，促进位错脱屑。此外，磁场能促进晶粒细化和相变，提高析出动力学，协同提高强度和伸长率。最后，对轻合金磁场辅助工艺的发展前景进行了展望。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing Mg-air battery discharge performance with AZ31 anodes using complexing agents as electrolyte additives 用络合剂作为电解质添加剂提高AZ31阳极镁空气电池的放电性能

IF 4.7 1区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66907-X

Xue-ning LI, Chen-chen ZHAO, Shu-bo LI, Mei WAN, Xian DU, Ke LIU, Wen-bo DU

The addition of complexing agents to the electrolyte has been shown to be an effective method to enhance the discharge performance of magnesium-air batteries. In this work, four complexing agents: citric acid (CIT), salicylic acid (SAL), 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,6-DHB), and 5-sulfoisophthalic acid (5-sulfoSAL) were selected as potential candidates. Through electrochemical tests, full-cell discharge experiments, and physicochemical characterization, the impact of these complexing agents on the discharge performance of magnesium-air batteries using AZ31 alloy as the anode material was investigated. The results demonstrated that the four complexing agents increased the discharge voltage of the batteries. Notably, SAL could significantly improve the anodic efficiency and the discharge specific capacity, achieving an anodic efficiency of 60.3% and a specific capacity of 1358.3 mA·h/g at a discharge current density of 10 mA/cm².

在电解液中加入络合剂是提高镁空气电池放电性能的有效方法。在这项工作中，四种络合剂：柠檬酸（CIT），水杨酸（SAL）， 2,6-二羟基苯甲酸（2,6- dhb）和5-磺基二苯二甲酸（5-磺基苯二甲酸）作为潜在的候选物。通过电化学测试、满槽放电实验和理化表征，研究了这些络合剂对以AZ31合金为负极材料的镁空气电池放电性能的影响。结果表明，4种络合剂均能提高电池的放电电压。值得注意的是，SAL可以显著提高阳极效率和放电比容量，在放电电流密度为10 mA/cm2时，阳极效率达到60.3%，比容量达到1358.3 mA·h/g。

引用次数: 0

Development of Co-Ni-Ti-V superalloys with exceptional high-temperature strength based on phase diagram 基于相图的Co-Ni-Ti-V高温合金高温强度研究

IF 4.7 1区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66913-5

Jian-ping LE , Jin-bin ZHANG , Yu-peng ZHANG , Yi-hui GUO , Yong LU , Cui-ping WANG , Xing-jun LIU

The Co-Ni-Ti-V quaternary phase diagrams within the Co-Ni-rich region were investigated using the electron probe X-ray micro-analyzer (EPMA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Three isothermal sections corresponding to the Co-10Ni-Ti-V, Co-15Ni-Ti-V, and Co-20Ni-Ti-V quaternary systems at 1000 °C were experimentally established. The results indicate that increasing Ni content markedly broadens the γ (α-Co) and γ′ (Co₃Ti) two-phase regions. Based on the Co-Ni-Ti-V phase diagram, alloys with high γ′ solvus temperature were designed, and their comprehensive properties, including γ′ coarsening behavior and mechanical properties, were thoroughly investigated. Compared to Co-Ti-based superalloys, the Co-20Ni-10Ti-10V alloy exhibits lower coarsening rates of γ′ precipitates and γ/γ′ lattice mismatch. Notably, it possesses exceptional high-temperature mechanical properties, with a yield strength of 508 MPa at 1000 °C. This superior performance is primarily attributed to the presence of a high density of stacking fault shear.

利用电子探针x射线显微分析仪（EPMA）和x射线衍射仪（XRD）研究了Co-Ni-Ti-V富镍区Co-Ni-Ti-V四元相图。实验建立了Co-10Ni-Ti-V、Co-15Ni-Ti-V和Co-20Ni-Ti-V四元体系在1000℃下的等温切片。结果表明，随着Ni含量的增加，γ (α-Co)和γ′（Co3Ti）两相区明显变宽。基于Co-Ni-Ti-V相图，设计了具有高γ′溶剂温度的合金，并对其γ′粗化行为和力学性能等综合性能进行了研究。与co - ti基高温合金相比，Co-20Ni-10Ti-10V合金表现出较低的γ′析出物粗化率和γ/γ′晶格失配。值得注意的是，它具有优异的高温机械性能，在1000℃时的屈服强度为508 MPa。这种优越的性能主要归因于高密度的堆积断层剪切的存在。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancement of rust leaching by frame blades and its mechanisms 框架叶片增强锈蚀作用及其机理

IF 4.7 1区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66923-8

Lei ZHOU, Qiu-yue ZHAO, Guo-zhi LV, Zhi-he DOU, Ting-an ZHANG

Frame blades were used to replace traditional propeller blades to enhance the leaching step efficiency of Becher process. A combined approach of leaching, electrochemical experiments, and numerical simulations was employed. Results demonstrate a significant improvement in leaching efficiency using frame blades compared to propellers, reducing reaction time from 15 to 10 h. Even at a stirring speed of 300 r/min, frame blades perform better than propellers at 500 r/min. Kinetics analysis indicates that the leaching process is controlled by surface chemical reactions. CFD-PBM simulations reveal that frame blades at 300 r/min generate larger bubbles and higher turbulent kinetic energy than propeller blades at 500 r/min. Frame blades enhance leaching efficiency by refining bubble size to improve oxygen mass transfer and by increasing turbulent kinetic energy for better mixing.

采用框架叶片代替传统的螺旋桨叶片，提高了贝歇法浸出步骤效率。采用浸出、电化学实验和数值模拟相结合的方法。结果表明，与螺旋桨相比，使用框架叶片显著提高了浸出效率，将反应时间从15小时缩短到10小时。即使在300 r/min的搅拌速度下，框架叶片的表现也优于500 r/min的螺旋桨。动力学分析表明，浸出过程受表面化学反应控制。CFD-PBM模拟结果表明，300 r/min的框架叶片比500 r/min的螺旋桨叶片产生更大的气泡和更高的湍流动能。框架叶片提高浸出效率，通过细化气泡大小，以改善氧的传质，并通过增加湍流动能，以更好地混合。

引用次数: 0

Prediction of temperature and strain rate dependent flow behaviors for AA6061-T4 sheet using phenomenology and machine learning-based approaches 基于现象学和机器学习方法的AA6061-T4板材温度和应变速率相关流动行为预测

IF 4.7 1区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66902-0

Zhi-hao WANG , D. GUINES , Jia-shuo QI , Xing-rong CHU , L. LEOTOING

The plastic flow behaviors of AA6061-T4 sheets at different temperatures (21-300 °C) and strain rates (0.002-4 s^-1) were studied. Significant nonlinear effects of temperature and strain rate on flow behaviors were revealed, as well as underlying micromechanical factors. Phenomenology and machine learning-based constitutive models were developed. Both models were formulated in the framework of a temperature-dependent linear combination regulated by a transition function to capture the evolution of strain-hardening behavior with increasing temperature. Novel mathematical functions for describing temperature and strain rate sensitivities were formulated for the phenomenological constitutive model. The threshold temperature related to microstructure evolution was considered in the modeling. A data-enrichment strategy based on extrapolating experimental data via classical strain hardening laws was adopted to improve neural network training. An efficient inverse identification strategy, focusing solely on the transition function, was proposed to enhance the prediction accuracy of post-necking deformation by both constitutive models.

研究了不同温度（21 ~ 300℃）和应变速率（0.002 ~ 4 s-1）下AA6061-T4板材的塑性流动行为。揭示了温度和应变速率对流动行为的显著非线性影响，以及潜在的微观力学因素。开发了基于现象学和机器学习的本构模型。这两个模型都是在一个由过渡函数调节的温度相关线性组合框架中制定的，以捕捉随温度升高应变硬化行为的演变。为现象学本构模型建立了描述温度和应变率敏感性的新数学函数。在建模中考虑了与微观组织演化相关的阈值温度。采用基于经典应变硬化规律外推实验数据的数据充实策略来改进神经网络训练。为了提高两种本构模型对颈缩后变形的预测精度，提出了一种仅关注过渡函数的有效反识别策略。

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引用次数: 0

Heterogeneous globularization in lamellar-structured Ti-6Al-4V alloy by heavy warm rolling and annealing treatment 层状组织Ti-6Al-4V合金重温轧制和退火处理的非均匀球化

IF 4.7 1区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(25)66908-1

Xiao-feng WU , Li-ming FU , Shuo MA , Ai-dang SHAN

The impact of rolling temperature and the crystallographic orientation of α-colonies on the globularization behavior of lamellar α+β microstructure in Ti-6Al-4V alloy was investigated. Firstly, the lamellar structure was heavily rolled at 600, 700, 800 and 900 °C, respectively. Heavy rolling from temperatures of 600 to 900 °C resulted in an increased volume fraction and thickness of β lamellae, while the corresponding parameters for α lamellae decreased. Then, these rolled α+β lamellar microstructures were spheroidized into equiaxed grains upon subsequent annealing. The results demonstrate that the globularization fraction of the lamellar structures diminishes as the rolling temperature increases. Additionally, the globularization fraction for α-colonies with hard crystallographic orientations, such as 〈0001〉//ND and 〈0001〉//TD, is considerably lower compared to those with softer orientations, positioned at certain angles to ND, RD, and TD during annealing process. This results in heterogeneous globularization of α lamellae, leading to the development of pronounced sharp micro-texture. Furthermore, the slipping deformations of α-colonies with varying crystallographic orientations during rolling were meticulously analyzed.

研究了轧制温度和α-菌落的结晶取向对Ti-6Al-4V合金层状α+β组织球化行为的影响。首先，分别在600、700、800和900℃下对片层组织进行重轧制。600 ~ 900℃的高温轧制导致β片层的体积分数和厚度增加，而α片层的相应参数减小。退火后，这些轧制的α+β片层组织球化为等轴晶粒。结果表明：随着轧制温度的升高，层状组织的球化率逐渐减小；此外，与与ND、RD和TD成一定角度的较软取向α-菌落相比，在退火过程中，< 0001 > //ND和< 0001 > //TD等硬取向α-菌落的球化分数要低得多。这导致α片层的非均匀球化，从而形成明显的尖锐显微织构。进一步分析了不同取向α-菌落在轧制过程中的滑移变形。

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