Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China最新文献

英文中文

Effects of cold rolling path on recrystallization behavior and mechanical properties of pure copper during annealing 退火过程中冷轧路径对纯铜再结晶行为和机械性能的影响

IF 4.7 1区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66605-7

Jing CHEN , Wen-jie XU , Jia-hao YANG , Zhi YANG , Hong-li SHI , Gao-yong LIN , Zhu-min LI , Xu SHEN , Bo JIANG , Hui-qun LIU , Kai-xuan GUI

The recrystallization behavior, grain boundary characteristic distribution, and mechanical properties of pure Cu sheets that were subjected to different cold rolling paths, and then annealed at 400 °C for 10, 30, 60, and 420 min, were investigated. Different rolling paths changed the grain boundary orientations of cold-rolled copper, causing recrystallized grains to nucleate and grow in an oriented manner. However, the evolution of the texture indicated that cold-rolled copper with different rolling paths did not show an obvious preferred orientation after annealing. The RD-60 specimen exhibited the smallest grain size (6.6 μm). The results indicated that the grain size and low-Σ CSL grain boundaries worked together to provide RD-60 samples with appropriate mechanical properties and high plasticity. The yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation of RD-60 sample were 81 MPa, 230 MPa, and 49%, respectively. These results could provide guidance for tuning the microstructures and properties of pure Cu foils, as well as designing fabrication routes for pure Cu foils through processes such as rolling and drawing.

研究了不同冷轧路径的纯铜板的再结晶行为、晶界特征分布和力学性能，然后在 400 °C 下退火 10、30、60 和 420 分钟。不同的轧制路径改变了冷轧铜的晶界取向，使再结晶晶粒成核并定向生长。然而，纹理的演变表明，不同轧制路径的冷轧铜在退火后并没有表现出明显的优先取向。RD-60 试样的晶粒尺寸最小（6.6 μm）。结果表明，晶粒尺寸和低Σ CSL 晶界共同作用使 RD-60 试样具有适当的机械性能和高塑性。RD-60 样品的屈服强度、极限拉伸强度和伸长率分别为 81 兆帕、230 兆帕和 49%。这些结果可为调整纯铜箔的微观结构和性能，以及通过轧制和拉伸等工艺设计纯铜箔的制造路线提供指导。

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引用次数: 0

Thermodynamic simulation of stepwise precipitation of NH4VO3 and NaHCO3 from carbonating Na3VO4 solution 从碳化 Na3VO4 溶液中逐步析出 NH4VO3 和 NaHCO3 的热力学模拟

IF 4.7 1区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66615-X

Fan-cheng MENG , Yong-chao WANG , Xin CHAI , Ya-hui LIU , Li-na WANG , De-sheng CHEN

Thermodynamic simulation was conducted to design a new process of stepwise precipitating NH₄VO₃ and NaHCO₃ from regulating the CO₂ carbonation of Na₃VO₄ solution. Firstly, a new V(V) speciation model for the aqueous solution containing vanadate and carbonate is established by using the Bromley−Zemaitis activity coefficient model. Subsequently, thermodynamic equilibrium calculations are conducted to clarify the behavior of vanadium, carbon, sodium, and impurity species in atmospheric or high-pressure carbonation. To ensure the purity and recovery of vanadium products, Na₃VO₄ solution is initially carbonated to the pH of 9.3−9.4, followed by precipitating NH₄VO₃ by adding (NH₄)₂CO₃. After vanadium precipitation, the solution is deeply carbonated to the final pH of 7.3−7.5 to precipitate NaHCO₃, and the remaining solution is recycled to dissolve Na₃VO₄ crystals. Finally, verification experiments demonstrate that 99.1% of vanadium and 91.4% of sodium in the solution are recovered in the form of NH₄VO₃ and NaHCO₃, respectively.

通过热力学模拟，设计了一种通过调节 Na3VO4 溶液的二氧化碳碳化作用来逐步沉淀 NH4VO3 和 NaHCO3 的新工艺。首先，利用 Bromley-Zemaitis 活性系数模型，为含有钒酸盐和碳酸盐的水溶液建立了一个新的 V(V) 标示模型。随后，进行了热力学平衡计算，以阐明钒、碳、钠和杂质物种在常压或高压碳化过程中的行为。为确保钒产品的纯度和回收率，首先将 Na3VO4 溶液碳化至 pH 值为 9.3-9.4，然后加入 (NH4)2CO3 沉淀 NH4VO3。钒沉淀后，将溶液深度碳酸化至最终 pH 值 7.3-7.5 以沉淀 NaHCO3，剩余溶液循环用于溶解 Na3VO4 晶体。最后，验证实验表明，溶液中 99.1% 的钒和 91.4% 的钠分别以 NH4VO3 和 NaHCO3 的形式被回收。

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引用次数: 0

Enhanced mechanical properties of molybdenum alloy originating from composite strengthening of Re and CeO2 通过 Re 和 CeO2 的复合强化提高钼合金的机械性能

IF 4.7 1区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66609-4

Meng-yao ZHANG , Shuai MA , Xin LI , Ye GAO , Zhuang-zhi WU , De-zhi WANG

To enhance the mechanical properties of molybdenum alloys at both room and high temperatures, Mo−14Re−1CeO₂ alloy was synthesized using the powder metallurgy method, and the corresponding microstructure and mechanical properties were characterized. The results indicate that the ultimate tensile strength of Mo−14Re−1CeO₂ reaches 657 MPa, with a total elongation of 35.2%, significantly higher than those of pure molybdenum (453 MPa, and 7.01%). Furthermore, the compression strength of Mo−14Re−1CeO₂ at high temperature (1200 °C) achieves 355 MPa, which is still larger than that of pure molybdenum (221 MPa). It is revealed that there is a coherent interface between CeO₂ and the Mo−14Re matrix with CeO₂ particles uniformly distributed in both intergranular and intragranular regions. The improvements in mechanical properties are primarily attributed to the formation of Mo−Re solid solution, grain refinement, and dispersion strengthening effect of CeO₂.

为了提高钼合金在室温和高温下的力学性能，采用粉末冶金法合成了 Mo-14Re-1CeO2 合金，并对相应的微观结构和力学性能进行了表征。结果表明，Mo-14Re-1CeO2 的极限拉伸强度达到 657 兆帕，总伸长率为 35.2%，明显高于纯钼（453 兆帕和 7.01%）。此外，Mo-14Re-1CeO2 在高温（1200 °C）下的压缩强度达到 355 兆帕，仍然大于纯钼（221 兆帕）。研究表明，CeO2 和 Mo-14Re 基体之间存在一个连贯的界面，CeO2 颗粒均匀地分布在晶间和晶内区域。机械性能的改善主要归因于 Mo-Re 固溶体的形成、晶粒细化以及 CeO2 的分散强化效应。

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引用次数: 0

Self-repairing Al2O3−TiO2 coatings fabricated through plasma electrolytic oxidation with various cathodic pulse parameters 采用不同阴极脉冲参数的等离子电解氧化法制造的 Al2O3-TiO2 自修复涂层

IF 4.7 1区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66611-2

Mehri HASHEMZADEH , Keyvan RAEISSI , Fakhreddin ASHRAFIZADEH , Frank SIMCHEN , Amin HAKIMIZAD , Monica SANTAMARIA , Thomas LAMPKE

The influence of cathodic pulse parameters was evaluated on plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coatings grown on 7075 aluminum alloy in a silicate-based electrolyte containing potassium titanyl oxalate (PTO) using pulsed bipolar waveforms with various cathodic duty cycles and cathodic current densities. The coatings were characterized by SEM, EDS, and XRD. EIS was applied to investigate the electrochemical properties. It was observed that the increase of cathodic duty cycle and cathodic current density from 20% and 6 A/dm² to 40% and 12 A/dm² enhances the growth rate of the inner layer from 0.22 to 0.75 µm/min. Adding PTO into the bath showed a fortifying effect on influence of the cathodic pulse and the mentioned change of cathodic pulse parameters, resulting in an increase of the inner layer growth rate from 0.25 to 1.10 µm/min. Based on EDS analysis, Si and Ti were incorporated dominantly in the upper parts of the coatings. XRD technique merely detected γ-Al₂O₃, and there were no detectable peaks related to Ti and Si compounds. However, the EIS results confirmed that the incorporation of Ti⁴⁺ into alumina changed the electronic properties of the coating. The coatings obtained from the bath containing PTO using the bipolar waveforms with a cathodic duty cycle of 40% and current density values higher than 6 A/dm² showed highly appropriate electrochemical behavior during 240 d of immersion due to an efficient repairing mechanism. Regarding the effects of studied parameters on the coating properties, the roles of cathodic pulse parameters and PTO in the PEO process were highlighted.

使用不同阴极占空比和阴极电流密度的脉冲双极波形，评估了阴极脉冲参数对在含有草酸钛钾 (PTO) 的硅酸盐基电解液中生长在 7075 铝合金上的等离子电解氧化 (PEO) 涂层的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、电致发光（EDS）和 X 射线衍射（XRD）对涂层进行了表征。EIS 被用来研究电化学特性。观察发现，阴极占空比和阴极电流密度从 20% 和 6 A/dm2 增加到 40% 和 12 A/dm2 时，内层的生长速度从 0.22 微米/分钟提高到 0.75 微米/分钟。在熔池中加入 PTO 对阴极脉冲的影响和上述阴极脉冲参数的变化有强化作用，使内层的生长速度从 0.25 微米/分钟提高到 1.10 微米/分钟。根据 EDS 分析，镀层上部主要含有硅和钛。XRD 技术仅检测到 γ-Al2O3，没有检测到与 Ti 和 Si 化合物有关的峰值。但 EIS 结果证实，在氧化铝中加入 Ti4+ 改变了涂层的电子特性。在含有 PTO 的浴液中使用双极波形，阴极占空比为 40%，电流密度值高于 6 A/dm2 时获得的涂层在 240 d 的浸泡过程中表现出非常合适的电化学行为，这归功于高效的修复机制。关于研究参数对涂层性能的影响，阴极脉冲参数和 PTO 在 PEO 过程中的作用得到了强调。

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引用次数: 0

3D modeling for effect of tool eccentricity on coupled thermal and material flow characteristics during friction stir welding 搅拌摩擦焊接过程中工具偏心对热和材料流动耦合特性影响的三维建模

IF 4.7 1区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66610-0

Hao SU, Ji CHEN, Chuan-song WU

A novel three-dimensional numerical model is proposed to investigate the effect of tool eccentricity on the coupled thermal and material flow characteristics in friction stir welding (FSW) process. An asymmetrical boundary condition at the tool−workpiece interface, and the dynamic mesh technique are both employed for the consideration of the tool eccentricity during tool rotating. It is found that tool eccentricity induces the periodical variation of the heat densities both at the tool−workpiece interface and inside the shear layer, but the fluctuation amplitudes of the heat density variations are limited. However, it is demonstrated that tool eccentricity results in significant variation of the material flow behavior in one tool rotating period. Moreover, the material velocity variation at the retreating side is particularly important for the formation of the periodic characteristics in FSW. The modeling result is found to be in good agreement with the experimental one.

本文提出了一种新型三维数值模型，用于研究搅拌摩擦焊（FSW）过程中刀具偏心对热流和材料流耦合特性的影响。在考虑工具旋转过程中的工具偏心时，采用了工具-工件界面的非对称边界条件和动态网格技术。研究发现，刀具偏心会引起刀具-工件界面和剪切层内部热密度的周期性变化，但热密度变化的波动幅度有限。然而，研究表明，刀具偏心会导致在一个刀具旋转周期内材料流动行为发生显著变化。此外，后退侧的材料速度变化对 FSW 周期性特征的形成尤为重要。建模结果与实验结果十分吻合。

引用次数: 0

Enhanced dealkalization of bauxite residue through calcium-activated desulfurization gypsum 通过钙活化脱硫石膏提高铝土矿残渣的脱碱效果

IF 4.7 1区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66617-3

Yu-jun WU , Sheng-guo XUE , Li-ping LIU , Feng LI , Graeme J. MILLAR , Fei GE , Jiang TIAN

A novel integrated approach to remove the free alkalis and stabilize solid-phase alkalinity by controlling the release of Ca from desulfurization gypsum was developed. The combination of recycled FeCl₃ solution and EDTA activated desulfurization gypsum lowered the bauxite residue pH to 7.20. Moreover, it also improved the residual Ca state, with its contribution to the total exchangeable cations increased (68%−92%). Notably, the slow release of exchangeable Ca introduced through modified desulfurization gypsum induced a phase transition of the alkaline minerals. This treatment stabilized the dealkalization effect of bauxite residue via reducing its overall acid neutralization capacity in abating pH rebound. Hence, this approach can provide guidance for effectively utilizing desulfurization gypsum to achieve stable regulation of alkalinity in bauxite residue.

通过控制脱硫石膏中 Ca 的释放，开发了一种去除游离碱并稳定固相碱度的新型综合方法。回收的 FeCl3 溶液与 EDTA 活化的脱硫石膏相结合，可将铝土矿残渣的 pH 值降至 7.20。此外，它还改善了残余 Ca 的状态，使其在总可交换阳离子中所占比例增加（68%-92%）。值得注意的是，通过改性脱硫石膏引入的可交换钙的缓慢释放引起了碱性矿物的相变。这种处理方法通过降低铝土矿渣在缓解 pH 值反弹方面的整体酸中和能力，稳定了铝土矿渣的脱碱效果。因此，这种方法可为有效利用脱硫石膏实现铝土矿渣碱度的稳定调节提供指导。

引用次数: 0

Cryogenic springback of 2219-W aluminum alloy sheet through V-shaped bending 通过 V 形弯曲实现 2219-W 铝合金板材的低温回弹

IF 4.7 1区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66601-X

Xiao-bo FAN , Qi-liang WANG , Fang-xing WU , Xu-gang WANG

A V-shaped bending device was established to evaluate the effects of temperature and bending fillet radius on springback behavior of 2219-W aluminum alloy at cryogenic temperatures. The cryogenic springback mechanism was elucidated through mechanical analyses and numerical simulations. The results indicated that the springback angle at cryogenic temperatures was greater than that at room temperature. The springback angle increased further as the temperature returned to ambient conditions, attributed to the combined effects of the “dual enhancement effect” and thermal expansion. Notably, a critical fillet radius made the springback angle zero for 90° V-shaped bending. The critical fillet radius at cryogenic temperatures was smaller than that at room temperature, owing to the influence of temperature variations on the bending moment ratio between the forward bending section at the fillet and the reverse bending section of the straight arm.

建立了一个 V 形弯曲装置，以评估温度和弯曲圆角半径对 2219-W 铝合金在低温下的回弹行为的影响。通过力学分析和数值模拟阐明了低温回弹机理。结果表明，低温下的回弹角大于室温下的回弹角。当温度恢复到环境温度时，回弹角进一步增大，这是由于 "双重增强效应 "和热膨胀的共同作用。值得注意的是，临界圆角半径使得 90° V 形弯曲时的回弹角为零。低温下的临界圆角半径小于室温下的临界圆角半径，这是由于温度变化对圆角处的正向弯曲部分和直臂反向弯曲部分之间的弯矩比产生了影响。

引用次数: 0

Modeling of recrystallization behaviour of AA6xxx aluminum alloy during extrusion process 挤压过程中 AA6xxx 铝合金的再结晶行为建模

IF 4.7 1区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66600-8

Marco NEGOZIO , Antonio SEGATORI , Riccardo PELACCIA , Barbara REGGIANI , Sara Di DONATO , Lorenzo DONATI

An innovative approach was introduced for the development of a AA6063 recrystallization model. This method incorporated a regression-based technique for the determination of material constants and introduced novel equations for assessing the grain size evolution. Calibration and validation of this methodology involved a combination of experimentally acquired microstructural data from the extrusion of three different AA6063 profiles and results from the simulation using the Qform Extrusion UK finite element code. The outcomes proved the agreement between experimental findings and numerical prediction of the microstructural evolution. The trend of the grain size variation based on different process parameters was accurately simulated, both after dynamic and static recrystallization, with an error of less than 25% in almost the whole sampling computations.

为开发 AA6063 再结晶模型引入了一种创新方法。该方法采用了基于回归的技术来确定材料常数，并引入了用于评估晶粒大小演变的新方程。该方法的校准和验证结合了从挤压三种不同 AA6063 型材的实验中获得的微观结构数据，以及使用 Qform Extrusion UK 有限元代码进行模拟的结果。结果证明，实验结果与微观结构演变的数值预测结果一致。在动态和静态再结晶之后，基于不同工艺参数的晶粒大小变化趋势都得到了精确模拟，几乎在整个取样计算中误差都小于 25%。

引用次数: 0

Microstructural evolution and dynamic recrystallization mechanisms of additively manufactured TiAl alloy with heterogeneous microstructure during hot compression 热压缩过程中具有异质微观结构的添加式制造钛铝合金的微观结构演变和动态再结晶机制

IF 4.7 1区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66603-3

Hui TAO , Hui-zhong LI , Jia-hui LI , Li WANG , Wei-wei HE , Xiao-fen TAN , Rui ZHOU , Xiao-peng LIANG

Microstructural evolution and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) mechanisms of a Ti−48Al−2Cr−2Nb (at.%) alloy prepared by selective electron beam melting (SEBM) during hot deformation at 1150 °C and 0.1 s⁻¹ were investigated by hot compression tests, optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results show that the initial microstructure of the as-SEBMed alloy exhibits layers of coarse γ grains and fine γ+α₂+(α₂/γ) lamellar mixture grains alternately along the building direction. During the early stage of hot deformation, deformation twins tend to form within the coarse grains, facilitating subsequent deformation, and a small number of DRX grains appear in the fine-grained regions. With the increase of strain, extensive DRX grains are formed through different DRX mechanisms in both coarse and fine-grained regions, involving discontinuous dynamic recrystallization mechanism (DDRX) in the fine-grained regions and a coexistence of DDRX and continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) in the coarse- grained regions.

通过热压试验、光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、电子背散射衍射（EBSD）和透射电子显微镜（TEM），研究了选择性电子束熔炼（SEBM）制备的 Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb (at.%) 合金在 1150 °C 和 0.1 s-1 热变形过程中的微观结构演变和动态再结晶（DRX）机制。结果表明，as-SEBMed 合金的初始微观结构沿构建方向交替出现粗γ晶粒层和细γ+α2+（α2/γ）层状混合晶粒层。在热变形的早期阶段，变形孪晶倾向于在粗晶粒内形成，从而促进了后续变形，而在细晶粒区域则出现了少量的 DRX 晶粒。随着应变的增加，粗粒区和细粒区都会通过不同的 DRX 机制形成大量 DRX 晶粒，其中细粒区涉及不连续动态再结晶机制（DDRX），而粗粒区则是 DDRX 和连续动态再结晶机制（CDRX）并存。

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引用次数: 0

Microstructure and properties of Cu matrix composites reinforced with surface-modified Kovar particles 用表面改性科瓦颗粒增强的铜基复合材料的微观结构和性能

IF 4.7 1区材料科学 Q1 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(24)66606-9

Tao MENG , Ri-chu WANG , Zhi-yong CAI , Ying-jun YAO

The thermal conductivity of Cu/Kovar composites was improved by suppressing element diffusion at the interfaces through the formation of FeWO₄ coating on the Kovar particles via vacuum deposition. Cu matrix composites reinforced with unmodified (Cu/Kovar) and modified Kovar (Cu/Kovar@) particles were prepared by hot pressing. The results demonstrate that the interfaces of Cu/FeWO₄ and FeWO₄/Kovar in the Cu/Kovar@ composites exhibit strong bonding, and no secondary phase is generated. The presence of FeWO₄ impedes interfacial diffusion within the composite, resulting in an increase in grain size and a decrease in dislocation density. After surface modification of the Kovar particle, the thermal conductivity of Cu/Kovar@ composite is increased by 110% from 40.6 to 85.6 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹. Moreover, the thermal expansion coefficient of the Cu/Kovar@ composite is 9.8×10⁻⁶ K⁻¹, meeting the electronic packaging requirements.

通过真空沉积在 Kovar 颗粒上形成 FeWO4 涂层，抑制了元素在界面上的扩散，从而提高了 Cu/Kovar 复合材料的导热性。通过热压法制备了用未改性（Cu/Kovar）和改性 Kovar（Cu/Kovar@）颗粒增强的铜基复合材料。结果表明，在 Cu/Kovar@ 复合材料中，Cu/FeWO4 和 FeWO4/Kovar 的界面表现出很强的结合力，并且没有产生第二相。FeWO4 的存在阻碍了复合材料内部的界面扩散，导致晶粒尺寸增大，位错密度降低。对 Kovar 颗粒进行表面改性后，Cu/Kovar@ 复合材料的热导率提高了 110%，从 40.6 W-m-1-K-1 提高到 85.6 W-m-1-K-1。此外，Cu/Kovar@复合材料的热膨胀系数为 9.8×10-6 K-1，符合电子封装要求。

引用次数: 0

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