Pub Date : 2020-12-03DOI: 10.1080/02772248.2020.1851690
Emina Todorovac, Irma Durmišević, Selma Cajo, A. Haverić, A. Mesic
Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the cytogenotoxic effects of methylparaben, ethylparaben and butylparaben using battery of tests in plant cells (Allium cepa assay) and human lymphocytes (chromosome aberration test and alkaline comet assay). Our results for A. cepa assay showed that none of the tested parabens showed an inducing effect on root growth. Mitotic index values decreased with increasing parabens concentration. Ethylparaben (0.10 mg/L) induced a higher number of vagrants and multipolarity, as well as the number of sticky chromosomes (0.50 mg/L), while butylparaben (0.25 and 0.50 mg/L) increased the frequency of sticky chromosomes. Higher frequency of apoptosis and necrosis was observed for ethylparaben (0.50 mg/L) and methylparaben (0.10 and 0.50 mg/L). As for chromosome aberrations test in human lymphocytes, the mitotic index was reduced with an increase in the concentration of all three tested parabens. Differences between methylparaben (0.25 mg/L), ethylparaben (0.10 mg/L) and butylparaben (0.25 mg/L) and controls for acentric fragments, chromatid breaks and polyploidy were observed. Increased frequency of apoptosis was induced by methylparaben and ethylparaben at concentrations of 0.25 and 0.50 mg/L. Alkaline comet assay demonstrated that 0.25 and 0.50 mg/L of ethylparaben and butylparaben have genotoxic potential by increasing the tail intensity against controls. These results suggest that methyl-, ethyl- and butylparaben possess certain geno/cytotoxic potential.
{"title":"Evaluation of DNA and cellular damage caused by methyl-, ethyl- and butylparaben in vitro","authors":"Emina Todorovac, Irma Durmišević, Selma Cajo, A. Haverić, A. Mesic","doi":"10.1080/02772248.2020.1851690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2020.1851690","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the cytogenotoxic effects of methylparaben, ethylparaben and butylparaben using battery of tests in plant cells (Allium cepa assay) and human lymphocytes (chromosome aberration test and alkaline comet assay). Our results for A. cepa assay showed that none of the tested parabens showed an inducing effect on root growth. Mitotic index values decreased with increasing parabens concentration. Ethylparaben (0.10 mg/L) induced a higher number of vagrants and multipolarity, as well as the number of sticky chromosomes (0.50 mg/L), while butylparaben (0.25 and 0.50 mg/L) increased the frequency of sticky chromosomes. Higher frequency of apoptosis and necrosis was observed for ethylparaben (0.50 mg/L) and methylparaben (0.10 and 0.50 mg/L). As for chromosome aberrations test in human lymphocytes, the mitotic index was reduced with an increase in the concentration of all three tested parabens. Differences between methylparaben (0.25 mg/L), ethylparaben (0.10 mg/L) and butylparaben (0.25 mg/L) and controls for acentric fragments, chromatid breaks and polyploidy were observed. Increased frequency of apoptosis was induced by methylparaben and ethylparaben at concentrations of 0.25 and 0.50 mg/L. Alkaline comet assay demonstrated that 0.25 and 0.50 mg/L of ethylparaben and butylparaben have genotoxic potential by increasing the tail intensity against controls. These results suggest that methyl-, ethyl- and butylparaben possess certain geno/cytotoxic potential.","PeriodicalId":23210,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry","volume":"2 1","pages":"85 - 103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89249015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-25DOI: 10.1080/02772248.2020.1839074
Y. I. Arifin, M. Sakakibara, Sayaka Takakura, M. Jahja, F. Lihawa, K. Sera
Abstract Small-scale gold mining activities and their mercury emissions in the Gorontalo Utara Regency of the Gorontalo Province, Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, have been studied. The mining occurs in many areas of this region, but especially in the three villages Hulawa, Ilangata and Ilangata Barat. Mining activities in the Hulawa village are the oldest (19th century) in the regency, whereas mining in the Ilangata village began just 15 years ago. The activity level changes rapidly from time to time depending on the fluctuations of the gold market. Women and children are involved in the gold mining process. Female workers crush ore, process sediment wastes, and pan for gold in rivers. Children assist their mothers in these activities and play around the mining sites. Gold mining in the Utara Regency is estimated to produce about 290 kg of gold and emits approximately 860 kg of mercury into the environment annually. The impact of such large mercury release into the environment have caused environmental degradation and contamination of fish as food for humans. Collaborative works of stakeholders are urgently needed to find solutions to the problems related to small-scale gold mining such as marginalization and environmental pollution.
{"title":"Artisanal and small-scale gold mining activities and mercury exposure in Gorontalo Utara Regency, Indonesia","authors":"Y. I. Arifin, M. Sakakibara, Sayaka Takakura, M. Jahja, F. Lihawa, K. Sera","doi":"10.1080/02772248.2020.1839074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2020.1839074","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Small-scale gold mining activities and their mercury emissions in the Gorontalo Utara Regency of the Gorontalo Province, Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, have been studied. The mining occurs in many areas of this region, but especially in the three villages Hulawa, Ilangata and Ilangata Barat. Mining activities in the Hulawa village are the oldest (19th century) in the regency, whereas mining in the Ilangata village began just 15 years ago. The activity level changes rapidly from time to time depending on the fluctuations of the gold market. Women and children are involved in the gold mining process. Female workers crush ore, process sediment wastes, and pan for gold in rivers. Children assist their mothers in these activities and play around the mining sites. Gold mining in the Utara Regency is estimated to produce about 290 kg of gold and emits approximately 860 kg of mercury into the environment annually. The impact of such large mercury release into the environment have caused environmental degradation and contamination of fish as food for humans. Collaborative works of stakeholders are urgently needed to find solutions to the problems related to small-scale gold mining such as marginalization and environmental pollution.","PeriodicalId":23210,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry","volume":"31 1","pages":"521 - 542"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77311940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-03DOI: 10.1080/02772248.2020.1837133
A. Haq, Arshad Islam, Farhan Younas, Lubna Danish, I. Ullah, A. Nadhman, Hamidullah Shah, Imran Khan
Abstract Flower like zinc oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized and the effects of their aqueous suspensions at 200–1000 mg/L on seed germination and seedlings of Triticum aestivum have been investigated. When treated with suspensions of zinc oxide nanoparticles at concentrations of 200–1000 mg/L, germination was reduced to 45% and photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids) were also depressed. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic plant defense mechanisms were adversely affected at the maximum concentration. Abnormalities in the concentrations of proline, malondialdehyde, phenols and flavonoids were observed in the roots and shoots of plant due to the zinc oxide nanoparticles at different concentrations.
{"title":"Impact of zinc oxide nanoflowers on growth dynamics and physio-biochemical response of Triticum aestivum","authors":"A. Haq, Arshad Islam, Farhan Younas, Lubna Danish, I. Ullah, A. Nadhman, Hamidullah Shah, Imran Khan","doi":"10.1080/02772248.2020.1837133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2020.1837133","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Flower like zinc oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized and the effects of their aqueous suspensions at 200–1000 mg/L on seed germination and seedlings of Triticum aestivum have been investigated. When treated with suspensions of zinc oxide nanoparticles at concentrations of 200–1000 mg/L, germination was reduced to 45% and photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids) were also depressed. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic plant defense mechanisms were adversely affected at the maximum concentration. Abnormalities in the concentrations of proline, malondialdehyde, phenols and flavonoids were observed in the roots and shoots of plant due to the zinc oxide nanoparticles at different concentrations.","PeriodicalId":23210,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":"568 - 584"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73396211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Chinese Cordyceps is a famous fungus–larva symbiont. In this study, the levels of Pb, Ni, As, and Cd and some major metals in the soil environment that may contribute to the occurrence of Chinese Cordyceps have been determined. Assessments showed that potential ecological risks in the study areas from these elements were low and in the order of Cd > As > Pb > Ni. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that As, Se and available Mn were significantly correlated with the occurrence of Chinese Cordyceps.
摘要冬虫夏草是著名的真菌-幼虫共生体。本研究测定了土壤环境中Pb、Ni、As、Cd及一些可能导致冬虫夏草发生的主要金属的含量。评价结果表明，这些元素的潜在生态风险较低，依次为Cd b> As b> Pb b> Ni。多元线性回归分析表明，As、Se和有效态Mn与冬虫夏草的发生呈显著相关。
{"title":"Levels of Pb, Ni, As, and Cd in habitat soils of Chinese Cordyceps in the Shergyla Mountain, Tibet","authors":"Yuguo Liu, Jinying Xie, Qiaowei Ma, Guiwei Zhang, Haibing Yu, Lianxian Guo","doi":"10.1080/02772248.2020.1832227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2020.1832227","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Chinese Cordyceps is a famous fungus–larva symbiont. In this study, the levels of Pb, Ni, As, and Cd and some major metals in the soil environment that may contribute to the occurrence of Chinese Cordyceps have been determined. Assessments showed that potential ecological risks in the study areas from these elements were low and in the order of Cd > As > Pb > Ni. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that As, Se and available Mn were significantly correlated with the occurrence of Chinese Cordyceps.","PeriodicalId":23210,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry","volume":"52 1","pages":"543 - 555"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79138450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-20DOI: 10.1080/02772248.2020.1824257
B. Jorge, Paola da Silva Balin, G. Carneiro, Rafael Belleti, Ana Carolina Casali Reis, J. Stein, A. L. de Barros, C. Kassuya, A. Arena
Abstract The influence of ibuprofen exposure during the perinatal period, when the brain sexual differentiation process occurs, on the sexual behavior and fertility of female offspring Wistar rats has been evaluated. Ibuprofen was orally administered to the dams at doses of 0, 10, 30 or 60 mg/kg during the gestational (from day 15 to delivery) and lactational period. Females exposed to ibuprofen showed no signs of maternal toxicity. However, ibuprofen provoked a reduction in intrauterine and postnatal growth in female offspring. The treated offspring also showed a decrease in the anogenital distance at birth, while no difference was observed in external signs of the onset of puberty. At adulthood, although the ibuprofen did not interfere with the estrous cyclicity, the lordosis quotient of treated females was reduced. Furthermore, these females presented reduced fertility and low fetal and placenta weights. The females also presented an increase in the percentage of small fetuses and a reduction in the large fetuses for their gestational ages. Perinatal exposure to ibuprofen may interfere with the sexual differentiation of the brain of female offspring of Wistar rats, causing a long-term impact in the sexual behavior and fertility of these females.
{"title":"Ibuprofen compromises sexual behavior and fertility in female rats exposed during the perinatal period","authors":"B. Jorge, Paola da Silva Balin, G. Carneiro, Rafael Belleti, Ana Carolina Casali Reis, J. Stein, A. L. de Barros, C. Kassuya, A. Arena","doi":"10.1080/02772248.2020.1824257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2020.1824257","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The influence of ibuprofen exposure during the perinatal period, when the brain sexual differentiation process occurs, on the sexual behavior and fertility of female offspring Wistar rats has been evaluated. Ibuprofen was orally administered to the dams at doses of 0, 10, 30 or 60 mg/kg during the gestational (from day 15 to delivery) and lactational period. Females exposed to ibuprofen showed no signs of maternal toxicity. However, ibuprofen provoked a reduction in intrauterine and postnatal growth in female offspring. The treated offspring also showed a decrease in the anogenital distance at birth, while no difference was observed in external signs of the onset of puberty. At adulthood, although the ibuprofen did not interfere with the estrous cyclicity, the lordosis quotient of treated females was reduced. Furthermore, these females presented reduced fertility and low fetal and placenta weights. The females also presented an increase in the percentage of small fetuses and a reduction in the large fetuses for their gestational ages. Perinatal exposure to ibuprofen may interfere with the sexual differentiation of the brain of female offspring of Wistar rats, causing a long-term impact in the sexual behavior and fertility of these females.","PeriodicalId":23210,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry","volume":"68 1","pages":"490 - 505"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84215250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-12DOI: 10.1080/02772248.2020.1829623
Awanish Kumar, B. Prasad, J. Manjhi, K. Prasad
Abstract Selenium is a nutrient element essential for the growth and reproduction of plants and animals. Generally, selenium nanoparticle has a high level of absorption in regular supplementation comparative to selenium. In this study, selenium nanoparticles have been synthesized using a cell-free extract of Geobacillus as a reducing and stabilizing agent. This is for the first time; Geobacillus has been used for the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles. The cell-free extract of bacteria has active enzymes that are responsible for the reduction of sodium selenite to prepare selenium nanoparticles. The cell-free extract increased the reduction process comparative to the bacterial reduction. The biosynthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy along with selected area electron diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The spherical nanoparticles have diameters in the range of 30 to 60 nm. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by various antioxidant assays. This study revealed that biofunctionalized selenium nanoparticle has more antioxidant activity than sodium selenite and cell-free extract. Abbreviations: ABTS: 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; EDTA: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; EDAX: energy dispersive X-ray analysis; FRAP: ferric reducing antioxidant power; FTIR: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; PBS: phosphate buffered saline; PMSF: phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride; SAED: selected area electron diffraction; SeNP: selenium nanoparticles; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TPTZ- 2,4,6-Tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine; YAG: yttrium aluminium garnet
{"title":"Antioxidant activity of selenium nanoparticles biosynthesized using a cell-free extract of Geobacillus","authors":"Awanish Kumar, B. Prasad, J. Manjhi, K. Prasad","doi":"10.1080/02772248.2020.1829623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2020.1829623","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Selenium is a nutrient element essential for the growth and reproduction of plants and animals. Generally, selenium nanoparticle has a high level of absorption in regular supplementation comparative to selenium. In this study, selenium nanoparticles have been synthesized using a cell-free extract of Geobacillus as a reducing and stabilizing agent. This is for the first time; Geobacillus has been used for the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles. The cell-free extract of bacteria has active enzymes that are responsible for the reduction of sodium selenite to prepare selenium nanoparticles. The cell-free extract increased the reduction process comparative to the bacterial reduction. The biosynthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy along with selected area electron diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The spherical nanoparticles have diameters in the range of 30 to 60 nm. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by various antioxidant assays. This study revealed that biofunctionalized selenium nanoparticle has more antioxidant activity than sodium selenite and cell-free extract. Abbreviations: ABTS: 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; EDTA: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; EDAX: energy dispersive X-ray analysis; FRAP: ferric reducing antioxidant power; FTIR: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; PBS: phosphate buffered saline; PMSF: phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride; SAED: selected area electron diffraction; SeNP: selenium nanoparticles; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TPTZ- 2,4,6-Tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine; YAG: yttrium aluminium garnet","PeriodicalId":23210,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry","volume":"16 1","pages":"556 - 567"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84353481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-04DOI: 10.1080/02772248.2020.1824258
Adem Güner, S. Ilhan
Abstract Zinc pyrithione is an organometallic compound with antimicrobial activity used in many industrial products. In this study, cytotoxicity (cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase release, proliferation rate, and mitotic index) and genotoxicity (sister chromatid exchange and micronucleus test) of zinc pyrithione on human lymphocytes were determined. Intracellular zinc concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Intracellular antioxidant/oxidant status was evaluated by total antioxidant capacity and total oxidative status assays. Its irritation potential was investigated using the hen’s egg test chorioallantoic membrane model. Up to the highest concentration of 1000 nmol/L, ZnPT did not cause genotoxicity and did not change the proliferation index. Above 500 nmol/L, zinc pyrithione caused an increase in lactate dehydrogenase, oxidative stress, and intracellular zinc levels, while decreasing cell viability and mitotic index level. At 1000 nmol/L, zinc pyrithione caused slight irritation. These results suggest that zinc pyrithione may exert toxic effects via increased oxidative stress on human cellular systems.
{"title":"Cytotoxic, genotoxic, oxidative, and irritant effects of zinc pyrithione in vitro","authors":"Adem Güner, S. Ilhan","doi":"10.1080/02772248.2020.1824258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2020.1824258","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Zinc pyrithione is an organometallic compound with antimicrobial activity used in many industrial products. In this study, cytotoxicity (cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase release, proliferation rate, and mitotic index) and genotoxicity (sister chromatid exchange and micronucleus test) of zinc pyrithione on human lymphocytes were determined. Intracellular zinc concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Intracellular antioxidant/oxidant status was evaluated by total antioxidant capacity and total oxidative status assays. Its irritation potential was investigated using the hen’s egg test chorioallantoic membrane model. Up to the highest concentration of 1000 nmol/L, ZnPT did not cause genotoxicity and did not change the proliferation index. Above 500 nmol/L, zinc pyrithione caused an increase in lactate dehydrogenase, oxidative stress, and intracellular zinc levels, while decreasing cell viability and mitotic index level. At 1000 nmol/L, zinc pyrithione caused slight irritation. These results suggest that zinc pyrithione may exert toxic effects via increased oxidative stress on human cellular systems.","PeriodicalId":23210,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry","volume":"31 1","pages":"607 - 623"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82545293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-14DOI: 10.1080/02772248.2020.1815203
Rukinderpreet Singh, Guriqbal Singh
Abstract The herbicides may have adverse effects on the soil microorganism. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of herbicides pendimethalin and imazethapyr and mixture thereof on the growth of Rhizobium leguminosarum M-1, Rhizobium leguminosarum LSMR-1 and Strenotrophomonas maltophilia RB-3 in vitro and on soil microflora (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) at field conditions. The tolerance of Rhizobium and Stenotrophomonas to pendimethalin at 180–1980 mg/L and imazethapyr at 26–200 mg/L and mixtures thereof in nutrient media was tested. The tolerance for pendimethalin was higher than for imazethapyr. In field experiments with mungbean, the effects of pendimethalin alone as well as in mixture with imazethaypr at 0.45 and 0.75 kg ha−1 (applied as pre-emergence) and imazethapyr at 50 and 75 g ha−1 (applied at 15 and 25 days after sowing) in the rainy and summer season were tested. Pendimethalin and its mixture with imazethapyr did not influence the population of fungi and actinomycetes in rhizosphere (0–10 cm soil depth) at 35 days after sowing and at harvest. Imazethapyr treatments recorded inhibitory effects on bacterial population in rhizosphere at 35 days after sowing but no adverse effect was observed at harvest. Pendimethalin alone and in mixture with imazethapyr were found safe to investigated microorganism groups.
摘要除草剂可能对土壤微生物产生不良影响。本研究旨在探讨除草剂对二甲氧苄啶和吡甲氧苄啶及其混合剂对豆科根瘤菌M-1、豆科根瘤菌LSMR-1和嗜麦芽嗜养单胞菌RB-3体外生长和田间土壤微生物区系(细菌、真菌和放线菌)的影响。试验了根瘤菌和窄养单胞菌在营养培养基中对180 ~ 1980 mg/L的二甲甲烷和26 ~ 200 mg/L的咪唑吡酯及其混合物的耐受性。对戊二甲基灵的耐受性高于对咪西帕的耐受性。在绿豆的田间试验中，测试了在雨季和夏季单独使用戊二甲基灵以及与0.45和0.75 kg ha - 1(孕前施用)和50和75 g ha - 1(播种后15和25天施用)的吡唑乙啶混合使用的效果。播后35 d和收获时，对根际(0 ~ 10 cm土壤深度)真菌和放线菌数量没有影响。在播种后35天，Imazethapyr处理对根际细菌数量有抑制作用，但在收获时没有观察到不良影响。戊二甲基灵单独使用和与吡嗪噻韦混合使用对微生物群是安全的。
{"title":"Effect of pendimethalin and imazethapyr on the development of microorganisms in vitro and at field conditions","authors":"Rukinderpreet Singh, Guriqbal Singh","doi":"10.1080/02772248.2020.1815203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2020.1815203","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The herbicides may have adverse effects on the soil microorganism. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of herbicides pendimethalin and imazethapyr and mixture thereof on the growth of Rhizobium leguminosarum M-1, Rhizobium leguminosarum LSMR-1 and Strenotrophomonas maltophilia RB-3 in vitro and on soil microflora (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) at field conditions. The tolerance of Rhizobium and Stenotrophomonas to pendimethalin at 180–1980 mg/L and imazethapyr at 26–200 mg/L and mixtures thereof in nutrient media was tested. The tolerance for pendimethalin was higher than for imazethapyr. In field experiments with mungbean, the effects of pendimethalin alone as well as in mixture with imazethaypr at 0.45 and 0.75 kg ha−1 (applied as pre-emergence) and imazethapyr at 50 and 75 g ha−1 (applied at 15 and 25 days after sowing) in the rainy and summer season were tested. Pendimethalin and its mixture with imazethapyr did not influence the population of fungi and actinomycetes in rhizosphere (0–10 cm soil depth) at 35 days after sowing and at harvest. Imazethapyr treatments recorded inhibitory effects on bacterial population in rhizosphere at 35 days after sowing but no adverse effect was observed at harvest. Pendimethalin alone and in mixture with imazethapyr were found safe to investigated microorganism groups.","PeriodicalId":23210,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry","volume":"13 1","pages":"439 - 454"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82302340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Formaldehyde (FA) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant and a group 1 carcinogen. CD8+ T cells are specific tumor killers in the adaptive immune system. In this study, 2.0 mg/m3 respiratory FA exposure to male mice was found to selectively reduce mature CD8+ T cells in the spleen and the CD8 T cells in the thymus. In order to monitor the exposure of FA in vitro, a fluorescent FA donor was utilized in the treatment of murine thymocytes. Cytotoxicity induced by FA was found to be not selective at single positive stage. Significant inhibition of the runt-related transcription factor-3, the critical transcriptional factors for CD8 lineage commitment, was found in FA-treated double positive cells. ThPOK, the transcriptional factor for CD4 commitment, was stimulated by FA in double positive cells. Increased expression of special AT-rich sequence-binding protein-1 and decreased expression of B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 11B, which are the upstream regulators of ThPOK and the runt-related transcription factor-3, were also observed in FA-treated double positive cells. These results demonstrate that FA could selectively inhibit the development of CD8+ T cells via the alteration of transcriptional factor expressions of thymocytes at double positive stages, which would potentially interfere with the immune defense against cancers.
{"title":"Formaldehyde inhibits development of T lymphocytes in mice","authors":"Huijuan Ma, Xiaodong Song, Weiwei Zhang, Xinyue Ling, Xiaoning Yang, Wenwei Wu, Kaiyan Lou, Huan Xu","doi":"10.1080/02772248.2020.1815202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2020.1815202","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Formaldehyde (FA) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant and a group 1 carcinogen. CD8+ T cells are specific tumor killers in the adaptive immune system. In this study, 2.0 mg/m3 respiratory FA exposure to male mice was found to selectively reduce mature CD8+ T cells in the spleen and the CD8 T cells in the thymus. In order to monitor the exposure of FA in vitro, a fluorescent FA donor was utilized in the treatment of murine thymocytes. Cytotoxicity induced by FA was found to be not selective at single positive stage. Significant inhibition of the runt-related transcription factor-3, the critical transcriptional factors for CD8 lineage commitment, was found in FA-treated double positive cells. ThPOK, the transcriptional factor for CD4 commitment, was stimulated by FA in double positive cells. Increased expression of special AT-rich sequence-binding protein-1 and decreased expression of B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 11B, which are the upstream regulators of ThPOK and the runt-related transcription factor-3, were also observed in FA-treated double positive cells. These results demonstrate that FA could selectively inhibit the development of CD8+ T cells via the alteration of transcriptional factor expressions of thymocytes at double positive stages, which would potentially interfere with the immune defense against cancers.","PeriodicalId":23210,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry","volume":"75 1","pages":"473 - 489"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86404695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-31DOI: 10.1080/02772248.2020.1808895
R. Tiwari, R. Aulakh, J. Bedi, J. Gill, Amit Kumar
Abstract In the present investigation, groundwater samples (n = 508) collected from northern, central, and southern Punjab were analyzed for the detection of potentially hazardous metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr) and As using atomic absorption spectrometer. Lead was observed as a predominant contaminant with 167 (32.8%) samples exceeding the permissible limit, followed by As, with 19 (3.7%) samples above the limit set by WHO. Spatial variation for the occurrence of metals showed statistically significant levels of Ni and Cr in groundwater from central Punjab, and As from northern Punjab. Assessment of health risks to these pollutants revealed As as a noxious pollutant, with hazard indices and carcinogenic risks significantly higher than the recommended limits in the three regions; and hence, posing a serious threat to the study population. Also, the risk values were higher for children than adults, indicative of their higher susceptibility to the ill-effects of these pollutants.
{"title":"Occurrence and spatial distribution of metals and arsenic in groundwater sources of Punjab (India), and their health risk assessment","authors":"R. Tiwari, R. Aulakh, J. Bedi, J. Gill, Amit Kumar","doi":"10.1080/02772248.2020.1808895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2020.1808895","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the present investigation, groundwater samples (n = 508) collected from northern, central, and southern Punjab were analyzed for the detection of potentially hazardous metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr) and As using atomic absorption spectrometer. Lead was observed as a predominant contaminant with 167 (32.8%) samples exceeding the permissible limit, followed by As, with 19 (3.7%) samples above the limit set by WHO. Spatial variation for the occurrence of metals showed statistically significant levels of Ni and Cr in groundwater from central Punjab, and As from northern Punjab. Assessment of health risks to these pollutants revealed As as a noxious pollutant, with hazard indices and carcinogenic risks significantly higher than the recommended limits in the three regions; and hence, posing a serious threat to the study population. Also, the risk values were higher for children than adults, indicative of their higher susceptibility to the ill-effects of these pollutants.","PeriodicalId":23210,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry","volume":"71 1","pages":"425 - 438"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75815462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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