Pub Date : 1998-01-01DOI: 10.1080/00202967.1998.11871232
S. Phadnis, M. Totlani, D. Bhattacharya
Four surface treatments were given to AISI 304 SS in the cold-worked and heat-treated condition. The surface treatments were: exposure to laboratory air, exposure to 20% HNO 3 , anodization in H 2 SO 4 with and without dissolved oxygen. Passive films thus obtained were characterised ellipsometrically and the refractive index and thickness values were measured. It was seen that the refractive index of films obtained in all cases except one was around 2.52, while in the case of the film obtained after anodization in H 2 SO 4 with dissolved oxygen, it was seen to be 2.46. The thickness of films varied from 46 to 129 A depending on the surface treatment. Heat-treatment appeared to have little effect on the type of film formed.
{"title":"Ellipsometric study of passive films on the stainless steel SS304","authors":"S. Phadnis, M. Totlani, D. Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1080/00202967.1998.11871232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1998.11871232","url":null,"abstract":"Four surface treatments were given to AISI 304 SS in the cold-worked and heat-treated condition. The surface treatments were: exposure to laboratory air, exposure to 20% HNO 3 , anodization in H 2 SO 4 with and without dissolved oxygen. Passive films thus obtained were characterised ellipsometrically and the refractive index and thickness values were measured. It was seen that the refractive index of films obtained in all cases except one was around 2.52, while in the case of the film obtained after anodization in H 2 SO 4 with dissolved oxygen, it was seen to be 2.46. The thickness of films varied from 46 to 129 A depending on the surface treatment. Heat-treatment appeared to have little effect on the type of film formed.","PeriodicalId":23268,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00202967.1998.11871232","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58741779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-01-01DOI: 10.1080/00202967.1998.11871225
G. Critchlow, K. Bedwell, M. Chamberlain
It is well-established that some degree of surface pretreatment is vitally important in providing optimised adhesive bonds with metallic adherends. To date, much work has been carried out to determine the effectiveness of different pretreatments with aluminium, titanium and mild steel adherends, however, hot dipped galvanised (HDG) mild steel has received relatively little attention. In the present study, a range of pretreatments has been considered in terms of how they modify the HDG surface and how they perform in providing initial joint strengths and long-term durability. The chemical changes have been studied using Auger electron spectroscopy whilst the topography has been monitored using electron microscopy. The single lap shear joint (SLS) configuration was used to assess initial joint strengths and stressed SLS joints were exposed by complete immersion in deionised water with times-to-failure recorded as the measure of durability. A novel CO 2 -laser based cleaning process has been used for comparative purposes alongside the more conventional wet chemical pretreatments.
{"title":"Pretreatments to Improve the Bondability of Hot Dipped Galvanised Mild Steel","authors":"G. Critchlow, K. Bedwell, M. Chamberlain","doi":"10.1080/00202967.1998.11871225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1998.11871225","url":null,"abstract":"It is well-established that some degree of surface pretreatment is vitally important in providing optimised adhesive bonds with metallic adherends. To date, much work has been carried out to determine the effectiveness of different pretreatments with aluminium, titanium and mild steel adherends, however, hot dipped galvanised (HDG) mild steel has received relatively little attention. In the present study, a range of pretreatments has been considered in terms of how they modify the HDG surface and how they perform in providing initial joint strengths and long-term durability. The chemical changes have been studied using Auger electron spectroscopy whilst the topography has been monitored using electron microscopy. The single lap shear joint (SLS) configuration was used to assess initial joint strengths and stressed SLS joints were exposed by complete immersion in deionised water with times-to-failure recorded as the measure of durability. A novel CO 2 -laser based cleaning process has been used for comparative purposes alongside the more conventional wet chemical pretreatments.","PeriodicalId":23268,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00202967.1998.11871225","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58741916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-01-01DOI: 10.1080/00202967.1998.11871182
D. R. Eastham
{"title":"Surface Engineering—50 AF?","authors":"D. R. Eastham","doi":"10.1080/00202967.1998.11871182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1998.11871182","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23268,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00202967.1998.11871182","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58740191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-01-01DOI: 10.1080/00202967.1998.11871188
A. Nahlé, C. Kerr, B. D. Barker, F. C. Wals
SummaryA rapid electrochemical test for the determination of porosity in electroless nickel coatings on carbon steel is described. The technique is based on the charge under the anodic peaks during the reverse cathodic scan of the cyclic voltammograms for various immersion times (ranging from 0 to 2 hours) of nickel-coated steel samples (0 to 24 μm thickness) in a solution consisting of 150 mL of 0.1 M H2SO4 and 10 mL of 0.1 M K4Fe(CN)6 at 298 K. It was found that approximately 44% of the steel area remained uncovered with nickel after 2 minutes deposition time (0.4 μn thick). This percentage of uncovered area with nickel decreased to approximately 3 % when the steel samples had been immersed for 14 minutes (2.8 μm thick); essentially complete coverage occurred after an immersion time greater than 30 minutes (6 μm thick).
介绍了一种快速测定碳钢化学镀镍层孔隙率的电化学试验方法。该技术是基于不同浸泡时间(0至24 μm厚度)的镀镍钢样品(0至2小时)在由150 mL 0.1 M H2SO4和10 mL 0.1 M K4Fe(CN)6组成的溶液中，在298 K下循环伏安图的反向阴极扫描中阳极峰下的电荷。结果表明，沉积时间为2 min (0.4 μn厚)后，约44%的钢区未被镍覆盖。当钢样品(2.8 μm厚)浸泡14分钟后，含镍未覆盖面积的百分比降至约3%;浸渍时间大于30分钟(6 μm厚)后基本完全覆盖。
{"title":"A Rapid Electrochemical Test for Porosity in Electroless Nickel Coatings on Carbon Steel Substrates","authors":"A. Nahlé, C. Kerr, B. D. Barker, F. C. Wals","doi":"10.1080/00202967.1998.11871188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1998.11871188","url":null,"abstract":"SummaryA rapid electrochemical test for the determination of porosity in electroless nickel coatings on carbon steel is described. The technique is based on the charge under the anodic peaks during the reverse cathodic scan of the cyclic voltammograms for various immersion times (ranging from 0 to 2 hours) of nickel-coated steel samples (0 to 24 μm thickness) in a solution consisting of 150 mL of 0.1 M H2SO4 and 10 mL of 0.1 M K4Fe(CN)6 at 298 K. It was found that approximately 44% of the steel area remained uncovered with nickel after 2 minutes deposition time (0.4 μn thick). This percentage of uncovered area with nickel decreased to approximately 3 % when the steel samples had been immersed for 14 minutes (2.8 μm thick); essentially complete coverage occurred after an immersion time greater than 30 minutes (6 μm thick).","PeriodicalId":23268,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00202967.1998.11871188","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58740514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-01-01DOI: 10.1080/00202967.1998.11871203
N. Pradhan, P. G. Krishna, Sudipta Das
The synergistic effects of additive LIX 64N and Fe 3+ during copper electrowinning from sulphate electrolyte were investigated. The results show that the combination of LIX 64N and Fe 3+ affects current efficiency, deposit quality, crystallographic orientation and surface morphology of cathode copper. Electrolysis parameters like current density, circulation rate and temperature have appreciable influence on the synergistic effects of LIX 64N and Fe 3+ . The presence of either L1X 64N or Fe 3+ favoured pyramidal growth whereas their combination promoted ridge type structure. Addition of thiourea not only improved the current efficiency but also the deposit quality.
{"title":"Synergistic Effects of LIX 64N and Fe3+During Copper Electrowinning","authors":"N. Pradhan, P. G. Krishna, Sudipta Das","doi":"10.1080/00202967.1998.11871203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1998.11871203","url":null,"abstract":"The synergistic effects of additive LIX 64N and Fe 3+ during copper electrowinning from sulphate electrolyte were investigated. The results show that the combination of LIX 64N and Fe 3+ affects current efficiency, deposit quality, crystallographic orientation and surface morphology of cathode copper. Electrolysis parameters like current density, circulation rate and temperature have appreciable influence on the synergistic effects of LIX 64N and Fe 3+ . The presence of either L1X 64N or Fe 3+ favoured pyramidal growth whereas their combination promoted ridge type structure. Addition of thiourea not only improved the current efficiency but also the deposit quality.","PeriodicalId":23268,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00202967.1998.11871203","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58740710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-01-01DOI: 10.1080/00202967.1998.11871196
A. Averill, H. S. Mahmood
A new approach is adopted for the numerical determination of tertiary current distribution on complex shaped electrodes with moving electrolytes. In the second part of this paper the practical application of the method to estimating the current distribution and deposit thickness profile on shaped and angular cathodes is described.
{"title":"Determination of tertiary current distribution in electrodeposition cells- Part 2. Prediction of current distribution on shaped cathodes with moving electrolyte","authors":"A. Averill, H. S. Mahmood","doi":"10.1080/00202967.1998.11871196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1998.11871196","url":null,"abstract":"A new approach is adopted for the numerical determination of tertiary current distribution on complex shaped electrodes with moving electrolytes. In the second part of this paper the practical application of the method to estimating the current distribution and deposit thickness profile on shaped and angular cathodes is described.","PeriodicalId":23268,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00202967.1998.11871196","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58741094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-01-01DOI: 10.1080/00202967.1998.11871198
A. Karam, J. Krafft, G. Stremsdoerfer
This study examines the activation step, prior to electroless plating, of two of the most used particles in the field of electrochemical composite coating: PTFE and graphite. It has been identified that PTFE particles show an unusual behaviour according to the diameter size of the mixed Pd/Sn colloidal catalyst. It appears that the geometry of these micronic particles strongly affects the activation step. Only small colloidal catalysts with a 3 nm diameter can activate the surface efficiently without any surface pre-treatment. A detailed description and an explanation of this phenomenon are given.
{"title":"An investigation of activation of PTFE and graphite fine particles prior to electroless plating","authors":"A. Karam, J. Krafft, G. Stremsdoerfer","doi":"10.1080/00202967.1998.11871198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1998.11871198","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the activation step, prior to electroless plating, of two of the most used particles in the field of electrochemical composite coating: PTFE and graphite. It has been identified that PTFE particles show an unusual behaviour according to the diameter size of the mixed Pd/Sn colloidal catalyst. It appears that the geometry of these micronic particles strongly affects the activation step. Only small colloidal catalysts with a 3 nm diameter can activate the surface efficiently without any surface pre-treatment. A detailed description and an explanation of this phenomenon are given.","PeriodicalId":23268,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00202967.1998.11871198","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58741109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-01-01DOI: 10.1080/00202967.1998.11871185
I. Roy, H. Terryn, G. Goeminne
SummaryZinc phosphating of aluminium alloys is a conversion treatment that can be used for automotive applications to improve the adhesion properties and the corrosion resistance. In this paper the influence of the aluminium pretreatment on the formation of the zinc phosphate layer is studied. The growth of the zinc phosphate layer was examined on degreased, etched and electropolished aluminium AA5754 surfaces, using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). A batch phosphating procedure, representative for the industrial process, was introduced. The surface condition of the aluminium, determined by the selection of the pretreatment procedure, has an influence on the number and sizes of the zinc phosphate crystals present on the aluminium surface. The formation of the layer can be divided into two steps: the initiation and the growth. It is shown that especially the initiation step is influenced by the condition of the substrate prior to phosphating. By means of high sensitivity and high resolution techniques...
{"title":"Study of the Formation of Zinc Phosphate Layers on AA5754 Aluminium Alloy","authors":"I. Roy, H. Terryn, G. Goeminne","doi":"10.1080/00202967.1998.11871185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1998.11871185","url":null,"abstract":"SummaryZinc phosphating of aluminium alloys is a conversion treatment that can be used for automotive applications to improve the adhesion properties and the corrosion resistance. In this paper the influence of the aluminium pretreatment on the formation of the zinc phosphate layer is studied. The growth of the zinc phosphate layer was examined on degreased, etched and electropolished aluminium AA5754 surfaces, using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). A batch phosphating procedure, representative for the industrial process, was introduced. The surface condition of the aluminium, determined by the selection of the pretreatment procedure, has an influence on the number and sizes of the zinc phosphate crystals present on the aluminium surface. The formation of the layer can be divided into two steps: the initiation and the growth. It is shown that especially the initiation step is influenced by the condition of the substrate prior to phosphating. By means of high sensitivity and high resolution techniques...","PeriodicalId":23268,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00202967.1998.11871185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58740372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-01-01DOI: 10.1080/00202967.1998.11871189
M. Ananth, N. V. Parthasaradhy
SummarySelected Ni-Mo-Fe coatings were electrodeposited from ammoniacal citrate baths by varying the plating parameters. Their surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy for topography and SE imaging. Observed electrocatalytic, corrosion and optical properties of the coatings were found to be dependent on surface structure. The results were also used to understand the influence of electrodeposition variables. The plating diameters were found to have strong influence on the surface structure. Increases in deposition CD resulted in phase segregation in these materials. Also it was confirmed that increases in molybdenum content of the plating bath introduced heterogeneity in the plated samples with occurrence of more than one phase. Multinucleation in crystal structure was observed in samples electrodeposited at near neutral pH levels, again due to increased molybdenum content. The coatings reveal network formation at 300°C. Inclusion of Mn was helpful in obtaining homogeneous deposits.
{"title":"Electron Microscope Observations on Electrolytic Ni-Mo-Fe Coatings","authors":"M. Ananth, N. V. Parthasaradhy","doi":"10.1080/00202967.1998.11871189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1998.11871189","url":null,"abstract":"SummarySelected Ni-Mo-Fe coatings were electrodeposited from ammoniacal citrate baths by varying the plating parameters. Their surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy for topography and SE imaging. Observed electrocatalytic, corrosion and optical properties of the coatings were found to be dependent on surface structure. The results were also used to understand the influence of electrodeposition variables. The plating diameters were found to have strong influence on the surface structure. Increases in deposition CD resulted in phase segregation in these materials. Also it was confirmed that increases in molybdenum content of the plating bath introduced heterogeneity in the plated samples with occurrence of more than one phase. Multinucleation in crystal structure was observed in samples electrodeposited at near neutral pH levels, again due to increased molybdenum content. The coatings reveal network formation at 300°C. Inclusion of Mn was helpful in obtaining homogeneous deposits.","PeriodicalId":23268,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00202967.1998.11871189","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58740688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-01-01DOI: 10.1080/00202967.1998.11871191
M. Onoda, K. Shimizu, Yukio Tateishi, Tohru Watanabe
SummaryElectrodeposition of Ni-B group alloys was conducted using a rotary electrode. The changes in the amount of codeposited B and in the hydrogen content that arise from changes in plating conditions, and the resulting structural chnages in the films were examined The following results were obtained: 1. The films prepared using a cylindrical rotating electrode contain a larger amount of codeposited B compared to those prepared in a static bath.2. When the Ni-B amorphous alloy with a B content exceeding 25 at % is prepared using a rotary electrode, the film structure after heat treatment corresponds to the structures of the intermetallic compounds Ni3B and Ni2B in the thermal equilibrium diagram.3. Although the hydrogen content of Ni-B alloy films are influenced by the current density, they correlate most strongly with the amount of codeposited B.
{"title":"Preparation of Ni-B Amorphous Alloy Films by Electrodeposition Using a Rotating Electrode and Their Structural Changes","authors":"M. Onoda, K. Shimizu, Yukio Tateishi, Tohru Watanabe","doi":"10.1080/00202967.1998.11871191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00202967.1998.11871191","url":null,"abstract":"SummaryElectrodeposition of Ni-B group alloys was conducted using a rotary electrode. The changes in the amount of codeposited B and in the hydrogen content that arise from changes in plating conditions, and the resulting structural chnages in the films were examined The following results were obtained: 1. The films prepared using a cylindrical rotating electrode contain a larger amount of codeposited B compared to those prepared in a static bath.2. When the Ni-B amorphous alloy with a B content exceeding 25 at % is prepared using a rotary electrode, the film structure after heat treatment corresponds to the structures of the intermetallic compounds Ni3B and Ni2B in the thermal equilibrium diagram.3. Although the hydrogen content of Ni-B alloy films are influenced by the current density, they correlate most strongly with the amount of codeposited B.","PeriodicalId":23268,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Institute of Metal Finishing","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00202967.1998.11871191","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58740871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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