Although geoscience of natural hydrogen (H2), hydrogen-producing soil bacteria, and especially plant-based H2, has been observed, it is not clear whether or how above H2 resources influence root gravitropic responses. Here, pharmacological, genetic, molecular, and cell biological tools were applied to investigate how plant-based H2 coordinates gravity responses in Arabidopsis roots. Since roots show higher H2 production than shoots, exogenous H2 supply was used to mimic this function. After H2 supplementation, the asymmetric expression of the auxin-response reporter DR5 driven by auxin influx and efflux carriers, and thereafter positive root gravitropism were observed. These positive responses in root gravitropism were sensitive to auxin polar transport inhibitors, and importantly, the defective phenotypes observed in aux1-7, pin1, and pin2 mutants were not significantly altered by exogenous H2. The observed starch accumulation was matched with the reprogramming gene expression linked to starch synthesis and degradation. Transgenic plants expressing hydrogenase1 (CrHYD1) from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii not only displayed higher endogenous H2 concentrations, the inducible AUX1 gene expression and starch accumulation, but also showed pronounced root gravitropism. Collectively, above evidence preliminarily provides a framework for understanding the molecular basis of the possible functions of both plant/soil-based and nature H2 in root architecture.
{"title":"Molecular hydrogen positively influences root gravitropism involving auxin signaling and starch accumulation.","authors":"Yingying Zhang, Ziyu Liu, Huize Huang, Longna Li, Sheng Xu, Wenbiao Shen","doi":"10.1111/tpj.17151","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tpj.17151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although geoscience of natural hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>), hydrogen-producing soil bacteria, and especially plant-based H<sub>2</sub>, has been observed, it is not clear whether or how above H<sub>2</sub> resources influence root gravitropic responses. Here, pharmacological, genetic, molecular, and cell biological tools were applied to investigate how plant-based H<sub>2</sub> coordinates gravity responses in Arabidopsis roots. Since roots show higher H<sub>2</sub> production than shoots, exogenous H<sub>2</sub> supply was used to mimic this function. After H<sub>2</sub> supplementation, the asymmetric expression of the auxin-response reporter DR5 driven by auxin influx and efflux carriers, and thereafter positive root gravitropism were observed. These positive responses in root gravitropism were sensitive to auxin polar transport inhibitors, and importantly, the defective phenotypes observed in aux1-7, pin1, and pin2 mutants were not significantly altered by exogenous H<sub>2</sub>. The observed starch accumulation was matched with the reprogramming gene expression linked to starch synthesis and degradation. Transgenic plants expressing hydrogenase1 (CrHYD1) from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii not only displayed higher endogenous H<sub>2</sub> concentrations, the inducible AUX1 gene expression and starch accumulation, but also showed pronounced root gravitropism. Collectively, above evidence preliminarily provides a framework for understanding the molecular basis of the possible functions of both plant/soil-based and nature H<sub>2</sub> in root architecture.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142666289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haipeng Li, Jinggong Guo, Kun Li, Yuwen Gao, Hang Li, Lu Long, Zongyan Chu, Yubei Du, Xulong Zhao, Bing Zhao, Chen Lan, José Ramón Botella, Xuebin Zhang, Kun-Peng Jia, Yuchen Miao
Cotton stands as a pillar in the textile industry due to its superior natural fibers. Lignin, a complex polymer synthesized from phenylalanine and deposited in mature cotton fibers, is believed to be essential for fiber quality, although the precise effects remain largely unclear. In this study, we characterized two ubiquitously expressed cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases (CAD), GhCAD37A and GhCAD37D (GhCAD37A/D), in Gossypium hirsutum. GhCAD37A/D possess CAD enzymatic activities, to catalyze the generation of monolignol products during lignin biosynthesis. Analysis of transgenic cotton knockout and overexpressing plants revealed that GhCAD37A/D are important regulators of fiber quality, positively impacting breaking strength but negatively affecting fiber length and elongation percentage by modulating lignin biosynthesis in fiber cells. Moreover, GhCAD37A/D are shown to modulate anther vitality and affect stem lodging trait in cotton by influencing lignin biosynthesis in the vascular bundles of anther and stem, respectively. Additionally, our study revealed that Ghcad37A/D knockout plants displayed red stem xylem, likely due to the overaccumulation of aldehyde intermediates in the phenylpropanoid metabolism pathway, as indicated by metabolomics analysis. Thus, our work illustrates that GhCAD37A/D are two important enzymes of lignin biosynthesis in different cotton organs, influencing fiber quality, anther vitality, and stem lodging.
{"title":"Regulation of lignin biosynthesis by GhCAD37 affects fiber quality and anther vitality in upland cotton.","authors":"Haipeng Li, Jinggong Guo, Kun Li, Yuwen Gao, Hang Li, Lu Long, Zongyan Chu, Yubei Du, Xulong Zhao, Bing Zhao, Chen Lan, José Ramón Botella, Xuebin Zhang, Kun-Peng Jia, Yuchen Miao","doi":"10.1111/tpj.17149","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tpj.17149","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cotton stands as a pillar in the textile industry due to its superior natural fibers. Lignin, a complex polymer synthesized from phenylalanine and deposited in mature cotton fibers, is believed to be essential for fiber quality, although the precise effects remain largely unclear. In this study, we characterized two ubiquitously expressed cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases (CAD), GhCAD37A and GhCAD37D (GhCAD37A/D), in Gossypium hirsutum. GhCAD37A/D possess CAD enzymatic activities, to catalyze the generation of monolignol products during lignin biosynthesis. Analysis of transgenic cotton knockout and overexpressing plants revealed that GhCAD37A/D are important regulators of fiber quality, positively impacting breaking strength but negatively affecting fiber length and elongation percentage by modulating lignin biosynthesis in fiber cells. Moreover, GhCAD37A/D are shown to modulate anther vitality and affect stem lodging trait in cotton by influencing lignin biosynthesis in the vascular bundles of anther and stem, respectively. Additionally, our study revealed that Ghcad37A/D knockout plants displayed red stem xylem, likely due to the overaccumulation of aldehyde intermediates in the phenylpropanoid metabolism pathway, as indicated by metabolomics analysis. Thus, our work illustrates that GhCAD37A/D are two important enzymes of lignin biosynthesis in different cotton organs, influencing fiber quality, anther vitality, and stem lodging.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142666310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The drought-induced protein 19 (Di19) gene family encodes a Cys2/His2 zinc-finger protein implicated in responses to diverse plant stressors. To date, potential roles of these proteins as transcription factors remain largely elusive in maize. Here, we show that ZmDi19-7 gene exerts pivotal functions in regulation of plant height and organ growth by modulating the cell size in maize. ZmDi19-7 physically interacts with ubiquitin receptor protein ZmDAR1b, which is indispensable in ubiquitination of ZmDi19-7 and affects its protein stability. Further genetic analysis demonstrated that ZmDAR1b act in a common pathway with ZmDi19-7 to regulate cell size in maize. ZmDi19-7, severing as a transcriptional factor, is significantly enriched in conserved DiBS element in the promoter region of ZmHSP22, ZmHSP18c, ZmSAUR25, ZmSAUR55, ZmSAUR7 and ZmXTH23 and orchestrates the expression of these genes involving in auxin-mediated cell expansion and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, our findings demonstrate that ZmDi19-7 is an important newfound component of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in regulation of plant height and organ size in maize. These discoveries highlight potential targets for the genetic improvement of maize in the future.
{"title":"The C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>-type zinc finger transcription factor ZmDi19-7 regulates plant height and organ size by promoting cell size in maize.","authors":"Jinlei Dong, Zimeng Wang, Weina Si, Huan Xu, Zhen Zhang, Qiuyu Cao, Xinyuan Zhang, Hui Peng, Rongwei Mao, Haiyang Jiang, Beijiu Cheng, Xiaoyu Li, Longjiang Gu","doi":"10.1111/tpj.17139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.17139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The drought-induced protein 19 (Di19) gene family encodes a Cys2/His2 zinc-finger protein implicated in responses to diverse plant stressors. To date, potential roles of these proteins as transcription factors remain largely elusive in maize. Here, we show that ZmDi19-7 gene exerts pivotal functions in regulation of plant height and organ growth by modulating the cell size in maize. ZmDi19-7 physically interacts with ubiquitin receptor protein ZmDAR1b, which is indispensable in ubiquitination of ZmDi19-7 and affects its protein stability. Further genetic analysis demonstrated that ZmDAR1b act in a common pathway with ZmDi19-7 to regulate cell size in maize. ZmDi19-7, severing as a transcriptional factor, is significantly enriched in conserved DiBS element in the promoter region of ZmHSP22, ZmHSP18c, ZmSAUR25, ZmSAUR55, ZmSAUR7 and ZmXTH23 and orchestrates the expression of these genes involving in auxin-mediated cell expansion and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, our findings demonstrate that ZmDi19-7 is an important newfound component of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in regulation of plant height and organ size in maize. These discoveries highlight potential targets for the genetic improvement of maize in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142646506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenjing An, Mengjie Zhao, Lei Chen, Qiuxin Li, Longjiang Yu, Shuangyan Chen, Jinfang Ma, Xiaofeng Cao, Shuaibin Zhang, Wei Chi, Daili Ji
As a crucial forage grass, Leymus chinensis plays significant roles in soil and water conservation owing to its robust stress resistance. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of its stress tolerance remain unclear. In this study, a novel gene, designated as LcASR (Abiotic Stress Resistance in Leymus chinensis), imparting resilience to both high light and drought, was identified. Under normal growth conditions, heterologous overexpression of LcASR in Arabidopsis (HO lines) showed no significant difference in appearance compared to wild-type. Nevertheless, HO lines accumulate significantly higher chlorophyll content during the dark-to-light transition compared to the wild-type, indicating that the LcASR protein participates in chlorophyll synthesis during chloroplast development. Meanwhile, transgenic Arabidopsis and L. chinensis plants exhibited resistance to abiotic stresses such as high light and drought. Photosystem complexes analysis revealed that LHCII proteins remained stable within their respective complexes during high light stress. We hypothesize that LcASR may play a role in fine tuning of chlorophyll synthesis to enable plant adaptation to diverse stress conditions. Moreover, overexpression of LcASR in L. chinensis led to agronomically valuable traits such as deeper green color, higher biomass accumulation, prolonged withering period, and extended grazing durations. This study uncovers a novel gene in L. chinensis that enhances forage yield and provides valuable genetic resources for sheepgrass breeding.
{"title":"LcASR enhances tolerance to abiotic stress in Leymus chinensis and Arabidopsis thaliana by improving photosynthetic performance.","authors":"Wenjing An, Mengjie Zhao, Lei Chen, Qiuxin Li, Longjiang Yu, Shuangyan Chen, Jinfang Ma, Xiaofeng Cao, Shuaibin Zhang, Wei Chi, Daili Ji","doi":"10.1111/tpj.17144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.17144","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As a crucial forage grass, Leymus chinensis plays significant roles in soil and water conservation owing to its robust stress resistance. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of its stress tolerance remain unclear. In this study, a novel gene, designated as LcASR (Abiotic Stress Resistance in Leymus chinensis), imparting resilience to both high light and drought, was identified. Under normal growth conditions, heterologous overexpression of LcASR in Arabidopsis (HO lines) showed no significant difference in appearance compared to wild-type. Nevertheless, HO lines accumulate significantly higher chlorophyll content during the dark-to-light transition compared to the wild-type, indicating that the LcASR protein participates in chlorophyll synthesis during chloroplast development. Meanwhile, transgenic Arabidopsis and L. chinensis plants exhibited resistance to abiotic stresses such as high light and drought. Photosystem complexes analysis revealed that LHCII proteins remained stable within their respective complexes during high light stress. We hypothesize that LcASR may play a role in fine tuning of chlorophyll synthesis to enable plant adaptation to diverse stress conditions. Moreover, overexpression of LcASR in L. chinensis led to agronomically valuable traits such as deeper green color, higher biomass accumulation, prolonged withering period, and extended grazing durations. This study uncovers a novel gene in L. chinensis that enhances forage yield and provides valuable genetic resources for sheepgrass breeding.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142646504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luis F Ceriotti, Jessica M Warren, M Virginia Sanchez-Puerta, Daniel B Sloan
The function of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) depends on enzymes that cleave primary transcript ends, add a 3' CCA tail, introduce post-transcriptional base modifications, and charge (aminoacylate) mature tRNAs with the correct amino acid. Maintaining an available pool of the resulting aminoacylated tRNAs is essential for protein synthesis. High-throughput sequencing techniques have recently been developed to provide a comprehensive view of aminoacylation state in a tRNA-specific fashion. However, these methods have never been applied to plants. Here, we treated Arabidopsis thaliana RNA samples with periodate and then performed tRNA-seq to distinguish between aminoacylated and uncharged tRNAs. This approach successfully captured every tRNA isodecoder family and detected expression of additional tRNA-like transcripts. We found that estimated aminoacylation rates and CCA tail integrity were significantly higher on average for organellar (mitochondrial and plastid) tRNAs than for nuclear/cytosolic tRNAs. Reanalysis of previously published human cell line data showed a similar pattern. Base modifications result in nucleotide misincorporations and truncations during reverse transcription, which we quantified and used to test for relationships with aminoacylation levels. We also determined that the Arabidopsis tRNA-like sequences (t-elements) that are cleaved from the ends of some mitochondrial messenger RNAs have post-transcriptionally modified bases and CCA-tail addition. However, these t-elements are not aminoacylated, indicating that they are only recognized by a subset of tRNA-interacting enzymes and do not play a role in translation. Overall, this work provides a characterization of the baseline landscape of plant tRNA aminoacylation rates and demonstrates an approach for investigating environmental and genetic perturbations to plant translation machinery.
{"title":"The landscape of Arabidopsis tRNA aminoacylation.","authors":"Luis F Ceriotti, Jessica M Warren, M Virginia Sanchez-Puerta, Daniel B Sloan","doi":"10.1111/tpj.17146","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tpj.17146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The function of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) depends on enzymes that cleave primary transcript ends, add a 3' CCA tail, introduce post-transcriptional base modifications, and charge (aminoacylate) mature tRNAs with the correct amino acid. Maintaining an available pool of the resulting aminoacylated tRNAs is essential for protein synthesis. High-throughput sequencing techniques have recently been developed to provide a comprehensive view of aminoacylation state in a tRNA-specific fashion. However, these methods have never been applied to plants. Here, we treated Arabidopsis thaliana RNA samples with periodate and then performed tRNA-seq to distinguish between aminoacylated and uncharged tRNAs. This approach successfully captured every tRNA isodecoder family and detected expression of additional tRNA-like transcripts. We found that estimated aminoacylation rates and CCA tail integrity were significantly higher on average for organellar (mitochondrial and plastid) tRNAs than for nuclear/cytosolic tRNAs. Reanalysis of previously published human cell line data showed a similar pattern. Base modifications result in nucleotide misincorporations and truncations during reverse transcription, which we quantified and used to test for relationships with aminoacylation levels. We also determined that the Arabidopsis tRNA-like sequences (t-elements) that are cleaved from the ends of some mitochondrial messenger RNAs have post-transcriptionally modified bases and CCA-tail addition. However, these t-elements are not aminoacylated, indicating that they are only recognized by a subset of tRNA-interacting enzymes and do not play a role in translation. Overall, this work provides a characterization of the baseline landscape of plant tRNA aminoacylation rates and demonstrates an approach for investigating environmental and genetic perturbations to plant translation machinery.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142646036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>The domestication of wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>), which began approximately 10 000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent, was a pivotal event in the first agricultural revolution. It marked the shift from a hunter–gatherer lifestyle to one of settlement and agriculture. A key milestone in this process was the domestication of wild emmer wheat, which gave rise to cultivated tetraploid durum wheat and represents an important stepping stone towards modern bread wheat, which emerged 1500–2000 years later and is the most widely grown type of wheat today (Haas et al., <span>2019</span>). Domestication brought about substantial changes in wheat's morphology and development, including altered flowering time, larger grains, increased yield, reduced seed dormancy and the elimination of seed shattering.</p><p>Changes brought about by domestication are not restricted to the crop but also affect organisms interacting with it. Microorganisms living on and within the plant, collectively referred to as the plant's microbiome, play a crucial role in plant fitness, influencing growth, resistance and resilience throughout the plant's life cycle. Roots are a major interface between plants and soil microbes, with many microbes living as endophytes within the roots or colonising the surrounding soil (rhizosphere). Host plants release exudates to attract beneficial rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria, and the composition of these exudates shapes the root microbiome (Hu et al., <span>2018</span>). While several studies found that domestication reduced the diversity of rhizospheric microbes (e.g. Pérez-Jaramillo et al., <span>2016</span>), little research has explored how domestication affected the diversity of endophytes.</p><p>Hong Yue, corresponding author of the highlighted study, originally worked on plant resistance genes during her PhD, but gradually shifted her research focus towards plant–microbe interactions. Using metagenomics and metabolomics, Yue demonstrated that wild wheat varieties harbour a higher functional diversity in their rhizosphere microbiome than do domesticated cultivars (Yue et al., <span>2023</span>). Building on this work, undergraduate student Lixin Deng, under Yue's supervision, investigated the effects of domestication on wheat's endophytic bacterial community. For their studies, Deng chose three wild emmer accessions and three domesticated elite cultivars from a germplasm collection assembled by principal investigator Weining Song. These accessions, which represent six distinct branches of the wheat phylogenetic tree, had been grown at the Caoxingzhuang Agricultural Ecosystem Experimental Station of Northwest A&F University for 8 years prior to Deng's study, suggesting that any differences detected can be attributed to genetic variation rather than differences in origin.</p><p>To determine the composition of the endophytic microbiomes, DNA was extracted from the roots of mature wheat plants grown in the same soil and bacterial ta
{"title":"Lost in domestication: Has modern wheat left its microbial allies behind?","authors":"Martin Balcerowicz","doi":"10.1111/tpj.17137","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tpj.17137","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The domestication of wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>), which began approximately 10 000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent, was a pivotal event in the first agricultural revolution. It marked the shift from a hunter–gatherer lifestyle to one of settlement and agriculture. A key milestone in this process was the domestication of wild emmer wheat, which gave rise to cultivated tetraploid durum wheat and represents an important stepping stone towards modern bread wheat, which emerged 1500–2000 years later and is the most widely grown type of wheat today (Haas et al., <span>2019</span>). Domestication brought about substantial changes in wheat's morphology and development, including altered flowering time, larger grains, increased yield, reduced seed dormancy and the elimination of seed shattering.</p><p>Changes brought about by domestication are not restricted to the crop but also affect organisms interacting with it. Microorganisms living on and within the plant, collectively referred to as the plant's microbiome, play a crucial role in plant fitness, influencing growth, resistance and resilience throughout the plant's life cycle. Roots are a major interface between plants and soil microbes, with many microbes living as endophytes within the roots or colonising the surrounding soil (rhizosphere). Host plants release exudates to attract beneficial rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria, and the composition of these exudates shapes the root microbiome (Hu et al., <span>2018</span>). While several studies found that domestication reduced the diversity of rhizospheric microbes (e.g. Pérez-Jaramillo et al., <span>2016</span>), little research has explored how domestication affected the diversity of endophytes.</p><p>Hong Yue, corresponding author of the highlighted study, originally worked on plant resistance genes during her PhD, but gradually shifted her research focus towards plant–microbe interactions. Using metagenomics and metabolomics, Yue demonstrated that wild wheat varieties harbour a higher functional diversity in their rhizosphere microbiome than do domesticated cultivars (Yue et al., <span>2023</span>). Building on this work, undergraduate student Lixin Deng, under Yue's supervision, investigated the effects of domestication on wheat's endophytic bacterial community. For their studies, Deng chose three wild emmer accessions and three domesticated elite cultivars from a germplasm collection assembled by principal investigator Weining Song. These accessions, which represent six distinct branches of the wheat phylogenetic tree, had been grown at the Caoxingzhuang Agricultural Ecosystem Experimental Station of Northwest A&F University for 8 years prior to Deng's study, suggesting that any differences detected can be attributed to genetic variation rather than differences in origin.</p><p>To determine the composition of the endophytic microbiomes, DNA was extracted from the roots of mature wheat plants grown in the same soil and bacterial ta","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":"120 4","pages":"1261-1262"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tpj.17137","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142646037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James A Birchler, Jacob Kelly, Jasnoor Singh, Hua Liu, Zhengzhi Zhang, Si Nian Char, Malika Sharma, Hua Yang, Patrice S Albert, Bing Yang
The status of engineered mini-chromosomes/artificial chromosomes/synthetic chromosomes in plants is summarized. Their promise is that they provide a means to accumulate foreign genes on an independent entity other than the normal chromosomes, which would facilitate stacking of novel traits in a way that would not be linked to endogenous genes and that would facilitate transfer between lines. Centromeres in plants are epigenetic, and therefore the isolation of DNA underlying centromeres and reintroduction into plant cells will not establish a functional kinetochore, which obviates this approach for in vitro assembly of plant artificial chromosomes. This issue was bypassed by using telomere-mediated chromosomal truncation to produce mini-chromosomes with little more than an endogenous centromere that could in turn be used as a foundation to build synthetic chromosomes. Site-specific recombinases and various iterations of CRISPR-Cas9 editing provide many tools for the development and re-engineering of synthetic chromosomes.
概述了植物中工程小染色体/人造染色体/合成染色体的现状。它们的前景在于提供了一种在正常染色体之外的独立实体上积累外来基因的方法,这将有助于以一种与内源基因无关的方式堆叠新的性状,并有助于品系间的转移。植物的中心粒是表观遗传的,因此分离中心粒下层的 DNA 并将其重新导入植物细胞不会建立功能性动核,这就使体外组装植物人工染色体的方法失去了意义。利用端粒介导的染色体截短技术可以绕过这个问题,产生的迷你染色体只具有一个内源中心粒,而这个内源中心粒又可以作为构建合成染色体的基础。位点特异性重组酶和 CRISPR-Cas9 编辑的各种迭代为合成染色体的开发和再造提供了许多工具。
{"title":"Synthetic minichromosomes in plants: past, present, and promise.","authors":"James A Birchler, Jacob Kelly, Jasnoor Singh, Hua Liu, Zhengzhi Zhang, Si Nian Char, Malika Sharma, Hua Yang, Patrice S Albert, Bing Yang","doi":"10.1111/tpj.17142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.17142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The status of engineered mini-chromosomes/artificial chromosomes/synthetic chromosomes in plants is summarized. Their promise is that they provide a means to accumulate foreign genes on an independent entity other than the normal chromosomes, which would facilitate stacking of novel traits in a way that would not be linked to endogenous genes and that would facilitate transfer between lines. Centromeres in plants are epigenetic, and therefore the isolation of DNA underlying centromeres and reintroduction into plant cells will not establish a functional kinetochore, which obviates this approach for in vitro assembly of plant artificial chromosomes. This issue was bypassed by using telomere-mediated chromosomal truncation to produce mini-chromosomes with little more than an endogenous centromere that could in turn be used as a foundation to build synthetic chromosomes. Site-specific recombinases and various iterations of CRISPR-Cas9 editing provide many tools for the development and re-engineering of synthetic chromosomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142637975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plants acquire phosphorus (P) primarily as inorganic phosphate (Pi) from the soil. Under Pi deficiency, plants induce an array of physiological and morphological responses, termed phosphate starvation response (PSR), thereby increasing Pi acquisition and use efficiency. However, the mechanisms by which plants adapt to Pi deficiency remain to be elucidated. Here, we report that deposition of a β-1,3-glucan polymer called callose is induced in Arabidopsis thaliana root hairs under Pi deficiency, in a manner independent of PSR-regulating PHR1/PHL1 transcription factors and LPR1/LPR2 ferroxidases. Genetic studies revealed PMR4 (GSL5) callose synthase being required for the callose deposition in Pi-depleted root hairs. Loss of PMR4 also reduces Pi acquisition in shoots and plant growth under low Pi conditions. The defects are not recovered by simultaneous disruption of SID2, mediating defense-associated salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis, excluding SA defense activation from the cause of the observed pmr4 phenotypes. Grafting experiments and characterization of plants expressing PMR4 specifically in root hair cells suggest that a PMR4 pool in the cell type contributes to shoot growth under Pi deficiency. Our findings thus suggest an important role for PMR4 in plant adaptation to Pi deficiency.
植物主要以无机磷酸盐(Pi)的形式从土壤中获取磷(P)。在缺磷情况下,植物会产生一系列生理和形态反应,即磷酸盐饥饿反应(PSR),从而提高磷的获取和利用效率。然而,植物适应π缺乏的机制仍有待阐明。在此,我们报告了拟南芥根毛在 Pi 缺乏条件下被诱导沉积一种称为 Callose 的 β-1,3-葡聚糖聚合物,其沉积方式与 PSR 调节 PHR1/PHL1 转录因子和 LPR1/LPR2 铁氧化酶无关。遗传研究发现,PMR4(GSL5)胼胝质合成酶是π缺乏根毛中胼胝质沉积所必需的。PMR4 的缺失也会降低芽中 Pi 的获取以及低 Pi 条件下的植物生长。同时破坏 SID2(介导与防御相关的水杨酸(SA)生物合成)也不会恢复这些缺陷,这就排除了导致观察到的 pmr4 表型的 SA 防御激活的原因。根毛细胞中特异表达 PMR4 的植株的嫁接实验和特征描述表明,细胞类型中的 PMR4 池有助于π缺乏下的芽生长。因此,我们的研究结果表明 PMR4 在植物适应π缺乏的过程中发挥着重要作用。
{"title":"Defense-related callose synthase PMR4 promotes root hair callose deposition and adaptation to phosphate deficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana.","authors":"Kentaro Okada, Koei Yachi, Tan Anh Nhi Nguyen, Satomi Kanno, Shigetaka Yasuda, Haruna Tadai, Chika Tateda, Tae-Hong Lee, Uyen Nguyen, Kanako Inoue, Natsuki Tsuchida, Taiga Ishihara, Shunsuke Miyashima, Kei Hiruma, Kyoko Miwa, Takaki Maekawa, Michitaka Notaguchi, Yusuke Saijo","doi":"10.1111/tpj.17134","DOIUrl":"10.1111/tpj.17134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plants acquire phosphorus (P) primarily as inorganic phosphate (Pi) from the soil. Under Pi deficiency, plants induce an array of physiological and morphological responses, termed phosphate starvation response (PSR), thereby increasing Pi acquisition and use efficiency. However, the mechanisms by which plants adapt to Pi deficiency remain to be elucidated. Here, we report that deposition of a β-1,3-glucan polymer called callose is induced in Arabidopsis thaliana root hairs under Pi deficiency, in a manner independent of PSR-regulating PHR1/PHL1 transcription factors and LPR1/LPR2 ferroxidases. Genetic studies revealed PMR4 (GSL5) callose synthase being required for the callose deposition in Pi-depleted root hairs. Loss of PMR4 also reduces Pi acquisition in shoots and plant growth under low Pi conditions. The defects are not recovered by simultaneous disruption of SID2, mediating defense-associated salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis, excluding SA defense activation from the cause of the observed pmr4 phenotypes. Grafting experiments and characterization of plants expressing PMR4 specifically in root hair cells suggest that a PMR4 pool in the cell type contributes to shoot growth under Pi deficiency. Our findings thus suggest an important role for PMR4 in plant adaptation to Pi deficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142613265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Md Mazharul Islam, Bikram S Gill, Jenna M Malone, Christopher Preston, Mithila Jugulam
As a result of extensive selection, two polyploid grass weeds, Hordeum glaucum (northern barley grass; 2n = 4x = 28) and Bromus diandrus (ripgut brome; 2n = 8x = 56), have evolved resistance to glyphosate, in Australia. Previous research suggested amplification of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-Phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene confers resistance in these two weed species. The objective of this research was to investigate the genomic organization of the EPSPS gene in these two species through molecular cytogenetic analyses of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to understand possible mechanism of amplification of this gene. EPSPS copy number of H. glaucum and B. diandrus plants was estimated via quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The susceptible plants of both species had one copy of EPSPS, whereas the resistant plants of H. glaucum and B. diandrus had 14-17 and 16-32 copies, respectively. FISH analysis of glyphosate-susceptible (Hg-RWS) H. glaucum, revealed four faint signals of the EPSPS gene in two pairs of homologous chromosomes, at the telomeric region. The glyphosate-resistant H. glaucum (Hg-YP1) also showed amplification of EPSPS gene at telomeric regions in two pairs of homologous chromosomes, but the signals were brighter and appeared as cluster of EPSPS genes. Similarly, the glyphosate-susceptible B. diandrus (Bd-S) plants showed faint signals of EPSPS gene on two homologous chromosomes, at the telomeric position. However, samples of two glyphosate-resistant, B. diandrus, Bd-SA988 and Bd-Vic showed much brighter hybridization signals of EPSPS gene, located at the telomere on two homologous chromosomes, suggesting an increase in EPSPS gene copies at this position. Overall, unequal crossover during meiosis may have triggered the initial EPSPS gene duplication sparking the evolution of glyphosate resistance.
经过广泛的选择,澳大利亚的两种多倍体禾本科杂草 Hordeum glaucum(北方大麦草;2n = 4x = 28)和 Bromus diandrus(ripgut brome;2n = 8x = 56)对草甘膦产生了抗性。先前的研究表明,5-烯醇丙酮酰石蒜碱-3-磷酸合成酶(EPSPS)基因的扩增赋予了这两种杂草抗性。本研究的目的是通过荧光原位杂交(FISH)的分子细胞遗传学分析,研究这两种杂草中 EPSPS 基因的基因组组织,以了解该基因扩增的可能机制。通过定量聚合酶链式反应估算了 H. glaucum 和 B. diandrus 植物的 EPSPS 拷贝数。两个物种的易感植株都有一个 EPSPS 拷贝,而 H. glaucum 和 B. diandrus 的抗性植株分别有 14-17 和 16-32 个拷贝。对草甘膦易感植物(Hg-RWS)H. glaucum 的 FISH 分析显示,在两对同源染色体的端粒区有四个 EPSPS 基因的微弱信号。抗草甘膦的 H. glaucum(Hg-YP1)也在两对同源染色体的端粒区出现了 EPSPS 基因的扩增,但信号更亮,表现为 EPSPS 基因簇。同样,对草甘膦敏感的 B. diandrus(Bd-S)植株也在两条同源染色体的端粒位置出现了微弱的 EPSPS 基因信号。然而,两种草甘膦抗性 B. diandrus(Bd-SA988 和 Bd-Vic)的样本显示,位于两条同源染色体端粒位置的 EPSPS 基因杂交信号要明亮得多,这表明该位置的 EPSPS 基因拷贝有所增加。总之,减数分裂过程中的不等交叉可能引发了最初的 EPSPS 基因复制,引发了草甘膦抗性的进化。
{"title":"Cytogenetic characterization of EPSPS gene amplification in glyphosate-resistant Hordeum glaucum and Bromus diandrus from Australia.","authors":"Md Mazharul Islam, Bikram S Gill, Jenna M Malone, Christopher Preston, Mithila Jugulam","doi":"10.1111/tpj.17128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.17128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As a result of extensive selection, two polyploid grass weeds, Hordeum glaucum (northern barley grass; 2n = 4x = 28) and Bromus diandrus (ripgut brome; 2n = 8x = 56), have evolved resistance to glyphosate, in Australia. Previous research suggested amplification of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-Phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene confers resistance in these two weed species. The objective of this research was to investigate the genomic organization of the EPSPS gene in these two species through molecular cytogenetic analyses of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to understand possible mechanism of amplification of this gene. EPSPS copy number of H. glaucum and B. diandrus plants was estimated via quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The susceptible plants of both species had one copy of EPSPS, whereas the resistant plants of H. glaucum and B. diandrus had 14-17 and 16-32 copies, respectively. FISH analysis of glyphosate-susceptible (Hg-RWS) H. glaucum, revealed four faint signals of the EPSPS gene in two pairs of homologous chromosomes, at the telomeric region. The glyphosate-resistant H. glaucum (Hg-YP1) also showed amplification of EPSPS gene at telomeric regions in two pairs of homologous chromosomes, but the signals were brighter and appeared as cluster of EPSPS genes. Similarly, the glyphosate-susceptible B. diandrus (Bd-S) plants showed faint signals of EPSPS gene on two homologous chromosomes, at the telomeric position. However, samples of two glyphosate-resistant, B. diandrus, Bd-SA988 and Bd-Vic showed much brighter hybridization signals of EPSPS gene, located at the telomere on two homologous chromosomes, suggesting an increase in EPSPS gene copies at this position. Overall, unequal crossover during meiosis may have triggered the initial EPSPS gene duplication sparking the evolution of glyphosate resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142613264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lesion-mimic mutants (LMMs) serve as valuable resources for uncovering the molecular mechanisms that govern programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. Despite extensive research, the regulatory mechanisms of PCD and lesion formation in various LMMs remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we identified a rice LMM named early leaf lesion and senescence 1 (els1), cloned the causal gene through map-based cloning, and confirmed its function through complementation. ELS1 encodes an anthranilate synthase α-subunit involved in anthranilate biosynthesis. It is predominantly localized in chloroplasts and is primarily expressed in light-exposed tissues. Mutation of ELS1 triggers upregulation of its homologous gene, ASA1, via a genetic compensation response, leading to the activation of the tryptophan (Trp) synthesis pathway and amino acid metabolism. The accumulation of abnormal Trp-derived intermediate metabolites results in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and abnormal PCD in the els1 mutant, ultimately causing the leaf lesion phenotype. The els1 mutant also exhibits reduced chlorophyll content, upregulation of genes related to chloroplast degradation and leaf senescence, and decreased activity of photosynthetic proteins, indicating that ELS1 plays a role in chloroplast development. These factors collectively contribute to the premature leaf senescence observed in the els1 mutant. Our findings shed light on the role of ELS1 in regulating ROS accumulation and PCD in rice, providing further genetic insights into the molecular mechanisms governing leaf lesions and senescence.
{"title":"Mutation of rice EARLY LEAF LESION AND SENESCENCE 1 (ELS1), which encodes an anthranilate synthase α-subunit, induces ROS accumulation and cell death through activating the tryptophan synthesis pathway in rice.","authors":"Wenhao Li, Weimin Cheng, Hongrui Jiang, Cheng Fang, Lingling Peng, Liangzhi Tao, Yue Zhan, Xianzhong Huang, Bojun Ma, Xifeng Chen, Yuejin Wu, Binmei Liu, Xiangdong Fu, Kun Wu, Yafeng Ye","doi":"10.1111/tpj.17141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.17141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lesion-mimic mutants (LMMs) serve as valuable resources for uncovering the molecular mechanisms that govern programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. Despite extensive research, the regulatory mechanisms of PCD and lesion formation in various LMMs remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we identified a rice LMM named early leaf lesion and senescence 1 (els1), cloned the causal gene through map-based cloning, and confirmed its function through complementation. ELS1 encodes an anthranilate synthase α-subunit involved in anthranilate biosynthesis. It is predominantly localized in chloroplasts and is primarily expressed in light-exposed tissues. Mutation of ELS1 triggers upregulation of its homologous gene, ASA1, via a genetic compensation response, leading to the activation of the tryptophan (Trp) synthesis pathway and amino acid metabolism. The accumulation of abnormal Trp-derived intermediate metabolites results in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and abnormal PCD in the els1 mutant, ultimately causing the leaf lesion phenotype. The els1 mutant also exhibits reduced chlorophyll content, upregulation of genes related to chloroplast degradation and leaf senescence, and decreased activity of photosynthetic proteins, indicating that ELS1 plays a role in chloroplast development. These factors collectively contribute to the premature leaf senescence observed in the els1 mutant. Our findings shed light on the role of ELS1 in regulating ROS accumulation and PCD in rice, providing further genetic insights into the molecular mechanisms governing leaf lesions and senescence.</p>","PeriodicalId":233,"journal":{"name":"The Plant Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142613276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}