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Decrease in purifying selection pressures on wheat homoeologous genes: tetraploidization versus hexaploidization 小麦同源基因纯化选择压力的降低:四倍体化与六倍化。
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17047
Akihiro Ezoe, Daisuke Todaka, Yoshinori Utsumi, Satoshi Takahashi, Kanako Kawaura, Motoaki Seki

A series of polyploidizations in higher-order polyploids is the main event affecting gene content in a genome. Each polyploidization event can lead to massive functional divergence because of the subsequent decrease in selection pressure on duplicated genes; however, the causal relationship between multiple rounds of polyploidization and the functional divergence of duplicated genes is poorly understood. We focused on the TriticumAegilops complex lineage and compared selection pressure before and after tetraploidization and hexaploidization events. Although both events led to decreased selection pressure on homoeologous gene pairs (compared with diploids and tetraploids), the initial tetraploidization had a greater impact on selection pressure on homoeologous gene pairs than did subsequent hexaploidization. Consistent with this, selection pressure on expression patterns for the initial event relaxed more than those for the subsequent event. Surprisingly, the decreased selection pressure on these homoeologous genes was independent of the existence of in-paralogs within the same subgenome. Wheat homoeologous pairs had different evolutionary consequences compared with orthologs related to other mechanisms (ancient allopolyploidization, ancient autopolyploidization, and small-scale duplication). Furthermore, tetraploidization and hexaploidization also seemed to have different evolutionary consequences. This suggests that homoeologous genes retain unique functions, including functions that are unlikely to be preserved in genes generated by the other duplication mechanisms. We found that their unique functions differed between tetraploidization and hexaploidization (e.g., reproductive and chromosome segregation processes). These findings imply that the substantial number of gene pairs resulting from multiple allopolyploidization events, especially initial tetraploidization, may have been a unique source of functional divergence.

高阶多倍体的一系列多倍体化是影响基因组中基因含量的主要事件。由于重复基因的选择压力随之降低,每次多倍体化都可能导致大规模的功能分化;然而,人们对多轮多倍体化与重复基因功能分化之间的因果关系知之甚少。我们重点研究了Triticum-Aegilops复合品系,并比较了四倍体化和六倍化前后的选择压力。虽然这两个事件都导致同源基因对的选择压力下降(与二倍体和四倍体相比),但最初的四倍体化对同源基因对选择压力的影响要大于随后的六倍化。与此相一致的是,初始事件对表达模式的选择压力比后续事件的选择压力更宽松。令人惊讶的是,这些同源基因选择压力的降低与同一亚基因组中是否存在内同源基因无关。小麦同源基因对与其他机制(古代异源多倍体化、古代自源多倍体化和小规模复制)相关的直向同源基因相比,具有不同的进化后果。此外,四倍体化和六倍化似乎也有不同的进化后果。这表明同源基因保留了独特的功能,包括其他复制机制产生的基因不太可能保留的功能。我们发现,它们的独特功能在四倍体化和六倍化过程中有所不同(如生殖和染色体分离过程)。这些发现意味着,由多次异源多倍体化(尤其是最初的四倍体化)产生的大量基因对可能是功能分化的独特来源。
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引用次数: 0
Transcriptome dynamics in developing leaves from C3 and C4 Flaveria species. C3 和 C4 花叶植物发育中叶片的转录组动态。
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17059
Kumari Billakurthi, Thomas J Wrobel, Udo Gowik, Andrea Bräutigam, Andreas P M Weber, Peter Westhoff

C4 species have evolved more than 60 times independently from C3 ancestors. This multiple and parallel evolution of the complex C4 trait suggests common underlying evolutionary mechanisms, which could be identified by comparative analysis of closely related C3 and C4 species. Efficient C4 function depends on a distinctive leaf anatomy that is characterised by enlarged, chloroplast-rich bundle sheath cells and narrow vein spacing. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms that generate the Kranz anatomy, we analysed a developmental series of leaves from the C4 plant Flaveria bidentis and the closely related C3 species Flaveria robusta by comparing anatomies and transcriptomes. Vascular density measurements of all nine leaf developmental stages identified three leaf anatomical zones whose proportions vary with respect to the developmental stage. We then deconvoluted the transcriptome datasets using non-negative matrix factorisation, which identified four distinct transcriptome patterns in the growing leaves of both species. By integrating the leaf anatomy and transcriptome data, we were able to correlate the different transcriptional profiles with different developmental zones in the leaves. These comparisons revealed an important role for auxin metabolism, in particular auxin homeostasis (conjugation and deconjugation), in establishing the high vein density typical of C4 species.

C4 物种从 C3 祖先独立进化了 60 多次。复杂的 C4 性状的多次平行进化表明存在共同的基本进化机制,可以通过对亲缘关系较近的 C3 和 C4 物种进行比较分析来确定。高效的 C4 功能取决于独特的叶片解剖结构,其特点是叶鞘细胞增大、叶绿体丰富和叶脉间距狭窄。为了阐明产生克兰兹解剖结构的分子机制,我们通过比较解剖结构和转录组,分析了来自 C4 植物 Flaveria bidentis 和近缘 C3 植物 Flaveria robusta 的一系列发育叶片。对所有九个叶片发育阶段进行的维管密度测量确定了三个叶片解剖区,其比例随发育阶段而变化。然后,我们使用非负矩阵因式分解法对转录组数据集进行了分卷,在这两个物种的生长叶片中发现了四种不同的转录组模式。通过整合叶片解剖和转录组数据,我们能够将不同的转录特征与叶片的不同发育区联系起来。这些比较揭示了辅助素代谢,特别是辅助素平衡(共轭和解共轭)在建立 C4 物种典型的高叶脉密度中的重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Genome-based discovery of pachysiphine synthases in Tabernaemontana elegans. 基于基因组发现蛛形纲中的茯苓碱合成酶。
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17085
Enzo Lezin, Mickael Durand, Caroline Birer Williams, Ana Luisa Lopez Vazquez, Thomas Perrot, Nicolas Gautron, Julien Pétrignet, Clément Cuello, Hans J Jansen, Florent Magot, Sarah Szwarc, Pierre Le Pogam, Mehdi A Beniddir, Konstantinos Koudounas, Audrey Oudin, Benoit St-Pierre, Nathalie Giglioli-Guivarc'h, Chao Sun, Nicolas Papon, Michael Krogh Jensen, Ron P Dirks, Sarah E O'Connor, Sébastien Besseau, Vincent Courdavault

Plant-specialized metabolism represents an inexhaustible source of active molecules, some of which have been used in human health for decades. Among these, monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) include a wide range of valuable compounds with anticancer, antihypertensive, or neuroactive properties. This is particularly the case for the pachysiphine derivatives which show interesting antitumor and anti-Alzheimer activities but accumulate at very low levels in several Tabernaemontana species. Unfortunately, genome data in Tabernaemontanaceae are lacking and knowledge on the biogenesis of pachysiphine-related MIAs in planta remains scarce, limiting the prospects for the biotechnological supply of many pachysiphine-derived biopharmaceuticals. Here, we report a raw version of the toad tree (Tabernaemontana elegans) genome sequence. These new genomic resources led to the identification and characterization of a couple of genes encoding cytochrome P450 with pachysiphine synthase activity. Our phylogenomic and docking analyses highlight the different evolutionary processes that have been recruited to epoxidize the pachysiphine precursor tabersonine at a specific position and in a dedicated orientation, thus enriching our understanding of the diversification and speciation of the MIA metabolism in plants. These gene discoveries also allowed us to engineer the synthesis of MIAs in yeast through the combinatorial association of metabolic enzymes resulting in the tailor-made synthesis of non-natural MIAs. Overall, this work represents a step forward for the future supply of pachysiphine-derived drugs by microbial cell factories.

植物特有的新陈代谢是活性分子取之不尽用之不竭的源泉,其中一些活性分子几十年来一直被用于人类健康。其中,单萜吲哚生物碱(MIAs)包括多种具有抗癌、降压或神经活性的珍贵化合物。尤其是茯苓碱衍生物,它显示出有趣的抗肿瘤和抗阿尔茨海默氏症活性,但在几种 Tabernaemontana 树种中的积累水平非常低。遗憾的是,塔伯纳蒙坦科(Tabernaemontanaceae)中缺乏基因组数据,植物体内茯苓碱相关 MIAs 的生物生成知识仍然匮乏,这限制了许多茯苓碱衍生生物制药的生物技术供应前景。在此,我们报告了蟾蜍树(Tabernaemontana elegans)基因组序列的原始版本。通过这些新的基因组资源,我们发现了几个编码具有酚酞合成酶活性的细胞色素 P450 的基因,并确定了它们的特征。我们的系统发生组和对接分析突出显示了不同的进化过程,这些进化过程在特定的位置和专门的方向上将茯苓碱前体塔巴索宁环氧化,从而丰富了我们对植物中 MIA 代谢的多样化和物种化的理解。这些基因的发现还使我们能够通过代谢酶的组合联合,在酵母中设计合成 MIAs,从而定制合成非天然 MIAs。总之,这项工作代表着未来通过微生物细胞工厂供应茯苓碱衍生药物向前迈进了一步。
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引用次数: 0
Competitive control of CsNCED1-1 by CsLOB1 and CsbZIP40 triggers susceptibility to citrus canker. CsLOB1 和 CsbZIP40 对 CsNCED1-1 的竞争性控制会引发对柑橘腐烂病的易感性。
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17075
Qin Long, Lehuan Zhang, Tianxiang Zhu, Shuyang Zhao, Changyu Zou, Lanzhen Xu, Yongrui He, Shanchun Chen, Xiuping Zou

Pustule formation is pivotal for the development of the Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc)-induced citrus canker disease (CCD). Although our previous study demonstrated that the exogenous application of abscisic acid (ABA) facilitated pustule formation induced by Xcc, the precise mechanism remains elusive. The 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) is a crucial enzyme in ABA biosynthesis. This study explored the role of citrus CsNCED1-1 in CCD resistance through overexpression and RNA interference of CsNCED1-1 in Wanjincheng orange (Citrus sinensis). Our findings indicated that CsNCED1-1 negatively modulated CCD resistance by fostering ABA accumulation, concomitant with an increase in jasmonic acid (JA) and a decrease in salicylic acid (SA). Plants overexpressing CsNCED1-1 displayed shortened leaves with smaller and denser stomata along with irregular and increased palisade cells. CsLOB1 is a known susceptibility gene for CCD, and CsbZIP40 positively influences resistance to this disease. We further confirmed that CsLOB1 promoted and CsbZIP40 suppressed the transcription of CsNCED1-1 by directly binding to the CsNCED1-1 promoter. Notably, CsbZIP40 and CsLOB1 showed a competitive relationship in the regulation of CsNCED1-1 expression, with CsbZIP40 exhibiting greater competitiveness. Overall, our findings highlight that CsNCED1-1 promotes susceptibility to citrus canker by disrupting JA- and SA-mediated defense mechanisms and triggering the proliferation and remodeling of palisade cells, thereby facilitating pathogen colonization and pustule formation. This study offers novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying citrus canker resistance and the role of CsNCED1-1 in citrus.

脓疱的形成对黄单胞菌柠檬亚种(Xcc)诱导的柑橘腐烂病(CCD)的发展至关重要。尽管我们之前的研究表明,外源施用脱落酸(ABA)可促进 Xcc 诱导的脓疱形成,但其确切机制仍不清楚。9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase(NCED)是 ABA 生物合成过程中的一个关键酶。本研究通过过表达和 RNA 干扰万锦城橙(Citrus sinensis)中的 CsNCED1-1,探讨了柑橘 CsNCED1-1 在 CCD 抗性中的作用。我们的研究结果表明,CsNCED1-1 通过促进 ABA 积累,同时增加茉莉酸(JA)和减少水杨酸(SA),对 CCD 抗性产生负向调节作用。过量表达 CsNCED1-1 的植物叶片变短,气孔变小变密,栅栏细胞不规则且增多。CsLOB1 是已知的 CCD 易感基因,而 CsbZIP40 对该病的抗性有积极影响。我们进一步证实,CsLOB1 通过直接与 CsNCED1-1 启动子结合,促进了 CsNCED1-1 的转录,而 CsbZIP40 则抑制了 CsNCED1-1 的转录。值得注意的是,CsbZIP40和CsLOB1在调控CsNCED1-1表达的过程中表现出竞争关系,其中CsbZIP40表现出更强的竞争性。总之,我们的研究结果表明,CsNCED1-1 通过破坏 JA 和 SA 介导的防御机制,引发栅栏细胞的增殖和重塑,从而促进病原体的定植和脓疱的形成,从而提高柑橘腐烂病的易感性。这项研究为柑橘腐烂病抗性的调控机制以及 CsNCED1-1 在柑橘中的作用提供了新的见解。
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引用次数: 0
UBC18 E2 conjugating enzyme depends on SINAT1 E3 ligase to destabilize the ESCRT component FREE1 in plant iron deficiency responses. 在植物缺铁反应中,UBC18 E2 连接酶依赖 SINAT1 E3 连接酶来破坏 ESCRT 成分 FREE1 的稳定性。
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17077
Chuanliang Liu, Tianrui Zhang, Weijie Liu, Zhidan Xiao, Chao Yang, Changlian Peng, Caiji Gao, Wenjin Shen, Hongbo Li

E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes play a crucial role in the ubiquitination process by catalyzing ubiquitin transfer. Although the function of ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) in plants response to diverse abiotic stress by targeting specific substrates has been well studied, the involvement of E2s in environmental responses and their downstream targets are not well understood. In this study, we demonstrated that the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 18 (UBC18) influences the stability of FREE1 to modulate iron deficiency stress. UBC18 affects the ubiquitination of FREE1 and promotes its degradation, and overexpression of UBC18 decreases plants' sensitivity to iron deficiency by reducing FREE1 level, whereas the ubc18 mutant exhibits sensitivity due to elevated FREE1 accumulation. This study also identified that lysine residues K227, K295, K315, and K540 are required for FREE1 ubiquitination and stability regulation. Mutating these lysine residues in FREE1 resulted in plants' sensitivity to iron starvation. Taken together, our findings shed light on the mechanism of UBC18 in responding to iron deficiency stress by modulating the abundance of FREE1, and further elucidate the role of ubiquitination sites in FREE1 stability regulation and the plant iron deficiency response.

E2 泛素结合酶通过催化泛素转移在泛素化过程中发挥着关键作用。虽然泛素蛋白连接酶(E3s)通过靶向特定底物在植物对各种非生物胁迫的响应中的功能已经得到了深入研究,但 E2s 在环境响应中的参与及其下游靶标还不十分清楚。本研究证明,E2 泛素结合酶 18(UBC18)会影响 FREE1 的稳定性,从而调节缺铁胁迫。UBC18 影响 FREE1 的泛素化并促进其降解,过表达 UBC18 会降低 FREE1 的水平,从而降低植物对缺铁的敏感性,而 ubc18 突变体则会因 FREE1 的积累增加而表现出敏感性。这项研究还发现,赖氨酸残基 K227、K295、K315 和 K540 是 FREE1 泛素化和稳定性调节所必需的。突变 FREE1 中的这些赖氨酸残基会导致植物对铁饥饿敏感。综上所述,我们的研究结果揭示了 UBC18 通过调节 FREE1 的丰度来响应缺铁胁迫的机制,并进一步阐明了泛素化位点在 FREE1 稳定性调控和植物缺铁响应中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
The clock-associated LUX ARRHYTHMO regulates high-affinity nitrate transport in Arabidopsis roots. 与时钟相关的 LUX ARRHYTHMO 调节拟南芥根部的高亲和性硝酸盐转运。
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17080
Silvana Porco, Shi Yu, Tong Liang, Christophe Snoeck, Christian Hermans, Steve A Kay

The circadian clock organizes physiological processes in plants to occur at specific times of the day, optimizing efficient use of resources. Nitrate is a crucial inorganic nitrogen source for agricultural systems to sustain crop productivity. However, because nitrate fertilization has a negative impact on the environment, it is important to carefully manage nitrate levels. Understanding crop biological rhythms can lead to more ecologically friendly agricultural practices. Gating responses through the circadian clock could be a strategy to enhance root nitrate uptake and to limit nitrate runoff. In Arabidopsis, the NITRATE TRANSPORTER 2.1 (NRT2.1) gene encodes a key component of the high-affinity nitrate transporter system. Our study reveals that NRT2.1 exhibits a rhythmic expression pattern, with daytime increases and nighttime decreases. The NRT2.1 promoter activity remains rhythmic under constant light, indicating a circadian regulation. The clock-associated transcription factor LUX ARRHYTHMO (LUX) binds to the NRT2.1 promoter in vivo. Loss-of-function of LUX leads to increased NRT2.1 transcript levels and root nitrate uptake at dusk. This supports LUX acting as a transcriptional repressor and modulating NRT2.1 expression in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, applying nitrate at different times of the day results in varying magnitudes of the transcriptional response in nitrate-regulated genes. We also demonstrate that a defect in the high-affinity nitrate transport system feeds back to the central oscillator by modifying the LUX promoter activity. In conclusion, this study uncovers a molecular pathway connecting the root nitrate uptake and circadian clock, with potential agro-chronobiological applications.

昼夜节律使植物的生理过程在一天中的特定时间进行,从而优化资源的有效利用。硝酸盐是农业系统维持作物生产力的重要无机氮源。然而,由于硝酸盐施肥会对环境产生负面影响,因此必须谨慎管理硝酸盐含量。了解农作物的生物节律可以使农业实践更加生态友好。通过昼夜节律控制反应可能是提高根系硝酸盐吸收和限制硝酸盐径流的一种策略。在拟南芥中,硝酸盐转运体 2.1(NRT2.1)基因编码高亲和性硝酸盐转运系统的一个关键组成部分。我们的研究发现,NRT2.1 的表达具有节律性,白天增加,夜间减少。在恒定光照条件下,NRT2.1 启动子的活性仍具有节律性,这表明存在昼夜节律调控。时钟相关转录因子 LUX ARRHYTHMO(LUX)与体内 NRT2.1 启动子结合。LUX 功能缺失会导致 NRT2.1 转录本水平和黄昏时根的硝酸盐吸收量增加。这证明 LUX 可作为转录抑制因子,以时间依赖的方式调节 NRT2.1 的表达。此外,在一天的不同时间施用硝酸盐会导致硝酸盐调控基因的转录响应程度不同。我们还证明,高亲和性硝酸盐转运系统的缺陷会通过改变 LUX 启动子的活性反馈到中央振荡器。总之,这项研究揭示了连接根部硝酸盐吸收和昼夜节律钟的分子途径,具有潜在的农业-时间生物学应用价值。
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引用次数: 0
Geranylgeranylated-chlorophyll-protein complexes in lhl3 mutant of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. 绿色藻类莱茵衣藻 lhl3 突变体中的叶绿素-蛋白质复合物。
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17071
Sireesha Kodru, Sreedhar Nellaepalli, Shin-Ichiro Ozawa, Chihiro Satoh, Hiroshi Kuroda, Ryouichi Tanaka, Katharine Guan, Marilyn Kobayashi, Phoi Tran, Sarah McCarthy, Setsuko Wakao, Krishna K Niyogi, Yuichiro Takahashi

Chlorophylls a and b (Chl a and b) are involved in light harvesting, photochemical reactions, and electron transfer reactions in plants and green algae. The core complexes of the photosystems (PSI and PSII) associate with Chl a, while the peripheral antenna complexes (LHCI and LHCII) bind Chls a and b. One of the final steps of Chl biosynthesis is the conversion of geranylgeranylated Chls (ChlsGG) to phytylated Chls by geranylgeranyl reductase (GGR). Here, we isolated and characterized a pale green mutant of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that was very photosensitive and was unable to grow photoautotrophically. This mutant has a 16-bp deletion in the LHL3 gene, which resulted in the loss of LHL3 and GGR and accumulated only ChlsGG. The lhl3 mutant cells grown in the dark accumulated PSII and PSI proteins at 25-50% of WT levels, lacked PSII activity, and retained a decreased PSI activity. The PSII and PSI proteins were depleted to trace amounts in the mutant cells grown in light. In contrast, the accumulation of LHCI and LHCII was unaffected except for LHCA3. Our results suggest that the replacement of Chls with ChlsGG strongly affects the structural and functional integrity of PSII and PSI complexes but their associating LHC complexes to a lesser extent. Affinity purification of HA-tagged LHL3 confirmed the formation of a stable LHL3-GGR complex, which is vital for GGR stability. The LHL3-GGR complex contained a small amount of PSI complex assembly factors, suggesting a putative coupling between Chl synthesis and PSI complex assembly.

叶绿素 a 和 b(Chl a 和 b)参与植物和绿藻的光收集、光化学反应和电子传递反应。叶绿素生物合成的最后步骤之一是通过精氨酰精氨酰还原酶(GGR)将精氨酰精氨酰化叶绿素(ChlsGG)转化为植物tyl化叶绿素。在这里,我们分离并鉴定了一种淡绿色突变体,这种突变体对光非常敏感,无法进行光能自养生长。该突变体的 LHL3 基因缺失了 16 个 bp,导致 LHL3 和 GGR 的缺失,只积累了 ChlsGG。在黑暗中生长的 lhl3 突变体细胞积累的 PSII 和 PSI 蛋白只有 WT 水平的 25-50%,缺乏 PSII 活性,PSI 活性降低。在光下生长的突变体细胞中,PSII 和 PSI 蛋白被消耗到微量。相反,除了 LHCA3 外,LHCI 和 LHCII 的积累未受影响。我们的结果表明,用 ChlsGG 替代 Chls 会强烈影响 PSII 和 PSI 复合物的结构和功能完整性,但其关联的 LHC 复合物受到的影响较小。HA标记的LHL3的亲和纯化证实了稳定的LHL3-GGR复合物的形成,这对GGR的稳定性至关重要。LHL3-GGR 复合物含有少量 PSI 复合物组装因子,这表明 Chl 合成与 PSI 复合物组装之间可能存在耦合。
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引用次数: 0
Wind speed affects the rate and kinetics of stomatal conductance. 风速影响气孔导度的速率和动力学。
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17066
Or Shapira, Uri Hochberg, Ariel Joseph, Scott McAdam, Tamar Azoulay-Shemer, Craig R Brodersen, Noel Michelle Holbrook, Yotam Zait

Understanding the relationship between wind speed and gas exchange in plants is a longstanding challenge. Our aim was to investigate the impact of wind speed on maximum rates of gas exchange and the kinetics of stomatal responses. We conducted experiments in different angiosperm and fern species using an infrared gas analyzer equipped with a controlled leaf fan, enabling precise control of the boundary layer conductance. We first showed that the chamber was adequately mixed even at extremely low wind speed (<0.005 m s-1) and evaluated the link between fan speed, wind speed, and boundary layer conductance. We observed that higher wind speeds led to increased gas exchange of both water vapor and CO₂, primarily due to the increase in boundary layer conductance. This increase in transpiration subsequently reduced epidermal pressure, leading to stomatal opening. We documented that stomatal opening in response to light was 2.5 times faster at a wind speed of 2 m s-1 compared to minimal wind speed in Vicia faba, while epidermal peels in a buffer with no transpiration exhibited a similar opening rate. The increase in stomatal conductance under high wind was also observed in four angiosperm species under field conditions, but it was not observed in Boston fern (Nephrolepis exaltata), which lacks epidermal mechanical advantage. Our findings highlight the significant impact of boundary layer conductance on determining gas exchange rates and the kinetics of gas exchange responses to environmental changes.

了解风速与植物体内气体交换之间的关系是一项长期挑战。我们的目的是研究风速对气体交换最大速率和气孔反应动力学的影响。我们使用配备可控叶扇的红外气体分析仪对不同被子植物和蕨类植物进行了实验,从而实现了对边界层传导的精确控制。我们首先证明,即使在风速极低(-1)的情况下,室内也能充分混合,并评估了风扇速度、风速和边界层传导之间的联系。我们观察到,较高的风速会导致水蒸气和二氧化碳的气体交换增加,这主要是由于边界层传导的增加。蒸腾作用的增加随后降低了表皮压力,导致气孔张开。根据我们的记录,在风速为 2 m s-1 时,紫花苜蓿对光的气孔开放速度是最小风速时的 2.5 倍,而在无蒸腾作用的缓冲区中,表皮剥离表现出相似的开放速度。大风条件下气孔导度的增加在四种被子植物中也有观察到,但在缺乏表皮机械优势的波士顿蕨(Nephrolepis exaltata)中没有观察到。我们的研究结果突显了边界层传导对决定气体交换速率和气体交换对环境变化的反应动力学的重要影响。
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引用次数: 0
Allelic variants confer Arabidopsis adaptation to small regional environmental differences. 基因变异使拟南芥适应小的区域环境差异。
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17067
Raúl Y Wijfjes, René Boesten, Frank F M Becker, Tom P J M Theeuwen, Basten L Snoek, Maria Mastoraki, Jelle J Verheijen, Nuri Güvencli, Lissy-Anne M Denkers, Maarten Koornneef, Fred A van Eeuwijk, Sandra Smit, Dick de de Ridder, Mark G M Aarts

Natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana provide powerful systems to study the adaptation of wild plant species. Previous research has predominantly focused on global populations or accessions collected from regions with diverse climates. However, little is known about the genetics underlying adaptation in regions with mild environmental clines. We have examined a diversity panel consisting of 192 A. thaliana accessions collected from the Netherlands, a region with limited climatic variation. Despite the relatively uniform climate, we identified evidence of local adaptation within this population. Notably, semidwarf accessions, due to mutation of the GIBBERELLIC ACID REQUIRING 5 (GA5) gene, occur at a relatively high frequency near the coast and these displayed enhanced tolerance to high wind velocities. Additionally, we evaluated the performance of the population under iron deficiency conditions and found that allelic variation in the FE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 3 (FSD3) gene affects tolerance to low iron levels. Moreover, we explored patterns of local adaptation to environmental clines in temperature and precipitation, observing that allelic variation at LA RELATED PROTEIN 1C (LARP1c) likely affects drought tolerance. Not only is the genetic variation observed in a diversity panel of A. thaliana collected in a region with mild environmental clines comparable to that in collections sampled over larger geographic ranges but it is also sufficiently rich to elucidate the genetic and environmental factors underlying natural plant adaptation.

拟南芥的自然种群为研究野生植物物种的适应性提供了强大的系统。以往的研究主要集中在全球种群或从不同气候地区收集的样本上。然而,人们对温和环境克隆地区的适应基因知之甚少。我们研究了从气候差异有限的荷兰收集的 192 个 A. thaliana 入系物组成的多样性面板。尽管该地区气候相对一致,但我们还是在该种群中发现了当地适应性的证据。值得注意的是,在海岸附近,半矮小种群出现的频率相对较高,这是由于赤霉酸需要量 5(GA5)基因突变所致,这些种群对高风速的耐受性有所增强。此外,我们还评估了种群在缺铁条件下的表现,发现 FE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 3(FSD3)基因的等位基因变异会影响对低铁含量的耐受性。此外,我们还探索了当地对温度和降水环境的适应模式,发现 LA RELATED PROTEIN 1C (LARP1c) 的等位基因变异可能会影响耐旱性。在具有轻微环境曲线的地区采集的大滨菊多样性面板中观察到的遗传变异不仅与在更大地理范围内采集的样本中观察到的遗传变异相当,而且其丰富程度足以阐明植物自然适应的遗传和环境因素。
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引用次数: 0
RNA sequencing and functional analysis uncover key long non-coding RNAs involved in regulating pollen fertility during the process of gametocidal action in wheat. RNA 测序和功能分析发现了在小麦配子作用过程中参与调控花粉育性的关键长非编码 RNA。
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17082
Wenrui Zhang, Dan Wang, Zhonghuan Yin, Lu Tang, Xiaoyang Pan, Changhong Guo

Gametocidal (Gc) chromosomes have been widely utilized in genetic breeding due to their ability to induce chromosomal breakage and eliminate gametes that lack them. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have various functional mechanisms in regulating pollen and anther development; however, their regulatory contributions to Gc action are still unknown. Here, we identified 2824 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE-lncRNAs) from the anther tissues of Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring (CS) and Chinese Spring-Gc 3C chromosome monosomic addition line (CS-3C) through sequencing. In this study, we predicted 161 target mRNAs for 145 DE-lncRNAs, including 104 cis-regulatory, 60 trans-regulatory, and three both cis-regulatory and trans-regulatory manner. Combined with our previous miRNA sequencing data, 241 DE-lncRNAs functioned as potential endogenous target mimics (eTMs) for 84 differentially expressed microRNAs (DE-miRNAs, including 12 novel miRNAs). The results of transient transformation in tobacco leaves indicated that L006278 could bind to MTCONS_00006277, which encoded a calcineurin CBL-interacting protein kinase 19-like, and suppress its expression. Furthermore, L117735 could function as an eTM for tae-miR9657b-3p, and L056972 could function as an eTM for gc-m2240-5p. To explore the function of lncRNAs in the process of Gc action, we transformed L006278, an up-regulated lncRNA in CS-3C, into rice to analyze its effect on pollen fertility. Overexpression of L006278 led to a reduction in rice pollen fertility. Overall, our findings indicate that lncRNAs can contribute to the regulation of pollen fertility during the process of Gc action by regulating the expression levels of target mRNAs and acting as eTMs for certain key miRNAs.

杀配子(Gc)染色体能够诱导染色体断裂并消除缺乏该染色体的配子,因此已被广泛用于遗传育种。长非编码 RNA(lncRNA)在调控花粉和花药发育方面具有多种功能机制;然而,它们对 Gc 作用的调控贡献仍然未知。在此,我们通过测序从中国春(CS)和中国春-Gc 3C 染色体单体加系(CS-3C)的花药组织中鉴定了 2824 个差异表达的 lncRNAs(DE-lncRNAs)。在这项研究中,我们预测了 145 个 DE-lncRNA 的 161 个靶 mRNA,包括 104 个顺式调控、60 个反式调控和 3 个同时具有顺式调控和反式调控方式的靶 mRNA。结合我们以前的 miRNA 测序数据,241 个 DE-lncRNAs 可作为 84 个差异表达 microRNAs(DE-miRNAs,包括 12 个新型 miRNAs)的潜在内源靶标模拟物(eTMs)。烟草叶片的瞬时转化结果表明,L006278能与编码钙调蛋白激酶CBL相互作用蛋白激酶19-like的MTCONS_00006277结合并抑制其表达。此外,L117735 可作为 tae-miR9657b-3p 的 eTM,L056972 可作为 gc-m2240-5p 的 eTM。为了探索lncRNA在Gc作用过程中的功能,我们将CS-3C中上调的lncRNA L006278转化到水稻中,分析其对花粉育性的影响。L006278的过表达导致水稻花粉育性降低。总之,我们的研究结果表明,在Gc作用过程中,lncRNA可通过调节目标mRNA的表达水平和充当某些关键miRNA的eTMs来促进花粉育性的调控。
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引用次数: 0
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The Plant Journal
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