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Regulation of lignin biosynthesis by GhCAD37 affects fiber quality and anther vitality in upland cotton. GhCAD37 对木质素生物合成的调控影响陆地棉的纤维质量和花药活力。
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17149
Haipeng Li, Jinggong Guo, Kun Li, Yuwen Gao, Hang Li, Lu Long, Zongyan Chu, Yubei Du, Xulong Zhao, Bing Zhao, Chen Lan, José Ramón Botella, Xuebin Zhang, Kun-Peng Jia, Yuchen Miao

Cotton stands as a pillar in the textile industry due to its superior natural fibers. Lignin, a complex polymer synthesized from phenylalanine and deposited in mature cotton fibers, is believed to be essential for fiber quality, although the precise effects remain largely unclear. In this study, we characterized two ubiquitously expressed cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases (CAD), GhCAD37A and GhCAD37D (GhCAD37A/D), in Gossypium hirsutum. GhCAD37A/D possess CAD enzymatic activities, to catalyze the generation of monolignol products during lignin biosynthesis. Analysis of transgenic cotton knockout and overexpressing plants revealed that GhCAD37A/D are important regulators of fiber quality, positively impacting breaking strength but negatively affecting fiber length and elongation percentage by modulating lignin biosynthesis in fiber cells. Moreover, GhCAD37A/D are shown to modulate anther vitality and affect stem lodging trait in cotton by influencing lignin biosynthesis in the vascular bundles of anther and stem, respectively. Additionally, our study revealed that Ghcad37A/D knockout plants displayed red stem xylem, likely due to the overaccumulation of aldehyde intermediates in the phenylpropanoid metabolism pathway, as indicated by metabolomics analysis. Thus, our work illustrates that GhCAD37A/D are two important enzymes of lignin biosynthesis in different cotton organs, influencing fiber quality, anther vitality, and stem lodging.

棉花因其优良的天然纤维而成为纺织业的支柱。木质素是一种由苯丙氨酸合成的复杂聚合物,沉积在成熟的棉纤维中,被认为对纤维质量至关重要,但其确切的影响在很大程度上仍不清楚。在这项研究中,我们鉴定了两种在棉花中普遍表达的肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD),即 GhCAD37A 和 GhCAD37D(GhCAD37A/D)。GhCAD37A/D 具有 CAD 酶活性,在木质素生物合成过程中催化单木质素产物的生成。对转基因棉花基因敲除和过表达植株的分析表明,GhCAD37A/D 是纤维质量的重要调节因子,通过调节纤维细胞中木质素的生物合成,对纤维的断裂强度产生积极影响,但对纤维长度和伸长率产生消极影响。此外,GhCAD37A/D 还分别通过影响花药和茎维管束中木质素的生物合成来调节花药活力和影响棉花的茎结实性状。此外,我们的研究还发现,Ghcad37A/D 基因敲除植株的茎木质部呈红色,这可能是由于代谢组学分析表明,苯丙醇代谢途径中的醛中间产物过度积累所致。因此,我们的工作表明,GhCAD37A/D 是棉花不同器官中木质素生物合成的两个重要酶,影响着纤维质量、花药活力和茎秆宿存。
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引用次数: 0
The C2H2-type zinc finger transcription factor ZmDi19-7 regulates plant height and organ size by promoting cell size in maize. C2H2型锌指转录因子ZmDi19-7通过促进玉米细胞大小来调节植株高度和器官大小。
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17139
Jinlei Dong, Zimeng Wang, Weina Si, Huan Xu, Zhen Zhang, Qiuyu Cao, Xinyuan Zhang, Hui Peng, Rongwei Mao, Haiyang Jiang, Beijiu Cheng, Xiaoyu Li, Longjiang Gu

The drought-induced protein 19 (Di19) gene family encodes a Cys2/His2 zinc-finger protein implicated in responses to diverse plant stressors. To date, potential roles of these proteins as transcription factors remain largely elusive in maize. Here, we show that ZmDi19-7 gene exerts pivotal functions in regulation of plant height and organ growth by modulating the cell size in maize. ZmDi19-7 physically interacts with ubiquitin receptor protein ZmDAR1b, which is indispensable in ubiquitination of ZmDi19-7 and affects its protein stability. Further genetic analysis demonstrated that ZmDAR1b act in a common pathway with ZmDi19-7 to regulate cell size in maize. ZmDi19-7, severing as a transcriptional factor, is significantly enriched in conserved DiBS element in the promoter region of ZmHSP22, ZmHSP18c, ZmSAUR25, ZmSAUR55, ZmSAUR7 and ZmXTH23 and orchestrates the expression of these genes involving in auxin-mediated cell expansion and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, our findings demonstrate that ZmDi19-7 is an important newfound component of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in regulation of plant height and organ size in maize. These discoveries highlight potential targets for the genetic improvement of maize in the future.

干旱诱导蛋白 19(Di19)基因家族编码一种 Cys2/His2 锌指蛋白,与多种植物胁迫反应有关。迄今为止,这些蛋白在玉米中作为转录因子的潜在作用仍然难以捉摸。在这里,我们发现 ZmDi19-7 基因通过调节玉米细胞大小,在调控植株高度和器官生长方面发挥着关键作用。ZmDi19-7与泛素受体蛋白ZmDAR1b发生了物理作用,泛素受体蛋白ZmDAR1b在ZmDi19-7的泛素化过程中起着不可或缺的作用,并影响着ZmDi19-7蛋白的稳定性。进一步的遗传分析表明,ZmDAR1b与ZmDi19-7通过共同的途径调节玉米细胞的大小。ZmDi19-7作为一种转录因子,在ZmHSP22、ZmHSP18c、ZmSAUR25、ZmSAUR55、ZmSAUR7和ZmXTH23启动子区域的保守DiBS元件中显著富集,并协调这些基因的表达,这些基因参与了辅助素介导的细胞膨大和内质网中的蛋白质加工。因此,我们的研究结果表明,ZmDi19-7 是新发现的泛素-蛋白酶体途径中调控玉米植株高度和器官大小的重要组分。这些发现凸显了未来玉米遗传改良的潜在目标。
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引用次数: 0
LcASR enhances tolerance to abiotic stress in Leymus chinensis and Arabidopsis thaliana by improving photosynthetic performance. LcASR 可通过提高光合作用性能来增强拟南芥和拟南芥对非生物胁迫的耐受性。
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17144
Wenjing An, Mengjie Zhao, Lei Chen, Qiuxin Li, Longjiang Yu, Shuangyan Chen, Jinfang Ma, Xiaofeng Cao, Shuaibin Zhang, Wei Chi, Daili Ji

As a crucial forage grass, Leymus chinensis plays significant roles in soil and water conservation owing to its robust stress resistance. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of its stress tolerance remain unclear. In this study, a novel gene, designated as LcASR (Abiotic Stress Resistance in Leymus chinensis), imparting resilience to both high light and drought, was identified. Under normal growth conditions, heterologous overexpression of LcASR in Arabidopsis (HO lines) showed no significant difference in appearance compared to wild-type. Nevertheless, HO lines accumulate significantly higher chlorophyll content during the dark-to-light transition compared to the wild-type, indicating that the LcASR protein participates in chlorophyll synthesis during chloroplast development. Meanwhile, transgenic Arabidopsis and L. chinensis plants exhibited resistance to abiotic stresses such as high light and drought. Photosystem complexes analysis revealed that LHCII proteins remained stable within their respective complexes during high light stress. We hypothesize that LcASR may play a role in fine tuning of chlorophyll synthesis to enable plant adaptation to diverse stress conditions. Moreover, overexpression of LcASR in L. chinensis led to agronomically valuable traits such as deeper green color, higher biomass accumulation, prolonged withering period, and extended grazing durations. This study uncovers a novel gene in L. chinensis that enhances forage yield and provides valuable genetic resources for sheepgrass breeding.

作为一种重要的牧草,百里香因其强大的抗逆性而在水土保持中发挥着重要作用。然而,其抗逆性的分子机制仍不清楚。本研究发现了一个新基因,命名为LcASR(Leymus chinensis的非生物胁迫抗性),该基因赋予了Leymus chinensis对强光和干旱的抗逆性。在正常生长条件下,异源过表达 LcASR 的拟南芥(HO 株系)与野生型相比在外观上没有显著差异。然而,与野生型相比,HO 株在从暗到光的转变过程中积累的叶绿素含量明显更高,这表明 LcASR 蛋白参与了叶绿体发育过程中的叶绿素合成。同时,转基因拟南芥和L. chinensis植株表现出对强光和干旱等非生物胁迫的抗性。光系统复合物分析表明,在强光胁迫下,LHCII 蛋白在各自的复合物中保持稳定。我们推测 LcASR 可能在叶绿素合成的微调中发挥作用,使植物能够适应各种胁迫条件。此外,LcASR在L. chinensis中的过表达导致了具有农艺价值的性状,如更深的绿色、更高的生物量积累、更长的枯萎期和更长的放牧持续时间。这项研究发现了一种能提高牧草产量的新基因,为羊草育种提供了宝贵的遗传资源。
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引用次数: 0
The landscape of Arabidopsis tRNA aminoacylation. 拟南芥 tRNA 氨基酰化的情况。
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17146
Luis F Ceriotti, Jessica M Warren, M Virginia Sanchez-Puerta, Daniel B Sloan

The function of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) depends on enzymes that cleave primary transcript ends, add a 3' CCA tail, introduce post-transcriptional base modifications, and charge (aminoacylate) mature tRNAs with the correct amino acid. Maintaining an available pool of the resulting aminoacylated tRNAs is essential for protein synthesis. High-throughput sequencing techniques have recently been developed to provide a comprehensive view of aminoacylation state in a tRNA-specific fashion. However, these methods have never been applied to plants. Here, we treated Arabidopsis thaliana RNA samples with periodate and then performed tRNA-seq to distinguish between aminoacylated and uncharged tRNAs. This approach successfully captured every tRNA isodecoder family and detected expression of additional tRNA-like transcripts. We found that estimated aminoacylation rates and CCA tail integrity were significantly higher on average for organellar (mitochondrial and plastid) tRNAs than for nuclear/cytosolic tRNAs. Reanalysis of previously published human cell line data showed a similar pattern. Base modifications result in nucleotide misincorporations and truncations during reverse transcription, which we quantified and used to test for relationships with aminoacylation levels. We also determined that the Arabidopsis tRNA-like sequences (t-elements) that are cleaved from the ends of some mitochondrial messenger RNAs have post-transcriptionally modified bases and CCA-tail addition. However, these t-elements are not aminoacylated, indicating that they are only recognized by a subset of tRNA-interacting enzymes and do not play a role in translation. Overall, this work provides a characterization of the baseline landscape of plant tRNA aminoacylation rates and demonstrates an approach for investigating environmental and genetic perturbations to plant translation machinery.

转运核糖核酸(tRNA)的功能取决于酶的作用,这些酶能裂解主转录本末端、添加 3' CCA 尾部、进行转录后碱基修饰,并用正确的氨基酸对成熟的 tRNA 进行充电(氨基酰化)。维持一个可用的氨基酰化 tRNA 库对于蛋白质合成至关重要。最近开发出的高通量测序技术可提供特异性 tRNA 氨基酰化状态的全面信息。然而,这些方法从未应用于植物。在这里,我们用高碘酸盐处理拟南芥 RNA 样本,然后进行 tRNA-seq 测序,以区分氨基酰化和不带电的 tRNA。这种方法成功地捕捉到了每个 tRNA 同工酶家族,并检测到了更多类 tRNA 转录本的表达。我们发现,细胞器(线粒体和质粒)tRNA 的估计氨基酰化率和 CCA 尾部完整性平均明显高于核/细胞质 tRNA。对以前发表的人类细胞系数据的重新分析也显示了类似的模式。碱基修饰会在反转录过程中导致核苷酸错位和截断,我们对其进行了量化,并用来检验其与氨基酰化水平之间的关系。我们还确定,从一些线粒体信使 RNA 末端裂解出的拟南芥 tRNA 样序列(t-元素)具有转录后修饰的碱基和 CCA 尾部。然而,这些 t-元素没有氨基酰化,表明它们只被一部分 tRNA 相互作用的酶识别,在翻译中不起作用。总之,这项研究提供了植物 tRNA 氨基酰化率基线图的特征,并展示了一种研究环境和遗传对植物翻译机制干扰的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Lost in domestication: Has modern wheat left its microbial allies behind? 在驯化中迷失:现代小麦抛弃了微生物盟友吗?
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17137
Martin Balcerowicz
<p>The domestication of wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>), which began approximately 10 000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent, was a pivotal event in the first agricultural revolution. It marked the shift from a hunter–gatherer lifestyle to one of settlement and agriculture. A key milestone in this process was the domestication of wild emmer wheat, which gave rise to cultivated tetraploid durum wheat and represents an important stepping stone towards modern bread wheat, which emerged 1500–2000 years later and is the most widely grown type of wheat today (Haas et al., <span>2019</span>). Domestication brought about substantial changes in wheat's morphology and development, including altered flowering time, larger grains, increased yield, reduced seed dormancy and the elimination of seed shattering.</p><p>Changes brought about by domestication are not restricted to the crop but also affect organisms interacting with it. Microorganisms living on and within the plant, collectively referred to as the plant's microbiome, play a crucial role in plant fitness, influencing growth, resistance and resilience throughout the plant's life cycle. Roots are a major interface between plants and soil microbes, with many microbes living as endophytes within the roots or colonising the surrounding soil (rhizosphere). Host plants release exudates to attract beneficial rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria, and the composition of these exudates shapes the root microbiome (Hu et al., <span>2018</span>). While several studies found that domestication reduced the diversity of rhizospheric microbes (e.g. Pérez-Jaramillo et al., <span>2016</span>), little research has explored how domestication affected the diversity of endophytes.</p><p>Hong Yue, corresponding author of the highlighted study, originally worked on plant resistance genes during her PhD, but gradually shifted her research focus towards plant–microbe interactions. Using metagenomics and metabolomics, Yue demonstrated that wild wheat varieties harbour a higher functional diversity in their rhizosphere microbiome than do domesticated cultivars (Yue et al., <span>2023</span>). Building on this work, undergraduate student Lixin Deng, under Yue's supervision, investigated the effects of domestication on wheat's endophytic bacterial community. For their studies, Deng chose three wild emmer accessions and three domesticated elite cultivars from a germplasm collection assembled by principal investigator Weining Song. These accessions, which represent six distinct branches of the wheat phylogenetic tree, had been grown at the Caoxingzhuang Agricultural Ecosystem Experimental Station of Northwest A&F University for 8 years prior to Deng's study, suggesting that any differences detected can be attributed to genetic variation rather than differences in origin.</p><p>To determine the composition of the endophytic microbiomes, DNA was extracted from the roots of mature wheat plants grown in the same soil and bacterial ta
为了进一步探讨这个问题,研究小组在受控条件下培育小麦植株,并将它们暴露于金链球菌、l-酪氨酸或两者的组合中。虽然这两种处理方法都不会改变驯化小麦品种的芽或根的生长,但同时暴露于 l-酪氨酸和 Chryseobacterium 会减少野生小麦根的伸长,但会增加根的鲜重(图 1b)。已知有几种 Chryseobacterium 通过溶解养分和产生植物激素促进植物生长(Jung 等人,2023 年)。Deng 等人的观察结果支持这样的假设,即野生小麦通过释放 l-酪氨酸来招募或刺激 Chryseobacterium,而这种有益的关系在驯化过程中消失了。重塑微生物组是提高农作物产量和抗逆性的有效策略。了解农作物如何与其微生物组相互作用,以及这些相互作用在驯化过程中发生了哪些变化,是实现这一目标的重要一步。Deng 等人的研究结果凸显了野生小麦及其微生物组作为改良现代小麦品种的宝贵资源的潜力。在这方面,沙雷氏菌(Serratia)和绿脓杆菌(Chryseobacterium)等细菌是令人兴奋的候选者,但要充分释放微生物的潜力,可能需要改变小麦的基因构成。岳希望他们的研究最终能开发出可用于大规模农业环境的微生物制剂,以提高作物产量。
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引用次数: 0
Synthetic minichromosomes in plants: past, present, and promise. 植物中的合成微型染色体:过去、现在和前景。
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17142
James A Birchler, Jacob Kelly, Jasnoor Singh, Hua Liu, Zhengzhi Zhang, Si Nian Char, Malika Sharma, Hua Yang, Patrice S Albert, Bing Yang

The status of engineered mini-chromosomes/artificial chromosomes/synthetic chromosomes in plants is summarized. Their promise is that they provide a means to accumulate foreign genes on an independent entity other than the normal chromosomes, which would facilitate stacking of novel traits in a way that would not be linked to endogenous genes and that would facilitate transfer between lines. Centromeres in plants are epigenetic, and therefore the isolation of DNA underlying centromeres and reintroduction into plant cells will not establish a functional kinetochore, which obviates this approach for in vitro assembly of plant artificial chromosomes. This issue was bypassed by using telomere-mediated chromosomal truncation to produce mini-chromosomes with little more than an endogenous centromere that could in turn be used as a foundation to build synthetic chromosomes. Site-specific recombinases and various iterations of CRISPR-Cas9 editing provide many tools for the development and re-engineering of synthetic chromosomes.

概述了植物中工程小染色体/人造染色体/合成染色体的现状。它们的前景在于提供了一种在正常染色体之外的独立实体上积累外来基因的方法,这将有助于以一种与内源基因无关的方式堆叠新的性状,并有助于品系间的转移。植物的中心粒是表观遗传的,因此分离中心粒下层的 DNA 并将其重新导入植物细胞不会建立功能性动核,这就使体外组装植物人工染色体的方法失去了意义。利用端粒介导的染色体截短技术可以绕过这个问题,产生的迷你染色体只具有一个内源中心粒,而这个内源中心粒又可以作为构建合成染色体的基础。位点特异性重组酶和 CRISPR-Cas9 编辑的各种迭代为合成染色体的开发和再造提供了许多工具。
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引用次数: 0
Defense-related callose synthase PMR4 promotes root hair callose deposition and adaptation to phosphate deficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana. 防御相关胼胝质合成酶 PMR4 促进拟南芥根毛胼胝质沉积和对磷酸盐缺乏的适应。
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17134
Kentaro Okada, Koei Yachi, Tan Anh Nhi Nguyen, Satomi Kanno, Shigetaka Yasuda, Haruna Tadai, Chika Tateda, Tae-Hong Lee, Uyen Nguyen, Kanako Inoue, Natsuki Tsuchida, Taiga Ishihara, Shunsuke Miyashima, Kei Hiruma, Kyoko Miwa, Takaki Maekawa, Michitaka Notaguchi, Yusuke Saijo

Plants acquire phosphorus (P) primarily as inorganic phosphate (Pi) from the soil. Under Pi deficiency, plants induce an array of physiological and morphological responses, termed phosphate starvation response (PSR), thereby increasing Pi acquisition and use efficiency. However, the mechanisms by which plants adapt to Pi deficiency remain to be elucidated. Here, we report that deposition of a β-1,3-glucan polymer called callose is induced in Arabidopsis thaliana root hairs under Pi deficiency, in a manner independent of PSR-regulating PHR1/PHL1 transcription factors and LPR1/LPR2 ferroxidases. Genetic studies revealed PMR4 (GSL5) callose synthase being required for the callose deposition in Pi-depleted root hairs. Loss of PMR4 also reduces Pi acquisition in shoots and plant growth under low Pi conditions. The defects are not recovered by simultaneous disruption of SID2, mediating defense-associated salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis, excluding SA defense activation from the cause of the observed pmr4 phenotypes. Grafting experiments and characterization of plants expressing PMR4 specifically in root hair cells suggest that a PMR4 pool in the cell type contributes to shoot growth under Pi deficiency. Our findings thus suggest an important role for PMR4 in plant adaptation to Pi deficiency.

植物主要以无机磷酸盐(Pi)的形式从土壤中获取磷(P)。在缺磷情况下,植物会产生一系列生理和形态反应,即磷酸盐饥饿反应(PSR),从而提高磷的获取和利用效率。然而,植物适应π缺乏的机制仍有待阐明。在此,我们报告了拟南芥根毛在 Pi 缺乏条件下被诱导沉积一种称为 Callose 的 β-1,3-葡聚糖聚合物,其沉积方式与 PSR 调节 PHR1/PHL1 转录因子和 LPR1/LPR2 铁氧化酶无关。遗传研究发现,PMR4(GSL5)胼胝质合成酶是π缺乏根毛中胼胝质沉积所必需的。PMR4 的缺失也会降低芽中 Pi 的获取以及低 Pi 条件下的植物生长。同时破坏 SID2(介导与防御相关的水杨酸(SA)生物合成)也不会恢复这些缺陷,这就排除了导致观察到的 pmr4 表型的 SA 防御激活的原因。根毛细胞中特异表达 PMR4 的植株的嫁接实验和特征描述表明,细胞类型中的 PMR4 池有助于π缺乏下的芽生长。因此,我们的研究结果表明 PMR4 在植物适应π缺乏的过程中发挥着重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Cytogenetic characterization of EPSPS gene amplification in glyphosate-resistant Hordeum glaucum and Bromus diandrus from Australia. 澳大利亚抗草甘膦 Hordeum glaucum 和 Bromus diandrus 中 EPSPS 基因扩增的细胞遗传学特征。
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17128
Md Mazharul Islam, Bikram S Gill, Jenna M Malone, Christopher Preston, Mithila Jugulam

As a result of extensive selection, two polyploid grass weeds, Hordeum glaucum (northern barley grass; 2n = 4x = 28) and Bromus diandrus (ripgut brome; 2n = 8x = 56), have evolved resistance to glyphosate, in Australia. Previous research suggested amplification of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-Phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene confers resistance in these two weed species. The objective of this research was to investigate the genomic organization of the EPSPS gene in these two species through molecular cytogenetic analyses of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to understand possible mechanism of amplification of this gene. EPSPS copy number of H. glaucum and B. diandrus plants was estimated via quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The susceptible plants of both species had one copy of EPSPS, whereas the resistant plants of H. glaucum and B. diandrus had 14-17 and 16-32 copies, respectively. FISH analysis of glyphosate-susceptible (Hg-RWS) H. glaucum, revealed four faint signals of the EPSPS gene in two pairs of homologous chromosomes, at the telomeric region. The glyphosate-resistant H. glaucum (Hg-YP1) also showed amplification of EPSPS gene at telomeric regions in two pairs of homologous chromosomes, but the signals were brighter and appeared as cluster of EPSPS genes. Similarly, the glyphosate-susceptible B. diandrus (Bd-S) plants showed faint signals of EPSPS gene on two homologous chromosomes, at the telomeric position. However, samples of two glyphosate-resistant, B. diandrus, Bd-SA988 and Bd-Vic showed much brighter hybridization signals of EPSPS gene, located at the telomere on two homologous chromosomes, suggesting an increase in EPSPS gene copies at this position. Overall, unequal crossover during meiosis may have triggered the initial EPSPS gene duplication sparking the evolution of glyphosate resistance.

经过广泛的选择,澳大利亚的两种多倍体禾本科杂草 Hordeum glaucum(北方大麦草;2n = 4x = 28)和 Bromus diandrus(ripgut brome;2n = 8x = 56)对草甘膦产生了抗性。先前的研究表明,5-烯醇丙酮酰石蒜碱-3-磷酸合成酶(EPSPS)基因的扩增赋予了这两种杂草抗性。本研究的目的是通过荧光原位杂交(FISH)的分子细胞遗传学分析,研究这两种杂草中 EPSPS 基因的基因组组织,以了解该基因扩增的可能机制。通过定量聚合酶链式反应估算了 H. glaucum 和 B. diandrus 植物的 EPSPS 拷贝数。两个物种的易感植株都有一个 EPSPS 拷贝,而 H. glaucum 和 B. diandrus 的抗性植株分别有 14-17 和 16-32 个拷贝。对草甘膦易感植物(Hg-RWS)H. glaucum 的 FISH 分析显示,在两对同源染色体的端粒区有四个 EPSPS 基因的微弱信号。抗草甘膦的 H. glaucum(Hg-YP1)也在两对同源染色体的端粒区出现了 EPSPS 基因的扩增,但信号更亮,表现为 EPSPS 基因簇。同样,对草甘膦敏感的 B. diandrus(Bd-S)植株也在两条同源染色体的端粒位置出现了微弱的 EPSPS 基因信号。然而,两种草甘膦抗性 B. diandrus(Bd-SA988 和 Bd-Vic)的样本显示,位于两条同源染色体端粒位置的 EPSPS 基因杂交信号要明亮得多,这表明该位置的 EPSPS 基因拷贝有所增加。总之,减数分裂过程中的不等交叉可能引发了最初的 EPSPS 基因复制,引发了草甘膦抗性的进化。
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引用次数: 0
Mutation of rice EARLY LEAF LESION AND SENESCENCE 1 (ELS1), which encodes an anthranilate synthase α-subunit, induces ROS accumulation and cell death through activating the tryptophan synthesis pathway in rice. 编码蒽酸合成酶 α-亚基的水稻早期叶裂和感光 1(ELS1)发生突变,通过激活水稻色氨酸合成途径诱导 ROS 积累和细胞死亡。
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17141
Wenhao Li, Weimin Cheng, Hongrui Jiang, Cheng Fang, Lingling Peng, Liangzhi Tao, Yue Zhan, Xianzhong Huang, Bojun Ma, Xifeng Chen, Yuejin Wu, Binmei Liu, Xiangdong Fu, Kun Wu, Yafeng Ye

Lesion-mimic mutants (LMMs) serve as valuable resources for uncovering the molecular mechanisms that govern programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. Despite extensive research, the regulatory mechanisms of PCD and lesion formation in various LMMs remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we identified a rice LMM named early leaf lesion and senescence 1 (els1), cloned the causal gene through map-based cloning, and confirmed its function through complementation. ELS1 encodes an anthranilate synthase α-subunit involved in anthranilate biosynthesis. It is predominantly localized in chloroplasts and is primarily expressed in light-exposed tissues. Mutation of ELS1 triggers upregulation of its homologous gene, ASA1, via a genetic compensation response, leading to the activation of the tryptophan (Trp) synthesis pathway and amino acid metabolism. The accumulation of abnormal Trp-derived intermediate metabolites results in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and abnormal PCD in the els1 mutant, ultimately causing the leaf lesion phenotype. The els1 mutant also exhibits reduced chlorophyll content, upregulation of genes related to chloroplast degradation and leaf senescence, and decreased activity of photosynthetic proteins, indicating that ELS1 plays a role in chloroplast development. These factors collectively contribute to the premature leaf senescence observed in the els1 mutant. Our findings shed light on the role of ELS1 in regulating ROS accumulation and PCD in rice, providing further genetic insights into the molecular mechanisms governing leaf lesions and senescence.

病变模拟突变体(LMMs)是揭示植物细胞程序性死亡(PCD)分子机制的宝贵资源。尽管研究范围广泛,但各种 LMM 中 PCD 和病变形成的调控机制仍有待全面阐明。在本研究中,我们发现了一种名为早期叶片病变和衰老 1(els1)的水稻 LMM,通过基于图谱的克隆克隆了其致病基因,并通过互补证实了其功能。ELS1 编码参与花青素生物合成的花青素合成酶 α-亚基。它主要定位于叶绿体,并主要在受光组织中表达。ELS1 基因突变会通过遗传补偿反应引发其同源基因 ASA1 的上调,从而激活色氨酸(Trp)合成途径和氨基酸代谢。异常 Trp 衍生的中间代谢产物的积累导致活性氧(ROS)产生,els1 突变体的 PCD 异常,最终造成叶片病变表型。els1突变体还表现出叶绿素含量降低、叶绿体降解和叶片衰老相关基因上调以及光合蛋白活性降低,表明 ELS1 在叶绿体发育过程中发挥作用。这些因素共同导致了在els1突变体中观察到的叶片过早衰老。我们的研究结果揭示了 ELS1 在调节水稻 ROS 积累和 PCD 中的作用,为研究叶片病变和衰老的分子机制提供了进一步的遗传学见解。
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引用次数: 0
Global impacts of peroxisome and pexophagy dysfunction revealed through multi-omics analyses of lon2 and atg2 mutants. 通过对lon2和atg2突变体进行多组学分析,揭示过氧化物酶体和pexophagy功能障碍的全球影响。
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-11 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17129
DurreShahwar Muhammad, Natalie M Clark, Nathan E Tharp, Elizabeth C Chatt, Richard D Vierstra, Bonnie Bartel

Peroxisomes house diverse metabolic pathways that are essential for plant and animal survival, including enzymes that produce or inactivate toxic byproducts. Despite the importance of peroxisomes and their collaborations with other organelles, the mechanisms that trigger or prevent peroxisome turnover and the cellular impacts of impaired peroxisomes are incompletely understood. When Arabidopsis thaliana LON2, a peroxisomal protein with chaperone and protease capacity, is disrupted, metabolic dysfunction and protein instability in peroxisomes ensue. Paradoxically, preventing autophagy in lon2 mutants appears to normalize peroxisomal metabolism and stabilize peroxisomal proteins-hinting at a role for autophagy in causing the peroxisomal defects observed in lon2 seedlings. Using a combination of transcriptomics, proteomics, and in silico investigations, we compared wild type to lon2 and autophagy null mutants and double mutants. Through this analysis, we found that impeding autophagy via an atg2 null mutation alleviated several of the global defects observed when LON2 is absent. Moreover, we revealed processes influenced by LON2 that are independent of autophagy, including impacts on lipid droplet and chloroplast protein levels. Finally, we identified and classified potential LON2 substrates, which include proteins that might provide signal(s) for pexophagy.

过氧物酶体容纳了植物和动物生存所必需的多种代谢途径,包括产生或灭活有毒副产物的酶。尽管过氧物酶体及其与其他细胞器的协作非常重要,但人们对引发或阻止过氧物酶体更替的机制以及过氧物酶体受损对细胞的影响却知之甚少。拟南芥 LON2 是一种具有伴侣蛋白和蛋白酶能力的过氧物酶体蛋白,当它被破坏时,过氧物酶体中的代谢功能障碍和蛋白质不稳定性随之而来。矛盾的是,阻止 lon2 突变体中的自噬似乎能使过氧物酶体代谢正常化并稳定过氧物酶体蛋白--这暗示自噬在造成 lon2 幼苗中观察到的过氧物酶体缺陷中的作用。通过结合使用转录组学、蛋白质组学和硅学研究,我们比较了野生型和 lon2 以及自噬无效突变体和双突变体。通过这一分析,我们发现通过atg2无效突变抑制自噬可以缓解LON2缺失时观察到的几种整体缺陷。此外,我们还发现了受 LON2 影响的独立于自噬的过程,包括对脂滴和叶绿体蛋白水平的影响。最后,我们对潜在的 LON2 底物进行了鉴定和分类,其中包括可能为自噬提供信号的蛋白质。
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引用次数: 0
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The Plant Journal
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