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Time-course transcriptome and chromatin accessibility analyses reveal the dynamic transcriptional regulation shaping spikelet hull size 时间过程转录组和染色质可及性分析揭示了形成小穗壳大小的动态转录调控
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-04-09 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.70141
Shaotong Chen, Fuquan Li, Weizhi Ouyang, Shuifu Chen, Sanyang Luo, Jianhong Liu, Gufeng Li, Zhansheng Lin, Yao-Guang Liu, Xianrong Xie

The grains of rice (Oryza sativa) are enclosed by a spikelet hull comprising the lemma and palea. Development of the spikelet hull determines the storage capacity of the grain, thus affecting grain yield and quality. Although multiple signaling pathways controlling grain size have been identified, the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms underlying grain development remain limited. Here, we used RNA-seq and ATAC-seq to characterize the transcription and chromatin accessibility dynamics during the development of spikelet hulls. A time-course analysis showed that more than half of the genes were sequentially expressed during hull development and that the accessibility of most open chromatin regions (OCRs) changed moderately, although some regions positively or negatively affected the expression of their closest genes. We revealed a crucial role of GROWTH-REGULATING FACTORs in shaping grain size by influencing multiple metabolic and signaling pathways, and a coordinated transcriptional regulation in response to auxin and cytokinin signaling. We also demonstrated the function of SCL6-IIb, a member of the GRAS family transcription factors, in regulating grain size, with SCL6-IIb expression being activated by SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 18 (OsSPL18). When we edited the DNA sequences within OCRs upstream of the start codon of BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1 (BZR1) and SCL6-IIb, we generated multiple mutant lines with longer grains. These findings offer a comprehensive overview of the cis-regulatory landscape involved in forming grain capacity and a valuable resource for exploring the regulatory network behind grain development.

稻谷(Oryza sativa)被包含外稃和旧叶的小穗外壳包围。小穗壳的发育决定了籽粒的储存能力,从而影响籽粒的产量和品质。虽然已经确定了控制晶粒大小的多种信号通路,但晶粒发育的转录调控机制仍然有限。本研究利用RNA-seq和ATAC-seq对小穗壳发育过程中的转录和染色质可及性动态进行了表征。时间过程分析表明,超过一半的基因在船体发育过程中顺序表达,大多数开放染色质区域(ocr)的可及性发生适度变化,尽管一些区域对其最近的基因的表达有积极或消极的影响。我们揭示了生长调节因子通过影响多种代谢和信号通路,以及响应生长素和细胞分裂素信号的协调转录调控,在形成晶粒大小方面发挥重要作用。我们还证明了GRAS家族转录因子成员SCL6-IIb在调节颗粒大小方面的功能,SCL6-IIb的表达可被SQUAMOSA启动子结合蛋白样18 (OsSPL18)激活。当我们编辑BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1 (BZR1)和SCL6-IIb起始密码子上游ocr内的DNA序列时,我们产生了多个晶粒较长的突变系。这些发现提供了对形成粮食能力的顺式调控格局的全面概述,并为探索粮食发展背后的调控网络提供了宝贵的资源。
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引用次数: 0
Role of an endodermis-specific miR858b-MYB1L module in the regulation of Taxol biosynthesis in Taxus mairei 内胚层特异性miR858b-MYB1L模块在红豆杉紫杉醇生物合成调控中的作用
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-04-05 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.70135
Chunna Yu, Danjin Zhang, Lingxiao Zhang, Zijin Fang, Yibo Zhang, Wanting Lin, Ruoyun Ma, Mengyin Zheng, Enhui Bai, Chenjia Shen

Taxol, a chemotherapeutic agent widely used for treating various cancers, is extracted from the stems of Taxus mairei. However, current knowledge regarding the effects of stem tissue and age on Taxol accumulation is limited. We employed matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry to visualize taxoids in stem section sections of varying ages from T. mairei. Laser capture microdissection integrated with data-dependent acquisition–MS/MS analysis identified that several Taxol biosynthesis pathway-related enzymes were predominantly produced in the endodermis, elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying endodermis-specific Taxol accumulation. We identified an endodermis-specific MYB1-like (MYB1L) protein and proposed a potential function for the miR858-MYB1L module in regulating secondary metabolic pathways. DNA affinity purification sequencing analysis produced 92 506 target peaks for MYB1L. Motif enrichment analysis identified several de novo motifs, providing new insights into MYB recognition sites. Four target peaks of MYB1L were identified within the promoter sequences of Taxol synthesis genes, including TBT, DBTNBT, T13OH, and BAPT, and were confirmed using electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Dual-luciferase assays showed that MYB1L significantly activated the expression of TBT and BAPT. Our data indicate that the miR858b-MYB1L module plays a crucial role in the transcriptional regulation of Taxol biosynthesis by up-regulating the expression of TBT and BAPT genes in the endodermis.

紫杉醇是一种广泛用于治疗各种癌症的化疗药物,是从红豆杉的茎中提取的。然而,目前关于茎组织和年龄对紫杉醇积累的影响的知识有限。本研究采用基质辅助激光解吸/电离质谱法对不同年龄的柽柳茎切片中的类杉进行了可视化分析。激光捕获显微解剖结合数据依赖获取- MS/MS分析发现,几种与紫杉醇生物合成途径相关的酶主要在内胚层中产生,阐明了内胚层特异性紫杉醇积累的分子机制。我们鉴定出一种内胚层特异性myb1样蛋白(MYB1L),并提出miR858-MYB1L模块在调节次级代谢途径中的潜在功能。DNA亲和纯化测序分析产生92 506个MYB1L靶峰。基序富集分析确定了几个新的基序,为MYB识别位点提供了新的见解。在紫杉醇合成基因的启动子序列(TBT、DBTNBT、T13OH和BAPT)中鉴定出MYB1L的4个目标峰,并通过电泳迁移位移法进行了确认。双荧光素酶检测显示MYB1L显著激活TBT和BAPT的表达。我们的数据表明,miR858b-MYB1L模块通过上调内胚层中TBT和BAPT基因的表达,在紫杉醇生物合成的转录调控中起着至关重要的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Genome editing in the green alga Chlamydomonas: past, present practice and future prospects 绿藻衣藻的基因组编辑:过去、现在的实践和未来的展望
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-04-05 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.70140
Adrian P. Nievergelt

The green alga Chlamydomonas is an important and versatile model organism for research topics ranging from photosynthesis and metabolism, cilia, and basal bodies to cellular communication and the cellular cycle and is of significant interest for green bioengineering processes. The genome in this unicellular green alga is contained in 17 haploid chromosomes and codes for 16 883 protein coding genes. Functional genomics, as well as biotechnological applications, rely on the ability to remove, add, and change these genes in a controlled and efficient manner. In this review, the history of gene editing in Chlamydomonas is put in the context of the wider developments in genetics to demonstrate how many of the key developments to engineer these algae follow the global trends and the availability of technology. Building on this background, an overview of the state of the art in Chlamydomonas engineering is given, focusing primarily on the practical aspects while giving examples of recent applications. Commonly encountered Chlamydomonas-specific challenges, recent developments, and community resources are presented, and finally, a comprehensive discussion on the emergence and evolution of CRISPR/Cas-based precision gene editing is given. An outline of possible future paths for gene editing based on current global trends in genetic engineering and tools for gene editing is presented.

绿藻衣藻是一种重要的多用途模式生物,研究范围从光合作用和代谢、纤毛、基体到细胞通讯和细胞周期,对绿色生物工程过程具有重要意义。这种单细胞绿藻的基因组包含17条单倍体染色体,编码16883个蛋白质编码基因。功能基因组学,以及生物技术应用,依赖于以可控和有效的方式去除、添加和改变这些基因的能力。在这篇综述中,将衣藻基因编辑的历史放在遗传学更广泛发展的背景下,以展示设计这些藻类的许多关键发展遵循全球趋势和技术的可用性。在此背景下,对衣藻工程技术的现状进行了概述,主要集中在实际方面,同时给出了最近应用的例子。介绍了常见的衣原体特异性挑战,最新发展和社区资源,最后,对基于CRISPR/ cas的精确基因编辑的出现和发展进行了全面的讨论。根据当前基因工程和基因编辑工具的全球趋势,概述了基因编辑未来可能的路径。
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引用次数: 0
Regulation of plant glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle by posttranslational modifications 翻译后修饰对植物糖酵解和三羧酸循环的调控
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-04-04 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.70142
Ke Zheng, Maria del Pilar Martinez, Maroua Bouzid, Manuel Balparda, Markus Schwarzländer, Veronica G. Maurino

Plant glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle are key pathways of central carbon metabolism. They facilitate energy transformation, provide redox balance, and supply the building blocks for biosynthetic processes that underpin plant survival, growth, and productivity. Yet, rather than acting as static pathways, the fluxes that are mediated by the enzymes involved form a branched network. Flux modes can change flexibly to match cellular demands and environmental fluctuations. Several of the enzymes involved in glycolysis and the TCA cycle have been identified as targets of posttranslational modifications (PTMs). PTMs can act as regulators to facilitate changes in flux by rapidly and reversibly altering enzyme organization and function. Consequently, PTMs enable plants to rapidly adjust their metabolic flux landscape, match energy and precursor provision with the changeable needs, and enhance overall metabolic flexibility. Here, we review the impact of different PTMs on glycolytic and TCA cycle enzymes, focusing on modifications that induce functional changes rather than the mere occurrence of PTMs at specific sites. By synthesizing recent findings, we provide a foundation for a system-level understanding of how PTMs choreograph the remarkable flexibility of plant central carbon metabolism.

植物糖酵解和三羧酸循环是中心碳代谢的关键途径。它们促进能量转化,提供氧化还原平衡,并为支撑植物生存、生长和生产力的生物合成过程提供基础。然而,不是作为静态途径,由酶介导的通量形成了一个分支网络。通量模式可以灵活变化,以匹配细胞需求和环境波动。一些参与糖酵解和TCA循环的酶已被确定为翻译后修饰(PTMs)的靶标。PTMs可以作为调节剂,通过快速和可逆地改变酶的组织和功能来促进通量的变化。因此,PTMs使植物能够快速调整其代谢通量景观,将能量和前体供应与变化的需求相匹配,并增强整体代谢灵活性。在这里,我们回顾了不同的PTMs对糖酵解和TCA循环酶的影响,重点是诱导功能变化的修饰,而不仅仅是PTMs在特定位点的发生。通过综合最近的发现,我们为系统级理解PTMs如何编排植物中心碳代谢的显着灵活性提供了基础。
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引用次数: 0
The homeostasis of β-alanine is key for Arabidopsis reproductive growth and development β-丙氨酸的体内平衡是拟南芥生殖生长发育的关键
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.70134
Si Wu, Youjun Zhang, Urszula Luzarowska, Lei Yang, Mohamed A. Salem, Venkatesh P. Thirumalaikumar, Nir Sade, Vadim E. Galperin, Alisdair Fernie, Arun Sampathkumar, Shimon Bershtein, Corina M. Fusari, Yariv Brotman

β-Alanine, an abundant non-proteinogenic amino acid, acts as a precursor for coenzyme A and plays a role in various stress responses. However, a comprehensive understanding of its metabolism in plants remains incomplete. Previous metabolic genome-wide association studies (mGWAS) identified ALANINE:GLYOXYLATE AMINOTRANSFERASE2 (AGT2, AT4G39660) linked to β-alanine levels in Arabidopsis under normal conditions. In this study, we aimed to deepen our insights into β-alanine regulation by conducting mGWAS under two contrasting environmental conditions: control (12 h photoperiod, 21°C, 150 μmol m−2 sec−1) and stress (harvested after 1820 min at 32°C and darkness). We identified two highly significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) for β-alanine, including the AGT2 locus associated in both environments and ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE6B2 (ALDH6B2, AT2G14170) associated only under stress conditions. A coexpression-correlation network revealed that the regulatory pathway involving β-alanine levels, AGT2, and ALDH6B2 connects the branched chained amino acid (BCAA) degradation through the propionate pathway. Metabolic profiles of AGT2 overexpression (OE) and knock-out (KO) lines (agt2) across various organs and developmental stages established the critical role of AGT2 in β-alanine metabolism. This work underscores the importance of β-alanine homeostasis for proper growth and development in Arabidopsis.

β-丙氨酸是一种丰富的非蛋白质氨基酸,是辅酶a的前体,在各种应激反应中发挥作用。然而,对其在植物体内代谢的全面了解仍不完整。先前的代谢全基因组关联研究(mGWAS)发现,在正常条件下,拟南芥中丙氨酸:GLYOXYLATE AMINOTRANSFERASE2 (AGT2, AT4G39660)与β-丙氨酸水平相关。在这项研究中,我们旨在通过在两种不同的环境条件下进行mGWAS,加深我们对β-丙氨酸调节的认识:控制(12 h光周期,21°C, 150 μmol m−2 sec−1)和胁迫(在32°C和黑暗下1820 min后收获)。我们发现了两个高度显著的β-丙氨酸数量性状位点(QTL),包括在两种环境下相关的AGT2位点和仅在胁迫条件下相关的醛脱氢ase6b2位点(ALDH6B2, AT2G14170)。共表达相关网络显示,涉及β-丙氨酸水平、AGT2和ALDH6B2的调控途径通过丙酸途径连接支链氨基酸(BCAA)降解。AGT2过表达(OE)和敲除(KO)系(AGT2)在不同器官和发育阶段的代谢谱证实了AGT2在β-丙氨酸代谢中的关键作用。本研究强调了β-丙氨酸稳态对拟南芥正常生长发育的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
The sucrose transporter TaSWEET11 is critical for grain filling and yield potential in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) 蔗糖转运蛋白TaSWEET11对小麦籽粒灌浆和产量潜力至关重要。
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.70133
Mingming Wang, Jia Geng, Zhe Zhang, Wenxi Wang, Tian Ma, Pei Ni, Zihan Zhang, Xuanshuang Li, Jiewen Xing, Qixin Sun, Yufeng Zhang, Zhongfu Ni

Grain filling, a crucial process that determines grain weight, is regulated by the efficiency of sugar transport to the caryopsis. However, the regulation of sugar transport during this process in wheat remains largely unknown. In this study, we conducted genetic and transcriptomic analyses to investigate the role of TaSWEET11 in grain filling and its contribution to grain weight. TaSWEET11 encodes a membrane-localized protein and is primarily expressed in developing grains, specifically in the vascular bundle and nucellar projection. Knocking out TaSWEET11 disrupted starch synthesis in developing grains, resulting in shrunken and empty-pericarp grains. Further investigation revealed that TaSWEET11 is involved in sucrose transport, as knockout lines exhibited significantly reduced sucrose content. Transcriptomic analysis showed significant downregulation of genes related to starch synthesis and sucrose metabolism in knockout lines, shedding light on the mechanism behind grain shrinkage. Notably, overexpressing TaSWEET11 had a positive impact on effective tiller number, spike length, grain number per spike, and ultimately grain yield in CB037. In addition, TaSWEET11, as a key factor for grain filling, underwent strong selection during wheat domestication and breeding programs. Overall, these findings highlight the crucial role of TaSWEET11 in sucrose transport during grain filling and suggest its potential as a target for increasing wheat yield.

籽粒灌浆是决定籽粒重量的关键过程,受糖向颖果转运效率的调节。然而,在小麦的这一过程中,糖转运的调控在很大程度上仍然未知。本研究通过遗传和转录组学分析,探讨了TaSWEET11在籽粒灌浆中的作用及其对籽粒重的贡献。TaSWEET11编码一种膜定位蛋白,主要在发育中的籽粒中表达,特别是在维管束和珠心突起中。敲除TaSWEET11破坏了发育中的籽粒中的淀粉合成,导致果皮籽粒萎缩和空化。进一步的研究表明,TaSWEET11参与蔗糖运输,因为敲除系的蔗糖含量显著降低。转录组学分析显示,敲除系中淀粉合成和蔗糖代谢相关基因显著下调,揭示了籽粒收缩的机制。值得注意的是,过表达TaSWEET11对CB037的有效分蘖数、穗长、穗粒数和最终产量都有积极影响。此外,TaSWEET11作为籽粒灌浆的关键因子,在小麦驯化和育种过程中经历了强烈的选择。总的来说,这些发现突出了TaSWEET11在籽粒灌浆过程中蔗糖运输中的关键作用,并表明其作为提高小麦产量的潜在靶点。
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引用次数: 0
Mutation of strigolactone biosynthetic gene DWARF 17 impairs the responses of rice tillering to N supply 独脚金内酯生物合成基因DWARF 17突变影响水稻分蘖对氮素供应的响应
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.70124
Xin Huang, Zhiming Kuang, Rui Zhou, Tiantian Liu, Li Tang, Zhipeng Gao, Tao Liu, Xiaorong Fan, Wei Xuan, Le Luo, Guohua Xu

Tiller number is one important parameter for rice yield and is influenced by both strigolactone (SL) and nitrogen (N). However, how SL and N interact to regulate the tiller outgrowth in rice is unclear. In this study, we isolated a multi-tillering mutant, tin, from an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-mutagenized population of Wuyunjing 7, a japonica cultivar. The tin mutant exhibited low sensitivity to varying N concentrations during the tiller development. Through bulk segregation analysis (BSA), we identified a missense mutation located in the exon of DWARF 17 (D17), a key gene involved in SL biosynthesis. Complementation experiments confirmed that D17 is responsible for the tin tiller phenotype, and exogenous application of the SL analogue GR24 restored the tiller response of tin to N. Transcriptome analysis further revealed that D17 and SL regulate the tiller response to N by modulating the expression of SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) genes and ammonium transporter genes. These findings elucidate the mechanism by which SL and N coordinate to regulate rice tillering growth, providing valuable insights for optimizing rice plant architecture to enhance yield potential.

分蘖数是水稻产量的重要参数之一,同时受孤脚金内酯(SL)和氮(N)的影响,但SL和N如何相互作用调控水稻分蘖生长尚不清楚。本研究从武运粳7号的甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变群体中分离到一个多分蘖突变体锡。在分蘖发育过程中,锡突变体对不同氮浓度的敏感性较低。通过整体分离分析(BSA),我们在参与SL生物合成的关键基因DWARF 17 (D17)的外显子上发现了一个错义突变。互补实验证实,D17负责锡分蘖表型,外源施用SL类似物GR24恢复了锡对N的分蘖反应。转录组分析进一步揭示,D17和SL通过调节SQUAMOSA启动子结合蛋白样(SPL)基因和铵转运蛋白基因的表达来调节分蘖对N的反应。这些发现阐明了SL和N协同调控水稻分蘖生长的机制,为优化水稻植株结构以提高产量潜力提供了有价值的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Twisted Sister1: an agravitropic mutant of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) with altered root and shoot architectures 扭曲姐妹1:面包小麦(Triticum aestivum)的异向性突变体,具有改变的根和芽结构
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.70122
Deying Zeng, Jiayu Peng, Lan Zhang, Mathew J. Hayden, Tina M. Rathjen, Xiaoqing Li, Wenfang Jiang, Emmanuel Delhaize

We identified a mutant of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) with impaired responses to gravity. The mutant, named Twisted Sister1 (TS1), had agravitropic roots that were often twisted along with altered shoot phenotypes. Roots of TS1 were insensitive to externally applied auxin, with the genetics and physiology suggestive of a mutated AUX/IAA transcription factor gene. Hexaploid wheat possesses over 80 AUX/IAA genes, and sequence information did not identify an obvious candidate. Bulked segregant analysis of an F2 population mapped the mutation to chromosome 5A, and subsequent mapping located the mutation to a 41 Mbp region. RNA-seq identified the TraesCS5A03G0149800 gene encoding a TaAUX/IAA protein to be mutated in the highly conserved domain II motif. We confirmed TraesCS5A03G0149800 as underlying the mutant phenotype by generating transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Analysis of RNA-seq data suggested broad similarities between Arabidopsis and wheat for the role of AUX/IAA genes in gravity responses, although there were marked differences. Here we show that the sequenced wheat genome, along with previous knowledge of the physiology of gravity responses from other plant species, gene mapping, RNA-seq, and expression in Arabidopsis have enabled the cloning of a key wheat gene that defines plant architecture.

我们鉴定了一株对重力反应受损的六倍体小麦(Triticum aestivum)突变体。这个突变体被命名为扭曲姐妹1 (TS1),它的根向重力倾斜,经常扭曲,同时改变了茎的表型。TS1根对外源生长素不敏感,遗传生理提示其AUX/IAA转录因子基因突变。六倍体小麦有80多个AUX/IAA基因,但序列信息没有确定一个明显的候选基因。F2群体的大量分离分析将突变定位在染色体5A上,随后将突变定位在41 Mbp的区域。RNA-seq鉴定出TraesCS5A03G0149800基因编码的TaAUX/IAA蛋白在高度保守的结构域II基序中发生突变。我们通过产生转基因拟南芥证实了TraesCS5A03G0149800是突变表型的基础。RNA-seq数据分析表明,拟南芥和小麦在AUX/IAA基因在重力响应中的作用大致相似,尽管存在显著差异。在这里,我们展示了小麦基因组的测序,以及之前对其他植物物种重力响应生理的了解,基因定位,RNA-seq和拟南芥中的表达,使得一个决定植物结构的关键小麦基因得以克隆。
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引用次数: 0
A space for time. Exploring temporal regulation of plant development across spatial scales 时间的空间。跨空间尺度探索植物发育的时间调控
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.70130
Yadhusankar Sasidharan, Vijayalakshmi Suryavanshi, Margot E. Smit

Plants continuously undergo change during their life cycle, experiencing dramatic phase transitions altering plant form, and regulating the assignment and progression of cell fates. The relative timing of developmental events is tightly controlled and involves integration of environmental, spatial, and relative age-related signals and actors. While plant phase transitions have been studied extensively and many of their regulators have been described, less is known about temporal regulation on a smaller, cell-level scale. Here, using examples from both plant and animal systems, we outline time-dependent changes. Looking at systemic scale changes, we discuss the timing of germination, juvenile-to-adult transition, flowering, and senescence, together with regeneration timing. Switching to temporal regulation on a cellular level, we discuss several instances from the animal field in which temporal control has been examined extensively at this scale. Then, we switch back to plants and summarize examples where plant cell-level changes are temporally regulated. As time cannot easily be separated from signaling derived from the environment and tissue context, we next discuss factors that have been implicated in controlling the timing of developmental events, reviewing temperature, photoperiod, nutrient availability, as well as tissue context and mechanical cues on the cellular scale. Afterwards, we provide an overview of mechanisms that have been shown or implicated in the temporal control of development, considering metabolism, division control, mobile signals, epigenetic regulation, and the action of transcription factors. Lastly, we look at remaining questions for the future study of developmental timing in plants and how recent technical advancement can enable these efforts.

植物在其生命周期中不断发生变化,经历了剧烈的相变,改变了植物的形态,调节了细胞命运的分配和进展。发育事件的相对时间受到严格控制,涉及环境、空间和相对年龄相关信号和行为体的整合。虽然植物相变已经被广泛研究,并且它们的许多调节因子已经被描述,但对较小的细胞水平上的时间调节知之甚少。这里,我们以植物和动物系统为例,概述了随时间变化的变化。从系统尺度的变化来看,我们讨论了发芽的时间,幼体到成体的过渡,开花和衰老,以及再生的时间。切换到细胞水平上的时间调节,我们讨论了动物领域的几个例子,在这些例子中,时间控制已经在这种规模上得到了广泛的研究。然后,我们回到植物,总结植物细胞水平的变化是暂时调节的例子。由于时间不能轻易地与来自环境和组织背景的信号分离,我们接下来将讨论与控制发育事件时间有关的因素,回顾温度、光周期、营养有效性以及细胞尺度上的组织背景和机械线索。随后,我们概述了已显示或涉及发育时间控制的机制,包括代谢、分裂控制、移动信号、表观遗传调控和转录因子的作用。最后,我们着眼于未来植物发育时间研究的剩余问题,以及最近的技术进步如何使这些努力成为可能。
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引用次数: 0
The cysteine protease RD19C suppresses plant immunity to Phytophthora by modulating copper chaperone ATX1 stability 半胱氨酸蛋白酶RD19C通过调节铜伴侣蛋白ATX1的稳定性抑制植物对疫霉的免疫
IF 6.2 1区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.70120
Jingwen Dong, Weiwei Li, Yang Yang, Song Liu, Yilin Li, Yuling Meng, Weixing Shan

Papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) are pivotal in plant development and immunity, though their specific regulatory mechanisms in immune responses remain largely unexplored. In this study, we identify AtRD19C, a vacuole-localized PLCP, and demonstrate its role in negatively regulating plant immunity to Phytophthora parasitica. We show that AtRD19C suppresses the ethylene (ET) signaling pathway by destabilizing the copper chaperone AtATX1, which is essential for activating ET signaling through the ethylene receptor ETR1. Genetic and biochemical analyses reveal that AtATX1 and the ET signaling pathway positively regulate immunity against Phytophthora. Given the conserved roles of RD19C and ATX1 in Solanum tuberosum, our findings suggest a conserved mechanism by which RD19C and ATX1 regulate resistance to Phytophthora across plant species.

木瓜样半胱氨酸蛋白酶(PLCPs)在植物发育和免疫中起着关键作用,尽管它们在免疫应答中的特定调节机制仍未被充分研究。在这项研究中,我们鉴定了液泡定位的PLCP AtRD19C,并证明了它在负向调节植物对疫霉寄生的免疫中的作用。我们发现AtRD19C通过破坏铜伴侣AtATX1来抑制乙烯(ET)信号通路,而铜伴侣AtATX1对于通过乙烯受体ETR1激活ET信号通路至关重要。遗传和生化分析表明,AtATX1和ET信号通路积极调节对疫霉菌的免疫。考虑到RD19C和ATX1在龙葵中的保守作用,我们的研究结果提示了RD19C和ATX1在植物物种间调节对疫霉抗性的保守机制。
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引用次数: 0
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The Plant Journal
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