Electronic sports appeared in the world in the late 1970s and gained popularity in the 2000s. In Turkey, on the other hand, the popularity and the number of players have increased after 2008. In this study, the Participation Motivation Scale for E-Sports (PMSES) was developed in order to evaluate the motivation for participation of those who do E-Sports. The research included 590 participants that play various E-Sports games. The research was designed as the structural equation and mixed model. Within the scope of the structural validity of the scale, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was carried out in the SPSS 23, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was applied to the measuring instrument in AMOS Software. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was found to be 0.975 and the sample size was found to be sufficient. As a result of the factor analysis applied regarding the validity of the scale, three factors representing 78.847% of the total variance were obtained. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.972 as a result of the reliability analysis of the 22-item scale. It can be said that the Participation Motivation Scale for E-Sports (PMSES) is a valid and reliable data collection tool that can measure the participation motivation of the individuals who do E-Sports.
{"title":"Participation Motivation Scale For E-Sports: Validity and Reliability Study (PMSES)","authors":"Mehmet Gül, Oğuzhan Gül, R. Uzun","doi":"10.15314/tsed.563111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.563111","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic sports appeared in the world in the late 1970s and gained popularity in the 2000s. In Turkey, on the other hand, the popularity and the number of players have increased after 2008. In this study, the Participation Motivation Scale for E-Sports (PMSES) was developed in order to evaluate the motivation for participation of those who do E-Sports. The research included 590 participants that play various E-Sports games. The research was designed as the structural equation and mixed model. Within the scope of the structural validity of the scale, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was carried out in the SPSS 23, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was applied to the measuring instrument in AMOS Software. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was found to be 0.975 and the sample size was found to be sufficient. As a result of the factor analysis applied regarding the validity of the scale, three factors representing 78.847% of the total variance were obtained. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.972 as a result of the reliability analysis of the 22-item scale. It can be said that the Participation Motivation Scale for E-Sports (PMSES) is a valid and reliable data collection tool that can measure the participation motivation of the individuals who do E-Sports.","PeriodicalId":23380,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89177843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this review, it is aimed to discuss the possible interactions between renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and exercise for health and performance and to present new literature on this subject. From this point of view, an analysis of the experimental and clinical studies on this subject has been made. Physical exercise leads to a number of changes in the plasma levels of renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone, which represent the adaptation of the human body to a new biological environment. Significant (P <0.05) increases occur in the levels of plasma renin, angiotensin and aldosterone especially in submaximal and maximal exercise intensity. Hormone levels return to normal with the end of the exercise. Factors such as age and gender, menstrual cycle, salt intake, posture, thermal tension, elevation, training, type of exercise have a major impact on the response of the RAA system to exercise. A relationship between physical activity and permanent endocrine changes could not be demonstrated.
{"title":"RAA System and Exercise Relationship","authors":"Suleyman Patlar, Sadettin Ünsal","doi":"10.15314/tsed.604845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.604845","url":null,"abstract":"In this review, it is aimed to discuss the possible interactions between renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and exercise for health and performance and to present new literature on this subject. From this point of view, an analysis of the experimental and clinical studies on this subject has been made. Physical exercise leads to a number of changes in the plasma levels of renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone, which represent the adaptation of the human body to a new biological environment. Significant (P <0.05) increases occur in the levels of plasma renin, angiotensin and aldosterone especially in submaximal and maximal exercise intensity. Hormone levels return to normal with the end of the exercise. Factors such as age and gender, menstrual cycle, salt intake, posture, thermal tension, elevation, training, type of exercise have a major impact on the response of the RAA system to exercise. A relationship between physical activity and permanent endocrine changes could not be demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":23380,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79754297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the effects of smoking on some blood parameters and respiratory functions in wrestlers. To the study 18 non-smoker wrestling athletes for at least 11 ± 500 years, studying at different departments at Mugla Sitki Kocman University Faculty of Sport Sciences, whose average age 20 ± 888, average height 177 ± 555, average weight 82 ± 777 kg; and 16 athletes smoking 15± 062 pieces of cigarettes in a day for averagely 3 ± 406 years, doing licenced wrestling at least for 11 ± 625 years whose average age 22 ± 000, height average 179 ± 375, weight average 86 ± 250; a total of 34 male individuals voluntarily participated in the study. Height and body weight measurements, blood analysis and pulmonary function tests were respectively applied to the participants. Statistical analysis of the obtained data was done by SPSS 21.00 package program. Since the data were distributed normally, the Independent-Samples T Test was used for intergroup comparisons, and the level of significance was set at p <0.05 and 0.01 by using regression analysis test methods. RBC values of the smokers were significantly higher than the ones who did not (p <0.01), and the results of the respiratory function test showed that there were significant differences in favor of the non-smokers (p <0.01, p <0.05). While RBC and HGB values of cigarette users were found to be significantly higher, non-smokers had a 35.2% effect on RBC values of 33.9%, while FVC and FEF25 / 75 were significantly lower than non-smokers. FVC values of -47.4%, and FEF25 / 75 were found to have an effect of -65.7%. In conclusion, it was determined that smoking in wrestlers has statistically significant but negative effects on some blood parameters and respiratory functions. For this reason, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of smoking in the wrestlers to ensure that both athletes and coaches demonstrate the required sensitivity.
{"title":"Investigation of The Effect of Smoking on Some Blood Parameters and Respiratory Functions in Wrestlers","authors":"Kürşat Hazar","doi":"10.15314/tsed.548672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.548672","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the effects of smoking on some blood parameters and respiratory functions in wrestlers. To the study 18 non-smoker wrestling athletes for at least 11 ± 500 years, studying at different departments at Mugla Sitki Kocman University Faculty of Sport Sciences, whose average age 20 ± 888, average height 177 ± 555, average weight 82 ± 777 kg; and 16 athletes smoking 15± 062 pieces of cigarettes in a day for averagely 3 ± 406 years, doing licenced wrestling at least for 11 ± 625 years whose average age 22 ± 000, height average 179 ± 375, weight average 86 ± 250; a total of 34 male individuals voluntarily participated in the study. Height and body weight measurements, blood analysis and pulmonary function tests were respectively applied to the participants. Statistical analysis of the obtained data was done by SPSS 21.00 package program. Since the data were distributed normally, the Independent-Samples T Test was used for intergroup comparisons, and the level of significance was set at p <0.05 and 0.01 by using regression analysis test methods. RBC values of the smokers were significantly higher than the ones who did not (p <0.01), and the results of the respiratory function test showed that there were significant differences in favor of the non-smokers (p <0.01, p <0.05). While RBC and HGB values of cigarette users were found to be significantly higher, non-smokers had a 35.2% effect on RBC values of 33.9%, while FVC and FEF25 / 75 were significantly lower than non-smokers. FVC values of -47.4%, and FEF25 / 75 were found to have an effect of -65.7%. In conclusion, it was determined that smoking in wrestlers has statistically significant but negative effects on some blood parameters and respiratory functions. For this reason, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of smoking in the wrestlers to ensure that both athletes and coaches demonstrate the required sensitivity.","PeriodicalId":23380,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise","volume":"132 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76417337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. S. Akgül, Arzu Altunel, V. V. Gürses, Bilgehan Baydil
ABSTRACT Research related to arm bone density of badminton players focused mainly on humerus, how much forearm exposed to physical load is affected by this stress has been studies less. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate mineral density of dominant and non-dominant forearm bone mineral density of badminton players who have been regularly playing badminton for 10 years. 12 male badminton players whose dominant arms were the same voluntarily participated in this study. Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of the players was evaluated with Dual X Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). Data was evaluated with SPSS 23. Controlled research method was used to estimate BMD of the players. Differences between dominant and non-dominant arms were assessed with a non-parametric test, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. P value was set at p<0.05. Significant difference was found between BMD of dominant right ultra-distal part and BMD of non-dominant left ultra-distal part (z:-2,94, sig:0,00) and between BMD of dominant right proximal part and BMD of non-dominant left proximal part (z:-2,09, sig:0,03). There was no significant difference between dominant proximal 1/3 part and non-dominant proximal 1/3 part (z:1,85, sig:0,06). As a result, long-term badminton training has positive effects on BMD.
{"title":"Comparison of Bone Mineral Density of Dominant and Non-dominant Forearm of Badminton Players","authors":"M. S. Akgül, Arzu Altunel, V. V. Gürses, Bilgehan Baydil","doi":"10.15314/tsed.587100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.587100","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Research related to arm bone density of badminton players focused mainly on humerus, how much forearm exposed to physical load is affected by this stress has been studies less. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate mineral density of dominant and non-dominant forearm bone mineral density of badminton players who have been regularly playing badminton for 10 years. 12 male badminton players whose dominant arms were the same voluntarily participated in this study. Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of the players was evaluated with Dual X Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). Data was evaluated with SPSS 23. Controlled research method was used to estimate BMD of the players. Differences between dominant and non-dominant arms were assessed with a non-parametric test, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. P value was set at p<0.05. Significant difference was found between BMD of dominant right ultra-distal part and BMD of non-dominant left ultra-distal part (z:-2,94, sig:0,00) and between BMD of dominant right proximal part and BMD of non-dominant left proximal part (z:-2,09, sig:0,03). There was no significant difference between dominant proximal 1/3 part and non-dominant proximal 1/3 part (z:1,85, sig:0,06). As a result, long-term badminton training has positive effects on BMD.","PeriodicalId":23380,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise","volume":"123 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80215415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this research is to compare sub-dimensions of courage scale in sports which are competence-proficiency, determination, boldness, taking risk and being self-sacrificing in sports according to various demographic values of boxers participating in senior national team selections held in Eastern Anatolia. Sample group of the study consists of 61 boxers participating in national team selections. In the research, personal information form for participants and scale of courage in sports developed by Konter and Johan (11) were used. Boxers' ages, types of residences where they live, educational status, occupations of their parents, income levels, sport ages and athlete status were compared with the sub-dimensions of the scale. SPSS 22.0 Windows program was used to analyze data obtained. As a result of normality tests, it was determined that the data were not distributed normally. Because of this reason, while non-parametric Kruskal Wallis H test was used in the study, Mann Whitney U test was used to compare sub-dimension scores of scale according to mother's educational status. Significance level was accepted as <0,05. As a result, for boxers participating in the selection, there was no significant difference between sub-dimensions of courage scale in sports and their ages, types of residences where they live, educational status, occupations of their parents, income levels, sport ages, athlete status.
{"title":"Study on Courage Perceptions of Athletes Participating in Eastern Anatolia Turkish Senior boxing Championship Natıonal Team Selections","authors":"S. Zengin","doi":"10.15314/tsed.540056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.540056","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this research is to compare sub-dimensions of courage scale in sports which are competence-proficiency, determination, boldness, taking risk and being self-sacrificing in sports according to various demographic values of boxers participating in senior national team selections held in Eastern Anatolia. Sample group of the study consists of 61 boxers participating in national team selections. In the research, personal information form for participants and scale of courage in sports developed by Konter and Johan (11) were used. Boxers' ages, types of residences where they live, educational status, occupations of their parents, income levels, sport ages and athlete status were compared with the sub-dimensions of the scale. SPSS 22.0 Windows program was used to analyze data obtained. As a result of normality tests, it was determined that the data were not distributed normally. Because of this reason, while non-parametric Kruskal Wallis H test was used in the study, Mann Whitney U test was used to compare sub-dimension scores of scale according to mother's educational status. Significance level was accepted as <0,05. As a result, for boxers participating in the selection, there was no significant difference between sub-dimensions of courage scale in sports and their ages, types of residences where they live, educational status, occupations of their parents, income levels, sport ages, athlete status.","PeriodicalId":23380,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91118894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to assessment the effect of melatonin on lipid profile in rats with experimentally induced acute pancreatitis. In this study, 32 adult, male, healthy Wistar Abino rats were used. Group I animals was no applied. Group II animals was intraperitoneally administered 50 mg/kg melatonin per rat twice for two hours intervals. Animals of group III received two intraperitoneal injections of cerulein (50 µg/kg and 25 µg/kg bw, respectively) at two hours intervals. Animals of group IV received two intraperitoneal injections of cerulein (50 µg/kg and 25 µg/kg bw, respectively) at two hours intervals and the rats received an intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg melatonin 30 min before each cerulein injection. After 12 hours from the last cerulein injection, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL levels was determined. In this study, experimentally induced acute pancreatitis resulted in significantly increase in levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL (p<0.05) , while HDL level significantly decreased compared with control group level (p<0.05) . Pretreatment of melatonin to the rats with acute pancreatitis importantly reduced triglyceride and LDL levels compared to pancreatitis group (p<0.05) . In conclusion, melatonin pretreatment may alleviate the abnormalities in plasma lipid profile caused by acute pancreatitis.
{"title":"The Protective Effect of Melatonin on Plasma Lipid Profile in Rats with Cerulein-induced Acute Pancreatitis","authors":"E. Keskin, D. Uluışık","doi":"10.15314/tsed.541829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.541829","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to assessment the effect of melatonin on lipid profile in rats with experimentally induced acute pancreatitis. In this study, 32 adult, male, healthy Wistar Abino rats were used. Group I animals was no applied. Group II animals was intraperitoneally administered 50 mg/kg melatonin per rat twice for two hours intervals. Animals of group III received two intraperitoneal injections of cerulein (50 µg/kg and 25 µg/kg bw, respectively) at two hours intervals. Animals of group IV received two intraperitoneal injections of cerulein (50 µg/kg and 25 µg/kg bw, respectively) at two hours intervals and the rats received an intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg melatonin 30 min before each cerulein injection. After 12 hours from the last cerulein injection, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL levels was determined. In this study, experimentally induced acute pancreatitis resulted in significantly increase in levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL (p<0.05) , while HDL level significantly decreased compared with control group level (p<0.05) . Pretreatment of melatonin to the rats with acute pancreatitis importantly reduced triglyceride and LDL levels compared to pancreatitis group (p<0.05) . In conclusion, melatonin pretreatment may alleviate the abnormalities in plasma lipid profile caused by acute pancreatitis.","PeriodicalId":23380,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85301803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of melatonin application in experimentally induced diabetes. For this purpose, thirty two adult male Wistar Albino rats were used. Animals in control group were not any treatment. Melatonin group animals received 50 mg/kg melatonin intraperitoneally in daily for eight weeks. Diabetes was induced by subcutaneous injections of streptozotocin at dose of 40 mg/kg for two days as a single dose per day in diabetes group animals. Animals in Diabetes+Melatonin group were made diabetic by streptozotocin in the same way and then these animals received 50 mg/kg melatonin intraperitoneally in daily for eight weeks. In blood samples taken from all animals, insulin, glucose, HbA1c, MDA, GSH, SOD were determined. The insulin level in diabetes group was lower than control group, while blood glucose level was higher (p<0.05). Melatonin treatment to diabetic animals resulted in significantly differences in these parameters compared to diabetes group (p<0.05). HbA1c in diabetes group was higher than control group (p<0.05). Melatonin application to diabetic animals significantly decreased HbA1c compared to diabetes group (p<0.05). In diabetes group, GSH and SOD levels were found to be lower than control group, whereas MDA level were high (p<0.05). The changes in GSH and SOD levels with melatonin application to diabetic animals were not important compared to diabetes group, while MDA level was significantly reduced (p<0.05). As a result, we concluded that the melatonin treatment to experimentally induced diabetic rats obviously improved the some negative changes in metabolic parameters resulting from diabetes.
{"title":"Effects of Melatonin on Some Antioxidant Enzymes in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats","authors":"D. Uluışık, E. Keskin, Durmus Hatipoglu","doi":"10.15314/tsed.560865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.560865","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of melatonin application in experimentally induced diabetes. For this purpose, thirty two adult male Wistar Albino rats were used. Animals in control group were not any treatment. Melatonin group animals received 50 mg/kg melatonin intraperitoneally in daily for eight weeks. Diabetes was induced by subcutaneous injections of streptozotocin at dose of 40 mg/kg for two days as a single dose per day in diabetes group animals. Animals in Diabetes+Melatonin group were made diabetic by streptozotocin in the same way and then these animals received 50 mg/kg melatonin intraperitoneally in daily for eight weeks. In blood samples taken from all animals, insulin, glucose, HbA1c, MDA, GSH, SOD were determined. The insulin level in diabetes group was lower than control group, while blood glucose level was higher (p<0.05). Melatonin treatment to diabetic animals resulted in significantly differences in these parameters compared to diabetes group (p<0.05). HbA1c in diabetes group was higher than control group (p<0.05). Melatonin application to diabetic animals significantly decreased HbA1c compared to diabetes group (p<0.05). In diabetes group, GSH and SOD levels were found to be lower than control group, whereas MDA level were high (p<0.05). The changes in GSH and SOD levels with melatonin application to diabetic animals were not important compared to diabetes group, while MDA level was significantly reduced (p<0.05). As a result, we concluded that the melatonin treatment to experimentally induced diabetic rats obviously improved the some negative changes in metabolic parameters resulting from diabetes.","PeriodicalId":23380,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74117134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Anabolic steroids are testosterone derivatives through which anabolic effects are maintained and androgenic effects are minimized. The use of ergogenic agents is increasing among athletes for doping in order to increase physical performance and change external image. The objective of this study was to determine effects of trenbolone supplement administered on running rats for 4 weeks on extremity bones. The study was conducted with 28 male Wistar rats aged 28 days with a mean weight of 61,80 g supplied from the Selcuk University Experimental Medical Research and Application Center. The rate were divided into 4 groups as C (Controls), E (Exercise), T (Trenbolone), and TE (trenbolone + Exercise). The trial period lasted 4 weeks. Supply, care, feeding, and experimental applications of rats were performed in the Selcuk University Experimental Medical Research and Application Center. Anterior and posterior extremities’ bones were dissected and exposed, and the humerus and femur bones exposed were dried. Length, corpus thickness, cortex thickness, and medulla diameter points were determined and the necessary measures were taken. The results are expressed as mean ± SD. ANOVA and Duncan tests were used for the comparison of data. p 0.05). Results of this study indicate that trenbolone supplement may lead to early epiphyseal closure in femur and humerus bones of rats, ceasing the increase in their length. We believe that the results obtained from this trenbolone trial will provide important data to the studies that will be conducted on anabolic androgenic steroids. Key words: Anabolic Androgenic Steroid, Trenbolone, Rat, Femur, Humerus
{"title":"The Effects of Trenbolone Supplementation on The Extremity Bones in Running Rats","authors":"Ali Sari, Sefa Lök","doi":"10.15314/tsed.555015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.555015","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Anabolic steroids are testosterone derivatives through which anabolic effects are maintained and androgenic effects are minimized. The use of ergogenic agents is increasing among athletes for doping in order to increase physical performance and change external image. The objective of this study was to determine effects of trenbolone supplement administered on running rats for 4 weeks on extremity bones. The study was conducted with 28 male Wistar rats aged 28 days with a mean weight of 61,80 g supplied from the Selcuk University Experimental Medical Research and Application Center. The rate were divided into 4 groups as C (Controls), E (Exercise), T (Trenbolone), and TE (trenbolone + Exercise). The trial period lasted 4 weeks. Supply, care, feeding, and experimental applications of rats were performed in the Selcuk University Experimental Medical Research and Application Center. Anterior and posterior extremities’ bones were dissected and exposed, and the humerus and femur bones exposed were dried. Length, corpus thickness, cortex thickness, and medulla diameter points were determined and the necessary measures were taken. The results are expressed as mean ± SD. ANOVA and Duncan tests were used for the comparison of data. p 0.05). Results of this study indicate that trenbolone supplement may lead to early epiphyseal closure in femur and humerus bones of rats, ceasing the increase in their length. We believe that the results obtained from this trenbolone trial will provide important data to the studies that will be conducted on anabolic androgenic steroids. Key words: Anabolic Androgenic Steroid, Trenbolone, Rat, Femur, Humerus","PeriodicalId":23380,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79246650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is well known that punching force is highly important to boxers for winning and one of the key components of amateur boxing. Boxing needs also get blocking position, after throwing a punch to not receive a punch.The aim of the study was to determine the dominant internal-external shoulder muscles and dominant extension-flexion leg muscles strength of the elite boxers at 60° and 180° sec-1. In the study, 10 male elite boxers 22.10 ± 1.37 years, height 174.60 ± 6.41 cm and 72.60 ± 10.74 kg participated in the study. The isokinetic knee and shoulder strength tests were performed with an isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex, Humac Norm 2004) in the kinanthropometry laboratory of Selcuk University. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SPSS 22 package program. Descriptive data of the participants were given as mean, minimum, maximum and standard deviation. it was determined that the peak dominant leg strength of elite boxers were found for extension 224.900 nM (60 °/s) and 135.70 nM (180 °/s ). The peak dominant leg strength of elite boxers found for flexion 120.50 nM and 72.30 nM at 60 °/s and 180 °/s respectively. Elite boxers’ leg strength was similar to literatur. As a result of the study, it can be said that the internal muscle group of boxers produce more power than external muscle group. It can be concluded that the boxers have better punching strength than defense.
{"title":"Determination of Isokinetic Strength of Upper and Lower Body of Elite Male Boxers","authors":"Samet Aktaş, Ali Tatlıcı, O. Çakmakçi","doi":"10.15314/tsed.600645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.600645","url":null,"abstract":"It is well known that punching force is highly important to boxers for winning and one of the key components of amateur boxing. Boxing needs also get blocking position, after throwing a punch to not receive a punch.The aim of the study was to determine the dominant internal-external shoulder muscles and dominant extension-flexion leg muscles strength of the elite boxers at 60° and 180° sec-1. In the study, 10 male elite boxers 22.10 ± 1.37 years, height 174.60 ± 6.41 cm and 72.60 ± 10.74 kg participated in the study. The isokinetic knee and shoulder strength tests were performed with an isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex, Humac Norm 2004) in the kinanthropometry laboratory of Selcuk University. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SPSS 22 package program. Descriptive data of the participants were given as mean, minimum, maximum and standard deviation. it was determined that the peak dominant leg strength of elite boxers were found for extension 224.900 nM (60 °/s) and 135.70 nM (180 °/s ). The peak dominant leg strength of elite boxers found for flexion 120.50 nM and 72.30 nM at 60 °/s and 180 °/s respectively. Elite boxers’ leg strength was similar to literatur. As a result of the study, it can be said that the internal muscle group of boxers produce more power than external muscle group. It can be concluded that the boxers have better punching strength than defense.","PeriodicalId":23380,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83210471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Fi̇şekçi̇oğlu, Arif Özsarı, Hüseyin Fatih Şen, Mehmet Altin, Alpaslan Gorucu
With this study, we aimed to evaluate professional and amateur athletes’ social insurances with legal aspects in Turkey.In this study -which was prepared by making use of descriptive analysis- related laws, regulations and literature were reviewed and the recent situation was demonstrated by researching the obtained resources. It’s understood that professional and amateur Athletes’ contracts are a sort of service contracts, but neither group is subject to Labor Law No. 4857, therefore they cannot demand severance pay, notice pay or annual leave; and that general and special provisions of Law on Debts No. 6098 were implemented for the athletes who signed a contract with a club; and it is also understood that state athletes, jockeys and foreign athletes were subject to the Law On Social Insurance and General Health Insurance No.5510; and that, amateur athletes who have a contract with a club were evaluated in the scope of private health insurance, despite that, amateur athletes without contract to any club aren’t subject to social insurance provisions
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