Electronic sports appeared in the world in the late 1970s and gained popularity in the 2000s. In Turkey, on the other hand, the popularity and the number of players have increased after 2008. In this study, the Participation Motivation Scale for E-Sports (PMSES) was developed in order to evaluate the motivation for participation of those who do E-Sports. The research included 590 participants that play various E-Sports games. The research was designed as the structural equation and mixed model. Within the scope of the structural validity of the scale, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was carried out in the SPSS 23, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was applied to the measuring instrument in AMOS Software. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was found to be 0.975 and the sample size was found to be sufficient. As a result of the factor analysis applied regarding the validity of the scale, three factors representing 78.847% of the total variance were obtained. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.972 as a result of the reliability analysis of the 22-item scale. It can be said that the Participation Motivation Scale for E-Sports (PMSES) is a valid and reliable data collection tool that can measure the participation motivation of the individuals who do E-Sports.
{"title":"Participation Motivation Scale For E-Sports: Validity and Reliability Study (PMSES)","authors":"Mehmet Gül, Oğuzhan Gül, R. Uzun","doi":"10.15314/tsed.563111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.563111","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic sports appeared in the world in the late 1970s and gained popularity in the 2000s. In Turkey, on the other hand, the popularity and the number of players have increased after 2008. In this study, the Participation Motivation Scale for E-Sports (PMSES) was developed in order to evaluate the motivation for participation of those who do E-Sports. The research included 590 participants that play various E-Sports games. The research was designed as the structural equation and mixed model. Within the scope of the structural validity of the scale, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was carried out in the SPSS 23, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was applied to the measuring instrument in AMOS Software. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was found to be 0.975 and the sample size was found to be sufficient. As a result of the factor analysis applied regarding the validity of the scale, three factors representing 78.847% of the total variance were obtained. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.972 as a result of the reliability analysis of the 22-item scale. It can be said that the Participation Motivation Scale for E-Sports (PMSES) is a valid and reliable data collection tool that can measure the participation motivation of the individuals who do E-Sports.","PeriodicalId":23380,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89177843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this review, it is aimed to discuss the possible interactions between renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and exercise for health and performance and to present new literature on this subject. From this point of view, an analysis of the experimental and clinical studies on this subject has been made. Physical exercise leads to a number of changes in the plasma levels of renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone, which represent the adaptation of the human body to a new biological environment. Significant (P <0.05) increases occur in the levels of plasma renin, angiotensin and aldosterone especially in submaximal and maximal exercise intensity. Hormone levels return to normal with the end of the exercise. Factors such as age and gender, menstrual cycle, salt intake, posture, thermal tension, elevation, training, type of exercise have a major impact on the response of the RAA system to exercise. A relationship between physical activity and permanent endocrine changes could not be demonstrated.
{"title":"RAA System and Exercise Relationship","authors":"Suleyman Patlar, Sadettin Ünsal","doi":"10.15314/tsed.604845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.604845","url":null,"abstract":"In this review, it is aimed to discuss the possible interactions between renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and exercise for health and performance and to present new literature on this subject. From this point of view, an analysis of the experimental and clinical studies on this subject has been made. Physical exercise leads to a number of changes in the plasma levels of renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone, which represent the adaptation of the human body to a new biological environment. Significant (P <0.05) increases occur in the levels of plasma renin, angiotensin and aldosterone especially in submaximal and maximal exercise intensity. Hormone levels return to normal with the end of the exercise. Factors such as age and gender, menstrual cycle, salt intake, posture, thermal tension, elevation, training, type of exercise have a major impact on the response of the RAA system to exercise. A relationship between physical activity and permanent endocrine changes could not be demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":23380,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79754297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the effects of smoking on some blood parameters and respiratory functions in wrestlers. To the study 18 non-smoker wrestling athletes for at least 11 ± 500 years, studying at different departments at Mugla Sitki Kocman University Faculty of Sport Sciences, whose average age 20 ± 888, average height 177 ± 555, average weight 82 ± 777 kg; and 16 athletes smoking 15± 062 pieces of cigarettes in a day for averagely 3 ± 406 years, doing licenced wrestling at least for 11 ± 625 years whose average age 22 ± 000, height average 179 ± 375, weight average 86 ± 250; a total of 34 male individuals voluntarily participated in the study. Height and body weight measurements, blood analysis and pulmonary function tests were respectively applied to the participants. Statistical analysis of the obtained data was done by SPSS 21.00 package program. Since the data were distributed normally, the Independent-Samples T Test was used for intergroup comparisons, and the level of significance was set at p <0.05 and 0.01 by using regression analysis test methods. RBC values of the smokers were significantly higher than the ones who did not (p <0.01), and the results of the respiratory function test showed that there were significant differences in favor of the non-smokers (p <0.01, p <0.05). While RBC and HGB values of cigarette users were found to be significantly higher, non-smokers had a 35.2% effect on RBC values of 33.9%, while FVC and FEF25 / 75 were significantly lower than non-smokers. FVC values of -47.4%, and FEF25 / 75 were found to have an effect of -65.7%. In conclusion, it was determined that smoking in wrestlers has statistically significant but negative effects on some blood parameters and respiratory functions. For this reason, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of smoking in the wrestlers to ensure that both athletes and coaches demonstrate the required sensitivity.
{"title":"Investigation of The Effect of Smoking on Some Blood Parameters and Respiratory Functions in Wrestlers","authors":"Kürşat Hazar","doi":"10.15314/tsed.548672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.548672","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the effects of smoking on some blood parameters and respiratory functions in wrestlers. To the study 18 non-smoker wrestling athletes for at least 11 ± 500 years, studying at different departments at Mugla Sitki Kocman University Faculty of Sport Sciences, whose average age 20 ± 888, average height 177 ± 555, average weight 82 ± 777 kg; and 16 athletes smoking 15± 062 pieces of cigarettes in a day for averagely 3 ± 406 years, doing licenced wrestling at least for 11 ± 625 years whose average age 22 ± 000, height average 179 ± 375, weight average 86 ± 250; a total of 34 male individuals voluntarily participated in the study. Height and body weight measurements, blood analysis and pulmonary function tests were respectively applied to the participants. Statistical analysis of the obtained data was done by SPSS 21.00 package program. Since the data were distributed normally, the Independent-Samples T Test was used for intergroup comparisons, and the level of significance was set at p <0.05 and 0.01 by using regression analysis test methods. RBC values of the smokers were significantly higher than the ones who did not (p <0.01), and the results of the respiratory function test showed that there were significant differences in favor of the non-smokers (p <0.01, p <0.05). While RBC and HGB values of cigarette users were found to be significantly higher, non-smokers had a 35.2% effect on RBC values of 33.9%, while FVC and FEF25 / 75 were significantly lower than non-smokers. FVC values of -47.4%, and FEF25 / 75 were found to have an effect of -65.7%. In conclusion, it was determined that smoking in wrestlers has statistically significant but negative effects on some blood parameters and respiratory functions. For this reason, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of smoking in the wrestlers to ensure that both athletes and coaches demonstrate the required sensitivity.","PeriodicalId":23380,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76417337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. S. Akgül, Arzu Altunel, V. V. Gürses, Bilgehan Baydil
ABSTRACT Research related to arm bone density of badminton players focused mainly on humerus, how much forearm exposed to physical load is affected by this stress has been studies less. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate mineral density of dominant and non-dominant forearm bone mineral density of badminton players who have been regularly playing badminton for 10 years. 12 male badminton players whose dominant arms were the same voluntarily participated in this study. Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of the players was evaluated with Dual X Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). Data was evaluated with SPSS 23. Controlled research method was used to estimate BMD of the players. Differences between dominant and non-dominant arms were assessed with a non-parametric test, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. P value was set at p<0.05. Significant difference was found between BMD of dominant right ultra-distal part and BMD of non-dominant left ultra-distal part (z:-2,94, sig:0,00) and between BMD of dominant right proximal part and BMD of non-dominant left proximal part (z:-2,09, sig:0,03). There was no significant difference between dominant proximal 1/3 part and non-dominant proximal 1/3 part (z:1,85, sig:0,06). As a result, long-term badminton training has positive effects on BMD.
{"title":"Comparison of Bone Mineral Density of Dominant and Non-dominant Forearm of Badminton Players","authors":"M. S. Akgül, Arzu Altunel, V. V. Gürses, Bilgehan Baydil","doi":"10.15314/tsed.587100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.587100","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Research related to arm bone density of badminton players focused mainly on humerus, how much forearm exposed to physical load is affected by this stress has been studies less. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate mineral density of dominant and non-dominant forearm bone mineral density of badminton players who have been regularly playing badminton for 10 years. 12 male badminton players whose dominant arms were the same voluntarily participated in this study. Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of the players was evaluated with Dual X Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). Data was evaluated with SPSS 23. Controlled research method was used to estimate BMD of the players. Differences between dominant and non-dominant arms were assessed with a non-parametric test, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. P value was set at p<0.05. Significant difference was found between BMD of dominant right ultra-distal part and BMD of non-dominant left ultra-distal part (z:-2,94, sig:0,00) and between BMD of dominant right proximal part and BMD of non-dominant left proximal part (z:-2,09, sig:0,03). There was no significant difference between dominant proximal 1/3 part and non-dominant proximal 1/3 part (z:1,85, sig:0,06). As a result, long-term badminton training has positive effects on BMD.","PeriodicalId":23380,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80215415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this research is to compare sub-dimensions of courage scale in sports which are competence-proficiency, determination, boldness, taking risk and being self-sacrificing in sports according to various demographic values of boxers participating in senior national team selections held in Eastern Anatolia. Sample group of the study consists of 61 boxers participating in national team selections. In the research, personal information form for participants and scale of courage in sports developed by Konter and Johan (11) were used. Boxers' ages, types of residences where they live, educational status, occupations of their parents, income levels, sport ages and athlete status were compared with the sub-dimensions of the scale. SPSS 22.0 Windows program was used to analyze data obtained. As a result of normality tests, it was determined that the data were not distributed normally. Because of this reason, while non-parametric Kruskal Wallis H test was used in the study, Mann Whitney U test was used to compare sub-dimension scores of scale according to mother's educational status. Significance level was accepted as <0,05. As a result, for boxers participating in the selection, there was no significant difference between sub-dimensions of courage scale in sports and their ages, types of residences where they live, educational status, occupations of their parents, income levels, sport ages, athlete status.
{"title":"Study on Courage Perceptions of Athletes Participating in Eastern Anatolia Turkish Senior boxing Championship Natıonal Team Selections","authors":"S. Zengin","doi":"10.15314/tsed.540056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.540056","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this research is to compare sub-dimensions of courage scale in sports which are competence-proficiency, determination, boldness, taking risk and being self-sacrificing in sports according to various demographic values of boxers participating in senior national team selections held in Eastern Anatolia. Sample group of the study consists of 61 boxers participating in national team selections. In the research, personal information form for participants and scale of courage in sports developed by Konter and Johan (11) were used. Boxers' ages, types of residences where they live, educational status, occupations of their parents, income levels, sport ages and athlete status were compared with the sub-dimensions of the scale. SPSS 22.0 Windows program was used to analyze data obtained. As a result of normality tests, it was determined that the data were not distributed normally. Because of this reason, while non-parametric Kruskal Wallis H test was used in the study, Mann Whitney U test was used to compare sub-dimension scores of scale according to mother's educational status. Significance level was accepted as <0,05. As a result, for boxers participating in the selection, there was no significant difference between sub-dimensions of courage scale in sports and their ages, types of residences where they live, educational status, occupations of their parents, income levels, sport ages, athlete status.","PeriodicalId":23380,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91118894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to assessment the effect of melatonin on lipid profile in rats with experimentally induced acute pancreatitis. In this study, 32 adult, male, healthy Wistar Abino rats were used. Group I animals was no applied. Group II animals was intraperitoneally administered 50 mg/kg melatonin per rat twice for two hours intervals. Animals of group III received two intraperitoneal injections of cerulein (50 µg/kg and 25 µg/kg bw, respectively) at two hours intervals. Animals of group IV received two intraperitoneal injections of cerulein (50 µg/kg and 25 µg/kg bw, respectively) at two hours intervals and the rats received an intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg melatonin 30 min before each cerulein injection. After 12 hours from the last cerulein injection, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL levels was determined. In this study, experimentally induced acute pancreatitis resulted in significantly increase in levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL (p<0.05) , while HDL level significantly decreased compared with control group level (p<0.05) . Pretreatment of melatonin to the rats with acute pancreatitis importantly reduced triglyceride and LDL levels compared to pancreatitis group (p<0.05) . In conclusion, melatonin pretreatment may alleviate the abnormalities in plasma lipid profile caused by acute pancreatitis.
{"title":"The Protective Effect of Melatonin on Plasma Lipid Profile in Rats with Cerulein-induced Acute Pancreatitis","authors":"E. Keskin, D. Uluışık","doi":"10.15314/tsed.541829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.541829","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to assessment the effect of melatonin on lipid profile in rats with experimentally induced acute pancreatitis. In this study, 32 adult, male, healthy Wistar Abino rats were used. Group I animals was no applied. Group II animals was intraperitoneally administered 50 mg/kg melatonin per rat twice for two hours intervals. Animals of group III received two intraperitoneal injections of cerulein (50 µg/kg and 25 µg/kg bw, respectively) at two hours intervals. Animals of group IV received two intraperitoneal injections of cerulein (50 µg/kg and 25 µg/kg bw, respectively) at two hours intervals and the rats received an intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg melatonin 30 min before each cerulein injection. After 12 hours from the last cerulein injection, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL levels was determined. In this study, experimentally induced acute pancreatitis resulted in significantly increase in levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL (p<0.05) , while HDL level significantly decreased compared with control group level (p<0.05) . Pretreatment of melatonin to the rats with acute pancreatitis importantly reduced triglyceride and LDL levels compared to pancreatitis group (p<0.05) . In conclusion, melatonin pretreatment may alleviate the abnormalities in plasma lipid profile caused by acute pancreatitis.","PeriodicalId":23380,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85301803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of melatonin application in experimentally induced diabetes. For this purpose, thirty two adult male Wistar Albino rats were used. Animals in control group were not any treatment. Melatonin group animals received 50 mg/kg melatonin intraperitoneally in daily for eight weeks. Diabetes was induced by subcutaneous injections of streptozotocin at dose of 40 mg/kg for two days as a single dose per day in diabetes group animals. Animals in Diabetes+Melatonin group were made diabetic by streptozotocin in the same way and then these animals received 50 mg/kg melatonin intraperitoneally in daily for eight weeks. In blood samples taken from all animals, insulin, glucose, HbA1c, MDA, GSH, SOD were determined. The insulin level in diabetes group was lower than control group, while blood glucose level was higher (p<0.05). Melatonin treatment to diabetic animals resulted in significantly differences in these parameters compared to diabetes group (p<0.05). HbA1c in diabetes group was higher than control group (p<0.05). Melatonin application to diabetic animals significantly decreased HbA1c compared to diabetes group (p<0.05). In diabetes group, GSH and SOD levels were found to be lower than control group, whereas MDA level were high (p<0.05). The changes in GSH and SOD levels with melatonin application to diabetic animals were not important compared to diabetes group, while MDA level was significantly reduced (p<0.05). As a result, we concluded that the melatonin treatment to experimentally induced diabetic rats obviously improved the some negative changes in metabolic parameters resulting from diabetes.
{"title":"Effects of Melatonin on Some Antioxidant Enzymes in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats","authors":"D. Uluışık, E. Keskin, Durmus Hatipoglu","doi":"10.15314/tsed.560865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.560865","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of melatonin application in experimentally induced diabetes. For this purpose, thirty two adult male Wistar Albino rats were used. Animals in control group were not any treatment. Melatonin group animals received 50 mg/kg melatonin intraperitoneally in daily for eight weeks. Diabetes was induced by subcutaneous injections of streptozotocin at dose of 40 mg/kg for two days as a single dose per day in diabetes group animals. Animals in Diabetes+Melatonin group were made diabetic by streptozotocin in the same way and then these animals received 50 mg/kg melatonin intraperitoneally in daily for eight weeks. In blood samples taken from all animals, insulin, glucose, HbA1c, MDA, GSH, SOD were determined. The insulin level in diabetes group was lower than control group, while blood glucose level was higher (p<0.05). Melatonin treatment to diabetic animals resulted in significantly differences in these parameters compared to diabetes group (p<0.05). HbA1c in diabetes group was higher than control group (p<0.05). Melatonin application to diabetic animals significantly decreased HbA1c compared to diabetes group (p<0.05). In diabetes group, GSH and SOD levels were found to be lower than control group, whereas MDA level were high (p<0.05). The changes in GSH and SOD levels with melatonin application to diabetic animals were not important compared to diabetes group, while MDA level was significantly reduced (p<0.05). As a result, we concluded that the melatonin treatment to experimentally induced diabetic rats obviously improved the some negative changes in metabolic parameters resulting from diabetes.","PeriodicalId":23380,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74117134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Anabolic steroids are testosterone derivatives through which anabolic effects are maintained and androgenic effects are minimized. The use of ergogenic agents is increasing among athletes for doping in order to increase physical performance and change external image. The objective of this study was to determine effects of trenbolone supplement administered on running rats for 4 weeks on extremity bones. The study was conducted with 28 male Wistar rats aged 28 days with a mean weight of 61,80 g supplied from the Selcuk University Experimental Medical Research and Application Center. The rate were divided into 4 groups as C (Controls), E (Exercise), T (Trenbolone), and TE (trenbolone + Exercise). The trial period lasted 4 weeks. Supply, care, feeding, and experimental applications of rats were performed in the Selcuk University Experimental Medical Research and Application Center. Anterior and posterior extremities’ bones were dissected and exposed, and the humerus and femur bones exposed were dried. Length, corpus thickness, cortex thickness, and medulla diameter points were determined and the necessary measures were taken. The results are expressed as mean ± SD. ANOVA and Duncan tests were used for the comparison of data. p 0.05). Results of this study indicate that trenbolone supplement may lead to early epiphyseal closure in femur and humerus bones of rats, ceasing the increase in their length. We believe that the results obtained from this trenbolone trial will provide important data to the studies that will be conducted on anabolic androgenic steroids. Key words: Anabolic Androgenic Steroid, Trenbolone, Rat, Femur, Humerus
{"title":"The Effects of Trenbolone Supplementation on The Extremity Bones in Running Rats","authors":"Ali Sari, Sefa Lök","doi":"10.15314/tsed.555015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.555015","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Anabolic steroids are testosterone derivatives through which anabolic effects are maintained and androgenic effects are minimized. The use of ergogenic agents is increasing among athletes for doping in order to increase physical performance and change external image. The objective of this study was to determine effects of trenbolone supplement administered on running rats for 4 weeks on extremity bones. The study was conducted with 28 male Wistar rats aged 28 days with a mean weight of 61,80 g supplied from the Selcuk University Experimental Medical Research and Application Center. The rate were divided into 4 groups as C (Controls), E (Exercise), T (Trenbolone), and TE (trenbolone + Exercise). The trial period lasted 4 weeks. Supply, care, feeding, and experimental applications of rats were performed in the Selcuk University Experimental Medical Research and Application Center. Anterior and posterior extremities’ bones were dissected and exposed, and the humerus and femur bones exposed were dried. Length, corpus thickness, cortex thickness, and medulla diameter points were determined and the necessary measures were taken. The results are expressed as mean ± SD. ANOVA and Duncan tests were used for the comparison of data. p 0.05). Results of this study indicate that trenbolone supplement may lead to early epiphyseal closure in femur and humerus bones of rats, ceasing the increase in their length. We believe that the results obtained from this trenbolone trial will provide important data to the studies that will be conducted on anabolic androgenic steroids. Key words: Anabolic Androgenic Steroid, Trenbolone, Rat, Femur, Humerus","PeriodicalId":23380,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79246650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT The main purpose of this study is to analyze whether there is a difference between dominant and non-dominant biceps and deltoid muscle volumes of badminton players.Also hand grip strengthlevels were compared dominant and non-dominant hands of badminton players.14 registered badminton players between the ages of 11 and 14, who have been playing badminton for at least 5 years and practicing at least 5 days a week, have participated in this study. The muscle volumes of the participants were determined through an MR (1.5 T Philips Achieva Netherlands) device. The T1 weighed MR images of 5 mm section thickness of dominant and non-dominant deltoid and biceps muscle volumes of the participants were obtained, and the lines were drawn at each section at the work station of the related muscle and the sectional area was calculated. The muscle volume was obtained by multiplying the resulting sectional area by the section thickness (Cavalieri principle). Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze the data obtained in this study.It was observed that the dominant deltoid muscle volumes of the players were more than their non-dominant muscle volumes (p<0.01). Dominant and non-dominant biceps muscle volumes of the players were analyzed and it was observed that the dominant biceps muscle volumes of the players were more than their non-dominant biceps muscle volumes (p<0.01).Dominant hand grip strength values were found to be higher than non-dominant hand (p<0.01).It was consequently observed that the dominant biceps and deltoid muscle volumes and the dominant grip strength values were higher of badminton players than non-dominant side.These results suggest that the badminton players should also focus on exercises for improving the non-dominant side of their bodies.Otherwise, it can lead to muscle imbalance and injury.
摘要本研究的主要目的是分析羽毛球运动员的优势与非优势二头肌和三角肌体积是否存在差异。同时比较羽毛球运动员的优势手和非优势手的握力水平。14名注册羽毛球运动员参加了本研究，年龄在11 - 14岁之间，他们至少有5年的羽毛球运动经验，每周至少练习5天。参与者的肌肉体积通过MR (1.5 T Philips Achieva Netherlands)设备测定。获得被试的优势和非优势三角肌和二头肌体积5 mm切片厚度的T1加权MR图像，并在相关肌肉工位的每个切片上绘制线条并计算截面积。肌肉体积由所得截面积乘以截面厚度得到(卡瓦列里原理)。采用Wilcoxon符号秩检验对本研究数据进行分析。运动员的优势三角肌体积大于非优势三角肌体积(p<0.01)。对运动员的优势肱二头肌体积和非优势肱二头肌体积进行分析，发现优势肱二头肌体积大于非优势肱二头肌体积(p<0.01)。优势手握力值高于非优势手(p<0.01)。结果表明，羽毛球运动员的优势二头肌、三角肌体积和优势握力值均高于非优势侧。这些结果表明，羽毛球运动员还应注重提高身体非优势侧的锻炼。否则，会导致肌肉失衡和受伤。
{"title":"Analysis of Dominant and Non-dominant Biceps and Deltoid Muscle Volumes of Badminton Players","authors":"T. Atan, D. Keskin, I. Camlidag, D. G. Derebaşi","doi":"10.15314/tsed.496133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.496133","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The main purpose of this study is to analyze whether there is a difference between dominant and non-dominant biceps and deltoid muscle volumes of badminton players.Also hand grip strengthlevels were compared dominant and non-dominant hands of badminton players.14 registered badminton players between the ages of 11 and 14, who have been playing badminton for at least 5 years and practicing at least 5 days a week, have participated in this study. The muscle volumes of the participants were determined through an MR (1.5 T Philips Achieva Netherlands) device. The T1 weighed MR images of 5 mm section thickness of dominant and non-dominant deltoid and biceps muscle volumes of the participants were obtained, and the lines were drawn at each section at the work station of the related muscle and the sectional area was calculated. The muscle volume was obtained by multiplying the resulting sectional area by the section thickness (Cavalieri principle). Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze the data obtained in this study.It was observed that the dominant deltoid muscle volumes of the players were more than their non-dominant muscle volumes (p<0.01). Dominant and non-dominant biceps muscle volumes of the players were analyzed and it was observed that the dominant biceps muscle volumes of the players were more than their non-dominant biceps muscle volumes (p<0.01).Dominant hand grip strength values were found to be higher than non-dominant hand (p<0.01).It was consequently observed that the dominant biceps and deltoid muscle volumes and the dominant grip strength values were higher of badminton players than non-dominant side.These results suggest that the badminton players should also focus on exercises for improving the non-dominant side of their bodies.Otherwise, it can lead to muscle imbalance and injury.","PeriodicalId":23380,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89380945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Fi̇şekçi̇oğlu, Arif Özsarı, Hüseyin Fatih Şen, Mehmet Altin, Alpaslan Gorucu
With this study, we aimed to evaluate professional and amateur athletes’ social insurances with legal aspects in Turkey.In this study -which was prepared by making use of descriptive analysis- related laws, regulations and literature were reviewed and the recent situation was demonstrated by researching the obtained resources. It’s understood that professional and amateur Athletes’ contracts are a sort of service contracts, but neither group is subject to Labor Law No. 4857, therefore they cannot demand severance pay, notice pay or annual leave; and that general and special provisions of Law on Debts No. 6098 were implemented for the athletes who signed a contract with a club; and it is also understood that state athletes, jockeys and foreign athletes were subject to the Law On Social Insurance and General Health Insurance No.5510; and that, amateur athletes who have a contract with a club were evaluated in the scope of private health insurance, despite that, amateur athletes without contract to any club aren’t subject to social insurance provisions
{"title":"EVALUATE PROFESSIONAL AND AMATEUR ATHLETES’ SOCIAL INSURANCES WITH LEGAL ASPECTS IN TURKEY","authors":"B. Fi̇şekçi̇oğlu, Arif Özsarı, Hüseyin Fatih Şen, Mehmet Altin, Alpaslan Gorucu","doi":"10.15314/tsed.536344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.536344","url":null,"abstract":"With this study, we aimed to evaluate professional and amateur athletes’ social insurances with legal aspects in Turkey.In this study -which was prepared by making use of descriptive analysis- related laws, regulations and literature were reviewed and the recent situation was demonstrated by researching the obtained resources. It’s understood that professional and amateur Athletes’ contracts are a sort of service contracts, but neither group is subject to Labor Law No. 4857, therefore they cannot demand severance pay, notice pay or annual leave; and that general and special provisions of Law on Debts No. 6098 were implemented for the athletes who signed a contract with a club; and it is also understood that state athletes, jockeys and foreign athletes were subject to the Law On Social Insurance and General Health Insurance No.5510; and that, amateur athletes who have a contract with a club were evaluated in the scope of private health insurance, despite that, amateur athletes without contract to any club aren’t subject to social insurance provisions","PeriodicalId":23380,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88458329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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