Pub Date : 2023-03-15DOI: 10.36108/ujees/3202.50.0140
O. Sanda
This paper presents the recovery of copper from a Nigerian low-grade copper ore containing 4.08 wt. % Cu via nitric acid leaching, followed by solvent extraction using soybeans oil fatty acid extractant. The leaching tests on the milled ore were done according to a 3-factor Central Composite Design with time, acid concentration and temperature as the selected process variables. Regression models were developed from the experimental data for the ore dissolution and the quantity of copper extracted, and the effects of the individual process variables and their interactions were determined from the leaching studies using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results from the leaching tests indicate that the ore dissolution depends mainly on the leaching time. About 92 percent of the copper contents were recovered at optimum leaching time, temperature and nitric acid concentration of 29.5 min, 81.25 oC and 2.18 M, respectively. The solvent extraction studies show that copper can be extracted from aqueous media using soybeans fatty acid, with the performance of the diluents in terms of the quantity of Cu extracted being MIBK > kerosene > xylene.
{"title":"Recovery of Copper from Low Grade Ores by HNO3 Leaching: Process Optimization and Solvent Extraction Studies using Soybean Fatty Acid","authors":"O. Sanda","doi":"10.36108/ujees/3202.50.0140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/ujees/3202.50.0140","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the recovery of copper from a Nigerian low-grade copper ore containing 4.08 wt. % Cu via nitric acid leaching, followed by solvent extraction using soybeans oil fatty acid extractant. The leaching tests on the milled ore were done according to a 3-factor Central Composite Design with time, acid concentration and temperature as the selected process variables. Regression models were developed from the experimental data for the ore dissolution and the quantity of copper extracted, and the effects of the individual process variables and their interactions were determined from the leaching studies using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results from the leaching tests indicate that the ore dissolution depends mainly on the leaching time. About 92 percent of the copper contents were recovered at optimum leaching time, temperature and nitric acid concentration of 29.5 min, 81.25 oC and 2.18 M, respectively. The solvent extraction studies show that copper can be extracted from aqueous media using soybeans fatty acid, with the performance of the diluents in terms of the quantity of Cu extracted being MIBK > kerosene > xylene.","PeriodicalId":23413,"journal":{"name":"UNIOSUN Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79932786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.36108/ujees/2202.40.0231
Kifilideen L. Osanyinpeju, A. Aderinlewo, O. Dairo, O. Adetunji, E. Ajisegiri
A variable amplitude and frequency of mechanical vibrating container working on cam and follower mechanism have been established. This study carried out a performance evaluation on the utilization of the established vibrating container for potential application in slowing down sprouting in yam. The vibrating container is electrically operated and a variable speed electric motor of 15, 000 rpm was selected for the machine. The performance parameters of the established mechanical vibrating container investigated were percentage maximum displacement and velocity of the vibration at different combined stages of amplitudes and frequencies. The percentage achievable maximum displacement of vibration measured for theoretical amplitude of cams of 5 mm, 10 mm and 20 mm were 89.40 %, 87.10 % and 72.7 % respectively for low frequency; 91.60 %, 88.40 % and 81.70 % respectively for medium frequency; and 93.20 %, 90.90 % and 86.50 % respectively for high frequency. The percentage achievable maximum velocity of vibration measured for theoretical amplitude of cams of 5 mm, 10 mm and 20 mm were 72.6 %, 71.40 % and 69.11 % respectively for low frequency; 79.81 %, 74.88 % and 70.96 % respectively for medium frequency; and 81.20 %, 77.52 % and 73.69 % respectively for high frequency. The results show that the established mechanical vibrating container has effective and suitable performances. The vibrator thus shows a good potential to effectively slow down sprouting when operated under load condition. It could help in slowing down sprouting in yams
{"title":"Performance Evaluation on the Utilization of an Established Variable Amplitude and Frequency of Vibrating Container for Potential Application in Slowing Down Sprouting in Yam","authors":"Kifilideen L. Osanyinpeju, A. Aderinlewo, O. Dairo, O. Adetunji, E. Ajisegiri","doi":"10.36108/ujees/2202.40.0231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/ujees/2202.40.0231","url":null,"abstract":"A variable amplitude and frequency of mechanical vibrating container working on cam and follower mechanism have been established. This study carried out a performance evaluation on the utilization of the established vibrating container for potential application in slowing down sprouting in yam. The vibrating container is electrically operated and a variable speed electric motor of 15, 000 rpm was selected for the machine. The performance parameters of the established mechanical vibrating container investigated were percentage maximum displacement and velocity of the vibration at different combined stages of amplitudes and frequencies. The percentage achievable maximum displacement of vibration measured for theoretical amplitude of cams of 5 mm, 10 mm and 20 mm were 89.40 %, 87.10 % and 72.7 % respectively for low frequency; 91.60 %, 88.40 % and 81.70 % respectively for medium frequency; and 93.20 %, 90.90 % and 86.50 % respectively for high frequency. The percentage achievable maximum velocity of vibration measured for theoretical amplitude of cams of 5 mm, 10 mm and 20 mm were 72.6 %, 71.40 % and 69.11 % respectively for low frequency; 79.81 %, 74.88 % and 70.96 % respectively for medium frequency; and 81.20 %, 77.52 % and 73.69 % respectively for high frequency. The results show that the established mechanical vibrating container has effective and suitable performances. The vibrator thus shows a good potential to effectively slow down sprouting when operated under load condition. It could help in slowing down sprouting in yams","PeriodicalId":23413,"journal":{"name":"UNIOSUN Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75259031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.36108/ujees/2202.40.0290
J. Wasiu, E.D. Osegbowa
The increase in the population density of the world today requires man to find a suitable substitute to cement as a major material used in construction in order to find an economical, safe and eco-friendly structure for habitation. Palm Kernel shells contribute to the ever-growing volume of solid waste in the environment and its conversion to a viable construction material cannot be overemphasized. This research is therefore focused on the use of Palm Kernel Shell Powder (PKSP) as a partial replacement for cement. Experimental tests were carried out on the PKSP at replacement levels of 0,10, 15, 25, 50 and 75%. Renolith, a chemical polymer was added at 0, 12.5 and 25% by volume to the concrete mix. Slump and compressive strength tests were carried out in line with relevant specifications. The results revealed that PKSP can adequately replace cement at an optimum value of 15%. The addition of Renolith at 12.5% to the mix also improved the strength and workability properties of the mix. It was concluded that the use of PKSP as partial replacement for cement will provide an economy of 15% by volume for cement and an eco-friendly environment through the conversion of PKS wastes to construction material.
{"title":"Assessment of Palm Kernel Shell Powder Strengthened with Renolith as Partial Replacement for Cement","authors":"J. Wasiu, E.D. Osegbowa","doi":"10.36108/ujees/2202.40.0290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/ujees/2202.40.0290","url":null,"abstract":"The increase in the population density of the world today requires man to find a suitable substitute to cement as a major material used in construction in order to find an economical, safe and eco-friendly structure for habitation. Palm Kernel shells contribute to the ever-growing volume of solid waste in the environment and its conversion to a viable construction material cannot be overemphasized. This research is therefore focused on the use of Palm Kernel Shell Powder (PKSP) as a partial replacement for cement. Experimental tests were carried out on the PKSP at replacement levels of 0,10, 15, 25, 50 and 75%. Renolith, a chemical polymer was added at 0, 12.5 and 25% by volume to the concrete mix. Slump and compressive strength tests were carried out in line with relevant specifications. The results revealed that PKSP can adequately replace cement at an optimum value of 15%. The addition of Renolith at 12.5% to the mix also improved the strength and workability properties of the mix. It was concluded that the use of PKSP as partial replacement for cement will provide an economy of 15% by volume for cement and an eco-friendly environment through the conversion of PKS wastes to construction material.","PeriodicalId":23413,"journal":{"name":"UNIOSUN Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"167 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76760656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.36108/ujees/2202.40.0260
M.O. Abolarinwa, A. W. Asaju-Gbolagade, A. Adigun, K. Gbolagade
One of the biometric methods that have recently gained attention across the globe is Face Recognition. This was due to the availability of practicable technologies, including movable results. Several studies have been carried out on face recognition for decades, but the problem is still largely unsolved. Significant progress has been made recently in this area as a result of advancements in face modeling and analysis techniques. While a system has been developed for face recognition, the problem of high processing time is still largely unresolved. This research framework proposed an Enhanced Local Binary Pattern (ELBP) algorithm for face recognition. The Local Binary Pattern (LBP) algorithm is a method used in facial feature dimensionality reduction. Standard LBP had challenges of computational complexity. Therefore, the LBP will be enhanced with the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) and will be used for feature extraction to reduce computational time, Chicken Swarm Optimization (CSO) will be used for feature selection and classification will be done using a Support Vector Machine (SVM). Performance Evaluation of the system will be done by comparing the computation time result obtained from the combination of LBP-CSO and ELBP-CSO. The ELBP-CSO is expected to have a lower computation recognition time than the LBP-CSO.
{"title":"A Proposed Framework for Face Recognition using Enhanced Local Binary Pattern Algorithm with Chinese Remainder Theorem","authors":"M.O. Abolarinwa, A. W. Asaju-Gbolagade, A. Adigun, K. Gbolagade","doi":"10.36108/ujees/2202.40.0260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/ujees/2202.40.0260","url":null,"abstract":"One of the biometric methods that have recently gained attention across the globe is Face Recognition. This was due to the availability of practicable technologies, including movable results. Several studies have been carried out on face recognition for decades, but the problem is still largely unsolved. Significant progress has been made recently in this area as a result of advancements in face modeling and analysis techniques. While a system has been developed for face recognition, the problem of high processing time is still largely unresolved. This research framework proposed an Enhanced Local Binary Pattern (ELBP) algorithm for face recognition. The Local Binary Pattern (LBP) algorithm is a method used in facial feature dimensionality reduction. Standard LBP had challenges of computational complexity. Therefore, the LBP will be enhanced with the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) and will be used for feature extraction to reduce computational time, Chicken Swarm Optimization (CSO) will be used for feature selection and classification will be done using a Support Vector Machine (SVM). Performance Evaluation of the system will be done by comparing the computation time result obtained from the combination of LBP-CSO and ELBP-CSO. The ELBP-CSO is expected to have a lower computation recognition time than the LBP-CSO.","PeriodicalId":23413,"journal":{"name":"UNIOSUN Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88165183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.36108/ujees/2202.40.0241
A. Muritala, O. Adegoke, B. G. Ekemode, A. Agboola
This paper assesses the relative occurrences of risk factors in real estate development phases in Lagos State, Nigeria with a view to providing information that could enhance effective management of risks in real estate development projects. Adopting random sampling, primary data were obtained from sixty-eight real estate developers in Lagos State through survey questionnaires. Principal component analysis was used to regroup the risk factors through the application of Kaiser- Meyer- Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett’s test values. At KMO of 0.747 and sig. of 0.000, the study established that the most significant risk factors in each phase of real estate development include pre-construction phase risk factors: land title and approval risks (mean = 4.45); resource risks (mean = 3.61); socio-political risks (Mean = 3.69); economic risks (Mean = 3.26); physical risks (Mean = 3.99) and environmental risks (Mean = 2.41). Contract negotiation phase risk factors: contract risks (Mean = 3.44) and financial risks (mean = 3.32). Formal commitment risk factors: legal risks (Mean = 3.175); personnel risks (Mean = 2.94); Insurance risks (Mean = 2.77). Construction phase risk factors: financial risks (Mean = 4.01); technical risks (Mean = 3.36); personnel risks (Mean = 3.16) and time-delay risks (Mean = 3.14). The study also established relatively that pre-construction phase has the highest risk occurrence with RII of 3.52 while the formal commitment phase (RII = 3.13) has the least occurrence of risks. This study will enhance familiarity of real estate developers with the specific risk factors in each phase of project.
{"title":"Relative Occurrence of Risk Factors in Real Estate Development Phases in Lagos State, Nigeria","authors":"A. Muritala, O. Adegoke, B. G. Ekemode, A. Agboola","doi":"10.36108/ujees/2202.40.0241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/ujees/2202.40.0241","url":null,"abstract":"This paper assesses the relative occurrences of risk factors in real estate development phases in Lagos State, Nigeria with a view to providing information that could enhance effective management of risks in real estate development projects. Adopting random sampling, primary data were obtained from sixty-eight real estate developers in Lagos State through survey questionnaires. Principal component analysis was used to regroup the risk factors through the application of Kaiser- Meyer- Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett’s test values. At KMO of 0.747 and sig. of 0.000, the study established that the most significant risk factors in each phase of real estate development include pre-construction phase risk factors: land title and approval risks (mean = 4.45); resource risks (mean = 3.61); socio-political risks (Mean = 3.69); economic risks (Mean = 3.26); physical risks (Mean = 3.99) and environmental risks (Mean = 2.41). Contract negotiation phase risk factors: contract risks (Mean = 3.44) and financial risks (mean = 3.32). Formal commitment risk factors: legal risks (Mean = 3.175); personnel risks (Mean = 2.94); Insurance risks (Mean = 2.77). Construction phase risk factors: financial risks (Mean = 4.01); technical risks (Mean = 3.36); personnel risks (Mean = 3.16) and time-delay risks (Mean = 3.14). The study also established relatively that pre-construction phase has the highest risk occurrence with RII of 3.52 while the formal commitment phase (RII = 3.13) has the least occurrence of risks. This study will enhance familiarity of real estate developers with the specific risk factors in each phase of project.","PeriodicalId":23413,"journal":{"name":"UNIOSUN Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"114 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80174547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.36108/ujees/2202.40.0221
O. F. Oseni, F. K. Ojo
This paper evaluated the coverage and performance of VHF and UHF signal level from two different transmission stations in the urban area of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. The performance characteristics of the two bands are of special importance regarding coverage and quality requirements. Effective communication links require direct line of sight; however, this cannot be achieved in a build-up areas where obstacles are present along the communication paths, which in turns result in signal strength degradation. In this work, the signal strength and performance of Nigeria Television Authority (NTA), Ilorin, and Kwara State Television (KWTV) were investigated along some six selected routes. The measurement was taken with a spectrum analyzer. Global positioning system (GPS) device was used to measure the coordinates between the transmitter and receiver during measurement. Microsoft Excel software was used to show the graphical variation of the field strength. Furthermore, the result obtained reveal the performance of the two transmitting stations under National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) and Federal Communication Commission (FCC) thresholds, the highest percentage coverage recorded from the two stations along route 3 are 66.48% for VHF and 6.92% for UHF. The need for repeater stations was suggested to routes with poor coverage so as to improve the signal quality based on NBC standard.
{"title":"Coverage and Performance Evaluation of VHF and UHF Electric Field Strength Distribution in Urban Area of Ilorin, Nigeria","authors":"O. F. Oseni, F. K. Ojo","doi":"10.36108/ujees/2202.40.0221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/ujees/2202.40.0221","url":null,"abstract":"This paper evaluated the coverage and performance of VHF and UHF signal level from two different transmission stations in the urban area of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. The performance characteristics of the two bands are of special importance regarding coverage and quality requirements. Effective communication links require direct line of sight; however, this cannot be achieved in a build-up areas where obstacles are present along the communication paths, which in turns result in signal strength degradation. In this work, the signal strength and performance of Nigeria Television Authority (NTA), Ilorin, and Kwara State Television (KWTV) were investigated along some six selected routes. The measurement was taken with a spectrum analyzer. Global positioning system (GPS) device was used to measure the coordinates between the transmitter and receiver during measurement. Microsoft Excel software was used to show the graphical variation of the field strength. Furthermore, the result obtained reveal the performance of the two transmitting stations under National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) and Federal Communication Commission (FCC) thresholds, the highest percentage coverage recorded from the two stations along route 3 are 66.48% for VHF and 6.92% for UHF. The need for repeater stations was suggested to routes with poor coverage so as to improve the signal quality based on NBC standard.","PeriodicalId":23413,"journal":{"name":"UNIOSUN Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"85 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91400489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.36108/ujees/2202.40.0270
I. Adeleke
Memory is a resource that must be carefully managed in computing systems due to its importance in job executions and in saving information. This paper is based on the techniques that operating systems use to manage memory allocation through simulation in allocating processes and data to partitioned memory. The physical memory of the computer system was modeled and simulation was performed under four contiguous allocation techniques namely; First-fit, Next-fit, Best-fit and Worst-fit with different percentages of free memory availability. Jobs and processes are assigned to the memory of a computer system that contained 512 kilobytes (KB) as memory capacity. Each of these techniques was tested and the result obtained revealed the capacity of memory wastage by each of them. This showed that the four tested algorithms do not optimize the storage concurrently. Thus, it was discovered that at 10% memory free, only the worst-fit algorithm had the highest memory wastage which is 120 KB while the other three techniques had the same memory wastage of 115 KB. The result repeated itself at 50% memory free in that worst-fit had 296 KB as the highest memory wastage. Therefore, out of the techniques considered, it was noticed that the worst-fit wasted the highest memory with a total of 1047 KB while the best-fit had the lowest memory wastage with a total of 1000 KB.
{"title":"Comparative Analysis and Performance Evaluation of Contiguous Memory Techniques","authors":"I. Adeleke","doi":"10.36108/ujees/2202.40.0270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/ujees/2202.40.0270","url":null,"abstract":"Memory is a resource that must be carefully managed in computing systems due to its importance in job executions and in saving information. This paper is based on the techniques that operating systems use to manage memory allocation through simulation in allocating processes and data to partitioned memory. The physical memory of the computer system was modeled and simulation was performed under four contiguous allocation techniques namely; First-fit, Next-fit, Best-fit and Worst-fit with different percentages of free memory availability. Jobs and processes are assigned to the memory of a computer system that contained 512 kilobytes (KB) as memory capacity. Each of these techniques was tested and the result obtained revealed the capacity of memory wastage by each of them. This showed that the four tested algorithms do not optimize the storage concurrently. Thus, it was discovered that at 10% memory free, only the worst-fit algorithm had the highest memory wastage which is 120 KB while the other three techniques had the same memory wastage of 115 KB. The result repeated itself at 50% memory free in that worst-fit had 296 KB as the highest memory wastage. Therefore, out of the techniques considered, it was noticed that the worst-fit wasted the highest memory with a total of 1047 KB while the best-fit had the lowest memory wastage with a total of 1000 KB.","PeriodicalId":23413,"journal":{"name":"UNIOSUN Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75540006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.36108/ujees/2202.40.0201
O. A. Aworanti, O. Agbede, A. O. Popoola, A. Ogunsola, S. Agarry
The control of the transesterification process was conducted using MATLAB® codes as well as its Simulink environment. To realize the aim of the study, the dynamics data of methyl-oleate (BIODIESEL), decanter duty (manipulated variable) and reflux ratio (selected disturbance variable) were elicited from the Aspen Plus®. dynamic simulation of the formulated process model and this was used to get the first-order-plus-dead-time transfer function relation between methyl-oleate, decanter duty and reflux ratio with the help of MATLAB®. Open loop simulation was achieved by introducing steps to the input variables (reboiler duty and reflux ratio). The feed oil (Trolein) (98.3%) was converted into methyl-oleate and the final composition of the exit streams was 72.9% methyl-oleate, 1.7% triolein, 24.5% glycerol, 1.3% purge methanol. It was observed that a net duty of 5kW is required to achieve this production after 6000 mins at 100 °C. The controller was successfully tuned by Zeigler-Nichols (ZN) and Cohen-Coon (CC) techniques to conduct the disturbance rejection of the process. The performance of the CC tuning and ZN adjusting techniques in the disturbance rejection control simulation had Integral Square Error (ISE) and Integral Absolute Error (IAE) values of 1.269/ 4.09 and 1.126/3.909, respectively. It was noticed that the performance of the CC tuning technique was better than that of the ZN tuning technique in the disturbance rejection control simulation due to its lower ISE and IAE values. This study suggested that the reactive distillation process could be effectively operated to act as required using PID control to produce clean methyl-oleate.
{"title":"Simulation and Control of Reactive Distillation of Biodiesel Production","authors":"O. A. Aworanti, O. Agbede, A. O. Popoola, A. Ogunsola, S. Agarry","doi":"10.36108/ujees/2202.40.0201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/ujees/2202.40.0201","url":null,"abstract":"The control of the transesterification process was conducted using MATLAB® codes as well as its Simulink environment. To realize the aim of the study, the dynamics data of methyl-oleate (BIODIESEL), decanter duty (manipulated variable) and reflux ratio (selected disturbance variable) were elicited from the Aspen Plus®. dynamic simulation of the formulated process model and this was used to get the first-order-plus-dead-time transfer function relation between methyl-oleate, decanter duty and reflux ratio with the help of MATLAB®. Open loop simulation was achieved by introducing steps to the input variables (reboiler duty and reflux ratio). The feed oil (Trolein) (98.3%) was converted into methyl-oleate and the final composition of the exit streams was 72.9% methyl-oleate, 1.7% triolein, 24.5% glycerol, 1.3% purge methanol. It was observed that a net duty of 5kW is required to achieve this production after 6000 mins at 100 °C. The controller was successfully tuned by Zeigler-Nichols (ZN) and Cohen-Coon (CC) techniques to conduct the disturbance rejection of the process. The performance of the CC tuning and ZN adjusting techniques in the disturbance rejection control simulation had Integral Square Error (ISE) and Integral Absolute Error (IAE) values of 1.269/ 4.09 and 1.126/3.909, respectively. It was noticed that the performance of the CC tuning technique was better than that of the ZN tuning technique in the disturbance rejection control simulation due to its lower ISE and IAE values. This study suggested that the reactive distillation process could be effectively operated to act as required using PID control to produce clean methyl-oleate.","PeriodicalId":23413,"journal":{"name":"UNIOSUN Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82789268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.36108/ujees/2202.40.0230
F. Muri̇tala, M. Kolawole, A. Oyedeji, J.O. Lawal,, A.I. Alaje
Block hybrid linear multistep method was proposed to overcome the Dahl Quist order barrier for linear multistep methods. This research aims to answer questions relating to the convergence, accuracy, and effectiveness of the block hybrid method when utilized to obtain the solution of Initial Value Problems (IVPs). In this research, an order (k+3) block hybrid method applicable to obtain the direct solution of IVP’s of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) is presented. Collocation and interpolation of power series at finely selected grid points were used to improve the method’s consistency, convergence, accuracy and zero stability. Linear problems were solved to show the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method, and the error obtained from the comparison of exact and approximate results shows that the proposed method is effective in solving the class of problem.
{"title":"Development of an Order (k+3) Block-Hybrid Linear Multistep Method for the Direct Solution of General Second Order Initial Value Problems","authors":"F. Muri̇tala, M. Kolawole, A. Oyedeji, J.O. Lawal,, A.I. Alaje","doi":"10.36108/ujees/2202.40.0230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/ujees/2202.40.0230","url":null,"abstract":"Block hybrid linear multistep method was proposed to overcome the Dahl Quist order barrier for linear multistep methods. This research aims to answer questions relating to the convergence, accuracy, and effectiveness of the block hybrid method when utilized to obtain the solution of Initial Value Problems (IVPs). In this research, an order (k+3) block hybrid method applicable to obtain the direct solution of IVP’s of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) is presented. Collocation and interpolation of power series at finely selected grid points were used to improve the method’s consistency, convergence, accuracy and zero stability. Linear problems were solved to show the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method, and the error obtained from the comparison of exact and approximate results shows that the proposed method is effective in solving the class of problem.","PeriodicalId":23413,"journal":{"name":"UNIOSUN Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73349966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.36108/ujees/2202.40.0280
A. Adejumo, J. O. Adeosun, A. Awoyera
This study examined residents’ awareness of green building features in Ibadan municipality Nigeria with a view to providing information for policy makers, developers, and investors in real properties on the extent to which residents are aware of green building and its features. Systematic random sampling was adopted because of the large population of residents within the five local government within Ibadan municipality. A total of 270 samples were selected for survey appraisal and questionnaires were administered to household heads in each situation. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the obtained data. The study confirms that only 34.8% of the residents were aware of green building features and 65.2% were not aware. The study also revealed that the major sources of awareness were through the television and the internet. It was established that residents have knowledge of features like indoor air quality (2.93), energy conservation (2.59), site selection, design and land ecology (2.62), owner occupant education (2.55), water conservation (2.75) and material conservation (2.49). Furthermore, the study reveals that residents were moderately aware of green building features across the three residential zones and the level of awareness increased from low density zone to high density zone. Although, the awareness level was low among uneducated folks of the population. Therefore, it was recommended that there should be proper advocacy by policy makers for the adoption of green features in the residential buildings from low to high density areas.
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