Pub Date : 2023-07-12DOI: 10.12737/2073-0462-2023-178-190
Dmitriy Kondrat'ev, G. Ostaev, G. Klychova, A. Valiev, Amina Husainova
The results and efficiency of agricultural production largely depend on the availability of enterprises with working and modern agricultural machinery and equipment, the renewal of which is associated with large amounts of capital investments, therefore, most manufacturers, as a rule, need co-financing of these costs from the state. State support for the renewal of agricultural machinery at the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, expressed in the provision of subsidies for its manufacture, overhaul or purchase, on the one hand acts as a gratuitous source of financing for investments in machinery and serves as a tool to stimulate its timely renewal by enterprises. On the other hand, budget expenditures must be efficient and selective in order to achieve the key long-term goals of the state, which are to increase the volume of agricultural production, increase the efficiency and financial viability of producers, increase incomes, and attractive working conditions and life of the rural population. In accordance with the key goals of the state, we propose to evaluate the effectiveness of budget financing for the renewal of agricultural machinery in the context of three groups of indicators (criteria): economic, social and those that ensure efficiency. On the basis of well-known special methods (accounting method, financial-mathematical method, methods of integrated assessment) for evaluating the effectiveness, the authors of the article developed and substantiated methodological tools for assessing the static and dynamic efficiency of budget expenditures for the renewal of agricultural machinery. One of the main problems in the practical implementation of the methodology is the lack of accounting and analytical information due to the lack of all indicators required by the methodology in the system of reporting data of agricultural producers. The research materials presented in the work can be used by public authorities, investors and agricultural producers to assess the effectiveness of the use of financial resources invested in real assets of the agricultural sector.
{"title":"METHODOLOGICAL TOOLS FOR ASSESSING THE BUDGET FINANCING EFFICIENCY OF INVESTMENTS IN THE RENEWAL OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT","authors":"Dmitriy Kondrat'ev, G. Ostaev, G. Klychova, A. Valiev, Amina Husainova","doi":"10.12737/2073-0462-2023-178-190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2023-178-190","url":null,"abstract":"The results and efficiency of agricultural production largely depend on the availability of enterprises with working and modern agricultural machinery and equipment, the renewal of which is associated with large amounts of capital investments, therefore, most manufacturers, as a rule, need co-financing of these costs from the state. State support for the renewal of agricultural machinery at the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, expressed in the provision of subsidies for its manufacture, overhaul or purchase, on the one hand acts as a gratuitous source of financing for investments in machinery and serves as a tool to stimulate its timely renewal by enterprises. On the other hand, budget expenditures must be efficient and selective in order to achieve the key long-term goals of the state, which are to increase the volume of agricultural production, increase the efficiency and financial viability of producers, increase incomes, and attractive working conditions and life of the rural population. In accordance with the key goals of the state, we propose to evaluate the effectiveness of budget financing for the renewal of agricultural machinery in the context of three groups of indicators (criteria): economic, social and those that ensure efficiency. On the basis of well-known special methods (accounting method, financial-mathematical method, methods of integrated assessment) for evaluating the effectiveness, the authors of the article developed and substantiated methodological tools for assessing the static and dynamic efficiency of budget expenditures for the renewal of agricultural machinery. One of the main problems in the practical implementation of the methodology is the lack of accounting and analytical information due to the lack of all indicators required by the methodology in the system of reporting data of agricultural producers. The research materials presented in the work can be used by public authorities, investors and agricultural producers to assess the effectiveness of the use of financial resources invested in real assets of the agricultural sector.","PeriodicalId":23526,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University","volume":"302 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74113315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-10DOI: 10.12737/2073-0462-2023-135-141
K. Ibragimov, Alkhazur Ibragimov, D. Ibragimov
The study was carried out in order to study organizational and legal measures to mitigate the negative consequences of the digitalization of agriculture. The developed countries of the world, which initially had a high level of development of the agricultural sector, a wide network of highly professional agricultural research and educational institutions, respectively, qualified scientific personnel - agrarians, a steadily functioning system of agrarian law and many other advantages, have shown today a good susceptibility to the digital transformation of agriculture , and here the horizons of a new competitive digital agricultural economy have already been clearly outlined. At the same time, it should be recognized that, due to the innovative nature of this phenomenon, in Russia there is an extremely narrow list of scientific works devoted to the digital transformation of agriculture, and organizational and legal issues in this area have been practically considered little, and then, from the standpoint of the interests of an individual agricultural enterprise or farming. This predetermined the relevance of the study. Digital technologies, having solved the most important problem of the agricultural producer - the sale of products - helped to focus his main attention on increasing the production of his own products while reducing its cost and improving quality. It will be very difficult for most agricultural producers in Russia to navigate the innovations of digitalization of their production without the development of an appropriate digital agricultural law. However, even in the presence of the latter, the solution to this problem will be possible only with the resuscitation by the state in each rural region of the country of the information and advisory service, which needs to be reactivated from the standpoint of the needs of the digitalization of the agricultural industry and with the development of appropriate measures to stimulate the positive work of its consultants. Moreover, it seems that the digital retraining of farmers should also undoubtedly be undertaken by the state, as well as the prevention of a digital divide between economic entities that benefit from the use of agricultural products in the form of food or raw materials.
{"title":"SOME ISSUES OF ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL REGULATION OF THE DIGITALIZATION OF AGRICULTURE","authors":"K. Ibragimov, Alkhazur Ibragimov, D. Ibragimov","doi":"10.12737/2073-0462-2023-135-141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2023-135-141","url":null,"abstract":"The study was carried out in order to study organizational and legal measures to mitigate the negative consequences of the digitalization of agriculture. The developed countries of the world, which initially had a high level of development of the agricultural sector, a wide network of highly professional agricultural research and educational institutions, respectively, qualified scientific personnel - agrarians, a steadily functioning system of agrarian law and many other advantages, have shown today a good susceptibility to the digital transformation of agriculture , and here the horizons of a new competitive digital agricultural economy have already been clearly outlined. At the same time, it should be recognized that, due to the innovative nature of this phenomenon, in Russia there is an extremely narrow list of scientific works devoted to the digital transformation of agriculture, and organizational and legal issues in this area have been practically considered little, and then, from the standpoint of the interests of an individual agricultural enterprise or farming. This predetermined the relevance of the study. Digital technologies, having solved the most important problem of the agricultural producer - the sale of products - helped to focus his main attention on increasing the production of his own products while reducing its cost and improving quality. It will be very difficult for most agricultural producers in Russia to navigate the innovations of digitalization of their production without the development of an appropriate digital agricultural law. However, even in the presence of the latter, the solution to this problem will be possible only with the resuscitation by the state in each rural region of the country of the information and advisory service, which needs to be reactivated from the standpoint of the needs of the digitalization of the agricultural industry and with the development of appropriate measures to stimulate the positive work of its consultants. Moreover, it seems that the digital retraining of farmers should also undoubtedly be undertaken by the state, as well as the prevention of a digital divide between economic entities that benefit from the use of agricultural products in the form of food or raw materials.","PeriodicalId":23526,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82753522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-10DOI: 10.12737/2073-0462-2023-108-116
Denis Semushkin, B. Ziganshin, Nikolay Semushkin, S. Alatyrev, I. Maksimov
The article considers the processes of extraction of biologically active substances from plant materials, classifications are given. Methods for activating the extraction process have been identified, which make it possible to carry out work to improve the technological process of extraction and improve the design of installations for obtaining plant extracts. An extended classification of processes for the extraction of biologically active substances from plant materials has been proposed. Ways of activation of extraction processes are revealed. Classification of extraction preparations for plant materials can be carried out on the basis of various extraction systems and production technologies. The following classification schemes for the technological process of extraction are compiled and presented in the article: a schematic representation of extraction as a physical and chemical process; graphical representation of the extraction process; features of extraction of biologically active substances from raw materials with a cellular structure; stages of the extraction process; types of diffusion of biologically active substances from the internal structures of the material into the extractant; factors determining the efficiency of the extraction process; classification of extraction preparations from plant materials according to the production technology, taking into account extraction systems; parameters characterizing the extraction process; methods for determining the distribution coefficient of a substance in a plant extract; ways to activate the extraction process. Each type of extraction has its own advantages and disadvantages, and can be more or less effective depending on the type of plant material and the purpose of using the extract. Therefore, the choice of an extraction system should be based on a thorough analysis of the properties of plant materials and the requirements for the final product. Thus, the identified methods for activating the extraction process make it possible to carry out work to improve the technological process of extraction and the design of installations for obtaining plant extracts.
{"title":"CLASSIFICATION OF EXTRACTION PROCESSES BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES FROM PLANT RAW MATERIALS","authors":"Denis Semushkin, B. Ziganshin, Nikolay Semushkin, S. Alatyrev, I. Maksimov","doi":"10.12737/2073-0462-2023-108-116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2023-108-116","url":null,"abstract":"The article considers the processes of extraction of biologically active substances from plant materials, classifications are given. Methods for activating the extraction process have been identified, which make it possible to carry out work to improve the technological process of extraction and improve the design of installations for obtaining plant extracts. An extended classification of processes for the extraction of biologically active substances from plant materials has been proposed. Ways of activation of extraction processes are revealed. Classification of extraction preparations for plant materials can be carried out on the basis of various extraction systems and production technologies. The following classification schemes for the technological process of extraction are compiled and presented in the article: a schematic representation of extraction as a physical and chemical process; graphical representation of the extraction process; features of extraction of biologically active substances from raw materials with a cellular structure; stages of the extraction process; types of diffusion of biologically active substances from the internal structures of the material into the extractant; factors determining the efficiency of the extraction process; classification of extraction preparations from plant materials according to the production technology, taking into account extraction systems; parameters characterizing the extraction process; methods for determining the distribution coefficient of a substance in a plant extract; ways to activate the extraction process. Each type of extraction has its own advantages and disadvantages, and can be more or less effective depending on the type of plant material and the purpose of using the extract. Therefore, the choice of an extraction system should be based on a thorough analysis of the properties of plant materials and the requirements for the final product. Thus, the identified methods for activating the extraction process make it possible to carry out work to improve the technological process of extraction and the design of installations for obtaining plant extracts.","PeriodicalId":23526,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75330591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-10DOI: 10.12737/2073-0462-2023-86-93
A. Kolomeychenko, Roman Solovev, R. Solovev, Evgeniy Maksimov, S. Karyakin
In the current conditions, there is a multifaceted urgent problem of meeting the growing demand of agriculture for modern and high-quality equipment. Mulchers for tractors, excavators and skid steer loaders are becoming more and more popular as a type of attachment. Carbide cutting elements for the mulcher have a high resource, do not require sharpening, and are not afraid of small stones in the soil. An urgent task in terms of import substitution is the organization of their production at domestic engineering enterprises, which requires information on the materials used for manufacturing. The purpose of the study is to study the details of working bodies for foreign-made mulchers and to identify domestic analogues for the organization of industrial production in the Russian Federation. Hardness of foreign-made mulcher base is 431…710 HRC; cleaner - 221; carbide plate - 1068 ... 1073; carbide crown - 1062 ... 1076, tool holder - 51 HRC. For the production of working bodies of mulchers, Russian analogues of structural materials can be used. The tool holder and base can be made of steel for castings of ordinary grades 40KhL or 35GL GOST 977-88. For the manufacture of a scraper, chromium steel grade 40X or manganese steel grade 35GL is suitable. Parts should be subjected to a heat treatment consisting of quenching and low stress relief tempering. For the manufacture of hard-alloy elements of cutters, it is advisable to use tungsten sintered alloys of grades VK8 or VK10. Hard alloy elements should be soldered with solder grades LNMts 49-9-0.2, MNMts 55-6-4 or MNMts 9-23.5, which provide high strength of steel-hard alloy joints of 350 ... 450 MPa. It is advisable to weld the scraper to the base as follows. First, the root welds are welded with Sv-08G2S solid section welding wire by semi-automatic gas welding. Then the welded joint is surface hardened with Kiswel K-700HT or WELTEK-H565 flux-cored wire by semi-automatic gas welding. This technology provides a weld with a hardness of 54…60 HRC.
{"title":"IMPORT SUBSTITUTION OF WORKING UNITS FOR MULCHERS","authors":"A. Kolomeychenko, Roman Solovev, R. Solovev, Evgeniy Maksimov, S. Karyakin","doi":"10.12737/2073-0462-2023-86-93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2023-86-93","url":null,"abstract":"In the current conditions, there is a multifaceted urgent problem of meeting the growing demand of agriculture for modern and high-quality equipment. Mulchers for tractors, excavators and skid steer loaders are becoming more and more popular as a type of attachment. Carbide cutting elements for the mulcher have a high resource, do not require sharpening, and are not afraid of small stones in the soil. An urgent task in terms of import substitution is the organization of their production at domestic engineering enterprises, which requires information on the materials used for manufacturing. The purpose of the study is to study the details of working bodies for foreign-made mulchers and to identify domestic analogues for the organization of industrial production in the Russian Federation. Hardness of foreign-made mulcher base is 431…710 HRC; cleaner - 221; carbide plate - 1068 ... 1073; carbide crown - 1062 ... 1076, tool holder - 51 HRC. For the production of working bodies of mulchers, Russian analogues of structural materials can be used. The tool holder and base can be made of steel for castings of ordinary grades 40KhL or 35GL GOST 977-88. For the manufacture of a scraper, chromium steel grade 40X or manganese steel grade 35GL is suitable. Parts should be subjected to a heat treatment consisting of quenching and low stress relief tempering. For the manufacture of hard-alloy elements of cutters, it is advisable to use tungsten sintered alloys of grades VK8 or VK10. Hard alloy elements should be soldered with solder grades LNMts 49-9-0.2, MNMts 55-6-4 or MNMts 9-23.5, which provide high strength of steel-hard alloy joints of 350 ... 450 MPa. It is advisable to weld the scraper to the base as follows. First, the root welds are welded with Sv-08G2S solid section welding wire by semi-automatic gas welding. Then the welded joint is surface hardened with Kiswel K-700HT or WELTEK-H565 flux-cored wire by semi-automatic gas welding. This technology provides a weld with a hardness of 54…60 HRC.","PeriodicalId":23526,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86783295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-10DOI: 10.12737/2073-0462-2023-127-134
Alsu R. Zakirova, G. Klychova, A. Dyatlova, V. Khoruzhy, L. Mavlieva
Providing the management of an economic entity with timely and reliable information about financial and economic activities is one of the conditions for its effective functioning. The main source of such information is the internal control of financial statements. The working documents of internal control developed in the course of the study contribute to the improvement of the methodological support of the audit. To improve the planning of internal control of financial statements, a working document is proposed that allows to increase the effectiveness of control measures and to systemize the results of control procedures in a timely manner. It is recommended to reflect the results of checking the completeness and correctness of reporting accounting data in the working document of internal control “Checking the completeness and correctness of reporting accounting data”, on the basis of which it is possible to draw conclusions about the correctness and completeness of the reflection of accounting data accounting in financial statements. The revealed differences between the data of financial reports and the data of accounting registers allow us to draw conclusions about the deviations that may occur when transferring indicators from accounting registers to the reporting form. Errors found during internal control of financial statements are proposed to be systematized in the working document of internal control "Classifier of identified errors and violations in the process of internal control of financial statements" in order to subsequently assess the impact of identified violations on the organization's performance indicators and on determining taxable base for separate types of taxes.
{"title":"DEVELOPMENT OF METHODOLOGICAL TOOLS FOR INTERNAL CONTROL OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING REPORTING","authors":"Alsu R. Zakirova, G. Klychova, A. Dyatlova, V. Khoruzhy, L. Mavlieva","doi":"10.12737/2073-0462-2023-127-134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2023-127-134","url":null,"abstract":"Providing the management of an economic entity with timely and reliable information about financial and economic activities is one of the conditions for its effective functioning. The main source of such information is the internal control of financial statements. The working documents of internal control developed in the course of the study contribute to the improvement of the methodological support of the audit. To improve the planning of internal control of financial statements, a working document is proposed that allows to increase the effectiveness of control measures and to systemize the results of control procedures in a timely manner. It is recommended to reflect the results of checking the completeness and correctness of reporting accounting data in the working document of internal control “Checking the completeness and correctness of reporting accounting data”, on the basis of which it is possible to draw conclusions about the correctness and completeness of the reflection of accounting data accounting in financial statements. The revealed differences between the data of financial reports and the data of accounting registers allow us to draw conclusions about the deviations that may occur when transferring indicators from accounting registers to the reporting form. Errors found during internal control of financial statements are proposed to be systematized in the working document of internal control \"Classifier of identified errors and violations in the process of internal control of financial statements\" in order to subsequently assess the impact of identified violations on the organization's performance indicators and on determining taxable base for separate types of taxes.","PeriodicalId":23526,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University","volume":"2016 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86268943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-10DOI: 10.12737/2073-0462-2023-117-126
K. Khafizov, A. Nurmiev, R. Khafizov, Nail Zalakov
The research was carried out in order to develop an energy mathematical model of a plant protection unit with a trailed sprayer, which makes it possible to optimize the parameters and operating modes, taking into account their influence on the size and loss of crop yield. For comparison with the tendencies of changes in the parameters of sprayers established in practice, computational experiments were performed using the developed mathematical model. The object of study is an analogue of MTZ-82 tractor, the main parameters of which (mass, engine power, kinematic length, etc.) can be changed, an analogue of a trailed sprayer with variable parameters (width, operating speed, tank volume, drawbar length, location of the center of mass, profile width and support wheel diameter, etc.). The optimization criterion was composite and included the sum of direct and indirect energy costs during the operation of the unit, taking into account the energy of the crop lost due to deviations from the optimal parameters and operating modes of the sprayer. Incorrect choice of unit parameters leads to yield losses, resulting from its decrease due to a violation of the deadline for performing a technological operation to protect crops from weeds, trampling down part of the crops by the unit's movers during processing, especially if there is no possibility of turning outside the field, due to soil compaction in the zone of growth and development of plant root systems. Computational experiments carried out using the developed energy mathematical model showed that an increase in sprayer coverage from 16 to 32 m at an aggregate speed of 12 km/h leads to a decrease in total energy costs from 3250 MJ/ha to 1692 MJ/ha, an increase in the unit speed from 7 to 12 km/h, with a working width of 32 m reduces the total energy costs from 1971 to 1692 MJ/ha. Reducing the width of the sprayer wheel tire profile from 0.6 to 0.2 m is accompanied by a decrease in total energy costs from 2793 MJ/ha to 1692 MJ/ha.
{"title":"ENERGY MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF A SPRAYER","authors":"K. Khafizov, A. Nurmiev, R. Khafizov, Nail Zalakov","doi":"10.12737/2073-0462-2023-117-126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2023-117-126","url":null,"abstract":"The research was carried out in order to develop an energy mathematical model of a plant protection unit with a trailed sprayer, which makes it possible to optimize the parameters and operating modes, taking into account their influence on the size and loss of crop yield. For comparison with the tendencies of changes in the parameters of sprayers established in practice, computational experiments were performed using the developed mathematical model. The object of study is an analogue of MTZ-82 tractor, the main parameters of which (mass, engine power, kinematic length, etc.) can be changed, an analogue of a trailed sprayer with variable parameters (width, operating speed, tank volume, drawbar length, location of the center of mass, profile width and support wheel diameter, etc.). The optimization criterion was composite and included the sum of direct and indirect energy costs during the operation of the unit, taking into account the energy of the crop lost due to deviations from the optimal parameters and operating modes of the sprayer. Incorrect choice of unit parameters leads to yield losses, resulting from its decrease due to a violation of the deadline for performing a technological operation to protect crops from weeds, trampling down part of the crops by the unit's movers during processing, especially if there is no possibility of turning outside the field, due to soil compaction in the zone of growth and development of plant root systems. Computational experiments carried out using the developed energy mathematical model showed that an increase in sprayer coverage from 16 to 32 m at an aggregate speed of 12 km/h leads to a decrease in total energy costs from 3250 MJ/ha to 1692 MJ/ha, an increase in the unit speed from 7 to 12 km/h, with a working width of 32 m reduces the total energy costs from 1971 to 1692 MJ/ha. Reducing the width of the sprayer wheel tire profile from 0.6 to 0.2 m is accompanied by a decrease in total energy costs from 2793 MJ/ha to 1692 MJ/ha.","PeriodicalId":23526,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83225015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-10DOI: 10.12737/2073-0462-2023-77-85
Yuriy Ivanschikov, A. Valiev, A. Novikov, Yuriy Dobrohotov, Y. Kazakov
The technology used for high-pressure fuel pumps running at fixed camshaft speeds does not provide running-in of friction pairs not only for the pump, but also for its fuel injection advance clutch. The purpose of the research is to develop a device that provides an equally variable angular velocity of the driven clutch half of the fuel injection advance clutch. The uneven speed of rotation of the driven half-coupling makes it possible to run the clutch in dynamic loading conditions by optimizing the stroke of the pushers, the radius of the rollers and the height of the programming washer, while ensuring optimal running-in modes with a combination of specified torsional vibrations in the range of amplitudes that overlap the operating angles of turn of the half-couplings. To achieve this goal, the work determined the range of sizes of the radii of the driven semi-shaft of the proposed device (6…12.5 mm) and its copying roller (5…9 mm), which provides an equally variable angular velocity of the driven half-coupling. For these values of the structural elements of the device, the height of the cam of the programming washer will be in the range of 2.99 ... 5.85 mm. In this range, it is possible to run commercially available fuel injection advance clutches in dynamic mode with an equally variable angular velocity, which improves the quality of running-in of the friction pairs of the pump and its clutch.
{"title":"IMPROVEMENT OF ROLLING TECHNOLOGY AND FUEL INJECTION ADVANCE CLUTCH TEST","authors":"Yuriy Ivanschikov, A. Valiev, A. Novikov, Yuriy Dobrohotov, Y. Kazakov","doi":"10.12737/2073-0462-2023-77-85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2023-77-85","url":null,"abstract":"The technology used for high-pressure fuel pumps running at fixed camshaft speeds does not provide running-in of friction pairs not only for the pump, but also for its fuel injection advance clutch. The purpose of the research is to develop a device that provides an equally variable angular velocity of the driven clutch half of the fuel injection advance clutch. The uneven speed of rotation of the driven half-coupling makes it possible to run the clutch in dynamic loading conditions by optimizing the stroke of the pushers, the radius of the rollers and the height of the programming washer, while ensuring optimal running-in modes with a combination of specified torsional vibrations in the range of amplitudes that overlap the operating angles of turn of the half-couplings. To achieve this goal, the work determined the range of sizes of the radii of the driven semi-shaft of the proposed device (6…12.5 mm) and its copying roller (5…9 mm), which provides an equally variable angular velocity of the driven half-coupling. For these values of the structural elements of the device, the height of the cam of the programming washer will be in the range of 2.99 ... 5.85 mm. In this range, it is possible to run commercially available fuel injection advance clutches in dynamic mode with an equally variable angular velocity, which improves the quality of running-in of the friction pairs of the pump and its clutch.","PeriodicalId":23526,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79871253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-10DOI: 10.12737/2073-0462-2023-102-107
I. Maksimov, A. Vasiliev, S. Vasil'ev, Y. Kazakov, Petr Zaycev
The factor of preserving the fertile soil layer is most relevant on sloping lands, since streams formed by melt water and precipitation wash out nutrients and humus, and also destroy the soil surface. To prevent these processes, anti-erosion working units are used. The purpose of the research is to study the effect of soil tillage by the working unit of a flat-cutter-subsoiler of a fertilizer with the simultaneous application of granular fertilizers on its filtration properties. The work was carried out at the control site located in the Chuvash Republic. The soil is loamy. The depth of tillage and application of granular fertilizers was 30 cm. As granular fertilizers, they used - granulated manure, presented on the market and used by agricultural enterprises in crop production. The filtration coefficient, porosity, and bulk density of the soil were determined. Since the subsurface cutter tills the soil without turning the layer, samples were taken in different layers of the cut layer according to GOST R 58595–2019. The filtration coefficient, which determines the ability of the soil to absorb and pass moisture, averaged 96.2 cm per day, which can be considered a good result (for loams 20 ... 100 cm per day). The porosity was 54.3% (satisfactory condition - 50 ... 55%, excellent - 55 ... 65%), the bulk density of the soil - an average of 1.05 g/cm3 (loose or freshly plowed - 1.0 ... 1.2 g / cm3). In general, after soil cultivation by the working unit of the fertilizer subsoiler with the simultaneous application of granular fertilizers, the filtration properties of the soil correspond to generally accepted reference values.
保护肥沃土层的因素与坡地最为相关，因为由融水和降水形成的溪流冲走了养分和腐殖质，也破坏了土壤表面。为了防止这些过程，使用了防侵蚀工作单元。本研究的目的是研究一种肥料的平切-深埋机工作单元耕作土壤并同时施用颗粒肥料对其过滤性能的影响。这项工作是在位于楚瓦什共和国的管制场址进行的。土壤是肥沃的。耕深和施用颗粒肥为30 cm。作为颗粒肥料，它们使用的是颗粒肥料，已上市并被农业企业用于作物生产。测定了土壤的过滤系数、孔隙率和容重。由于地下切割机在不转动土层的情况下耕作土壤，因此根据GOST R 58595-2019在切割层的不同层中采集样本。决定土壤吸收和通过水分能力的过滤系数平均为每天96.2 cm，可以认为是一个很好的结果(对于壤土20…每天100厘米)。孔隙度为54.3%(满意条件- 50…55%，很好- 55%…65%)，土壤容重-平均1.05克/立方厘米(松散或新犁- 1.0…1.2 g / cm3)。一般情况下，由施肥潜耕机的工作单位耕作土壤，同时施用颗粒肥料后，土壤的过滤性能符合一般接受的参考值。
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Pub Date : 2023-07-10DOI: 10.12737/2073-0462-2023-66-71
B. Ivanov, B. Ziganshin, I. Gayfullin, A. Rudakov, Petr Zaycev
The production of high-quality livestock products is achieved not only by breeding productive livestock breeds, but also by observing zootechnical requirements and ensuring sanitary well-being in livestock buildings. To maintain the proper sanitary condition of livestock buildings, modern technologies, technical means and preparations for disinfecting surfaces are used, and non-compliance with the requirements for the operation of technical means and the consumption rates of disinfectant liquids leads to an increase in the resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobial drugs. The effectiveness of disinfection largely depends on the technical capabilities of disinfection units, and to a greater extent on spray devices. Many researchers solve complex problems of optimizing the design and technological parameters of spray devices, thereby improving their spray quality. In this regard, a vortex pneumatic liquid sprayer has been developed to perform various technologies and disinfection modes. The dispersed composition of aerosols of disinfecting liquids was obtained under various operating modes by the proposed design of the sprayer. Based on the experimental data, graphical dependencies are constructed that affect the degree of dispersion of the working pressures of the disinfectant liquid and compressed air in the channels of their supply. The values of flow rates of a vortex pneumatic atomizer during its operation in various modes are obtained. Graphic dependences of the disinfectant liquid flow rate through the sprayer are plotted at different pressure ratios in the media supply channels (disinfectant liquid and compressed air) and the angles between them. Based on the obtained technical characteristics, the rational design parameters of the new design of the vortex pneumatic atomizer were determined, namely, the angle between the pneumatic and liquid inlet channels α=90o, the diameter of the outlet d=2.0 mm.
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Pub Date : 2023-07-10DOI: 10.12737/2073-0462-2023-94-101
I. Maksimov, M. Kalimullin, E. Alekseev, A. Vasiliev, N. Maksimov
To date, a number of mathematical models of plant growth, developed by domestic and foreign scientists, are known. However, the issues of determining the bifurcation points that arise during the functioning of “soil-plant-air” system have not been sufficiently considered. In relation to the issues considered in the article, the bifurcation point is a critical state of the “plant” subsystem, at which it becomes unstable with respect to fluctuations in natural and climatic conditions (drought, frost, prolonged rains, etc.) and there is uncertainty in the development of plants (further growth or their death), as well as the intensive growth of plants as a result of the corresponding technological operations. For control and operational management of the formation of agricultural crops, it is desirable to know the bifurcation points determined by the biological time of plant growth and extreme weather situations. Therefore, the main goal of research is the analytical determination of bifurcation points observed during the vegetation of plants. The “plant” subsystem at the bifurcation point can be simultaneously in two or more states. As a result of the analysis of the obtained analytical dependences of various possible states of “soil-plant-air” system, it is proposed to subdivide bifurcations into negative and positive ones. A method has been obtained for determining bifurcation points during the functioning of “soil-plant-air” system. Under natural and climatic conditions, critical situations can arise with insufficient incoming substances to “soil-plant-air” system, such as light supply, moisture supply, heat supply, food supply and gas supply of plants. As a result of analytical studies, bifurcation points were determined in “soil-plant-air” system, depending on the radiation balance (R) formed on the underlying surface, slopes of different exposure and steepness, and coefficients characterizing light, moisture, heat, food and gas supply plants.
{"title":"DETERMINATION OF BIFURCATION POINTS IN THE FUNCTIONING OF “SOIL-PLANT–AIR” SYSTEM","authors":"I. Maksimov, M. Kalimullin, E. Alekseev, A. Vasiliev, N. Maksimov","doi":"10.12737/2073-0462-2023-94-101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2023-94-101","url":null,"abstract":"To date, a number of mathematical models of plant growth, developed by domestic and foreign scientists, are known. However, the issues of determining the bifurcation points that arise during the functioning of “soil-plant-air” system have not been sufficiently considered. In relation to the issues considered in the article, the bifurcation point is a critical state of the “plant” subsystem, at which it becomes unstable with respect to fluctuations in natural and climatic conditions (drought, frost, prolonged rains, etc.) and there is uncertainty in the development of plants (further growth or their death), as well as the intensive growth of plants as a result of the corresponding technological operations. For control and operational management of the formation of agricultural crops, it is desirable to know the bifurcation points determined by the biological time of plant growth and extreme weather situations. Therefore, the main goal of research is the analytical determination of bifurcation points observed during the vegetation of plants. The “plant” subsystem at the bifurcation point can be simultaneously in two or more states. As a result of the analysis of the obtained analytical dependences of various possible states of “soil-plant-air” system, it is proposed to subdivide bifurcations into negative and positive ones. A method has been obtained for determining bifurcation points during the functioning of “soil-plant-air” system. Under natural and climatic conditions, critical situations can arise with insufficient incoming substances to “soil-plant-air” system, such as light supply, moisture supply, heat supply, food supply and gas supply of plants. As a result of analytical studies, bifurcation points were determined in “soil-plant-air” system, depending on the radiation balance (R) formed on the underlying surface, slopes of different exposure and steepness, and coefficients characterizing light, moisture, heat, food and gas supply plants.","PeriodicalId":23526,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87525156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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