Pub Date : 2023-07-10DOI: 10.12737/2073-0462-2023-72-76
V. Ivanov, V. Gavrilov, A. Novikov, A. Semenov, Y. Kazakov
During the operation of a high-pressure fuel injection pump, the friction surfaces of the main elements are subjected to various mechanical, thermophysical and hydroabrasive effects, which increases the wear rate of precision elements and reduces the cyclic fuel supply through the cylinders. The purpose of the research is to increase the resource of the main elements of in-line high-pressure fuel pumps by modernizing the power supply system. The main factor affecting the performance of precision elements is the presence of carbovalt in hydrocarbon fuel, that is, mechanical impurities in the form of an abrasive that circulate throughout the entire circuit of the power supply system, can pass through the filter element and get into the junction of precision elements during the injection cycle, where they are pinched and abraded work surfaces. In addition to mechanical impurities, hydrocarbon fuels may contain surfactants such as sulfur, phosphorus, etc. Under certain conditions, this also accelerates the wear rate of friction pairs, especially at temperatures above 50°C. With an increase in temperature, the lubricity of hydrocarbon fuels decreases, since sulfur compounds are activated, which destroy the structured surface at the boundary of friction pairs. To reduce this effect, it is proposed to limit the increase in temperature in the diesel power system by installing a radiator with a fan. With temperature limitation in the diesel fuel system, the wear intensity will be lower, the viscosity will be consistently higher by 2 times or more, which will reduce fuel leakage in mating surfaces. The above analytical expressions indicate that the size of the fuel leakage depends on the Reynolds number. With an increase in viscosity, the Reynolds number decreases several times, while the consumption coefficient and fuel leakage through the gaps of the friction pairs are significantly reduced. The proposed measure makes it possible to preserve the lubricity of the fuel, reducing wear and increasing the service life of the main elements of the fuel injection pump.
{"title":"POSSIBLE MEASURES TO EXTEND THE SERVICE LIFE OF DIESEL FUEL PUMP MAIN COMPONENTS","authors":"V. Ivanov, V. Gavrilov, A. Novikov, A. Semenov, Y. Kazakov","doi":"10.12737/2073-0462-2023-72-76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2023-72-76","url":null,"abstract":"During the operation of a high-pressure fuel injection pump, the friction surfaces of the main elements are subjected to various mechanical, thermophysical and hydroabrasive effects, which increases the wear rate of precision elements and reduces the cyclic fuel supply through the cylinders. The purpose of the research is to increase the resource of the main elements of in-line high-pressure fuel pumps by modernizing the power supply system. The main factor affecting the performance of precision elements is the presence of carbovalt in hydrocarbon fuel, that is, mechanical impurities in the form of an abrasive that circulate throughout the entire circuit of the power supply system, can pass through the filter element and get into the junction of precision elements during the injection cycle, where they are pinched and abraded work surfaces. In addition to mechanical impurities, hydrocarbon fuels may contain surfactants such as sulfur, phosphorus, etc. Under certain conditions, this also accelerates the wear rate of friction pairs, especially at temperatures above 50°C. With an increase in temperature, the lubricity of hydrocarbon fuels decreases, since sulfur compounds are activated, which destroy the structured surface at the boundary of friction pairs. To reduce this effect, it is proposed to limit the increase in temperature in the diesel power system by installing a radiator with a fan. With temperature limitation in the diesel fuel system, the wear intensity will be lower, the viscosity will be consistently higher by 2 times or more, which will reduce fuel leakage in mating surfaces. The above analytical expressions indicate that the size of the fuel leakage depends on the Reynolds number. With an increase in viscosity, the Reynolds number decreases several times, while the consumption coefficient and fuel leakage through the gaps of the friction pairs are significantly reduced. The proposed measure makes it possible to preserve the lubricity of the fuel, reducing wear and increasing the service life of the main elements of the fuel injection pump.","PeriodicalId":23526,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83061474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-09DOI: 10.12737/2073-0462-2023-42-49
A. Serzhanova, M. Gilyazov, Farit Shaykhutdinov, I. Serzhanov, A. Daminova
The study was carried out in order to assess the dependence of the yield of spring soft wheat on the main agrochemical indicators and spring reserves of productive moisture in a meter layer of gray forest soil. The work was carried out in 1982-2018. in the Kama zone of the Republic of Tatarstan. Spring wheat was cultivated in the crop rotation link: pure fallow - winter rye - spring wheat. Under the predecessor, the average recommended norms of mineral fertilizers (N40 ... 60P40 ... 50K40 ... 60) were annually introduced; fertilizers were not applied directly under the wheat. The soil of the experimental plot is gray forest medium loamy with the following agrochemical parameters: organic matter content - 2.8 ... 3.2%, easily hydrolyzable nitrogen - 100 ... 149 mg / kg, mobile phosphorus and potassium (according to Kirsanov). ) - 105...184 and 79...149 mg/kg, respectively, pHrast. – 5.6...5.7. The yield of spring wheat cultivated without fertilization varied greatly over the years and ranged from 0.99 to 2.97 t/ha. It amounted to 62% due to the influence of the provision of gray forest soil with the main nutrient macronutrients (NMC) in a form available to plants. The content of readily hydrolysable nitrogen 150 mg/kg, mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium 150 and 140 mg/kg, respectively, turned out to be the optimal level for the formation of the largest grain yield of spring wheat in the experiment on gray forest soil. without the use of fertilizers.
{"title":"THE NATURE AND STRENGTH OF THE CORRELATION OF SPRING WHEAT YIELD WITH SOIL FACTORS IN CONDITIONS OF GRAY FOREST SOIL","authors":"A. Serzhanova, M. Gilyazov, Farit Shaykhutdinov, I. Serzhanov, A. Daminova","doi":"10.12737/2073-0462-2023-42-49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2023-42-49","url":null,"abstract":"The study was carried out in order to assess the dependence of the yield of spring soft wheat on the main agrochemical indicators and spring reserves of productive moisture in a meter layer of gray forest soil. The work was carried out in 1982-2018. in the Kama zone of the Republic of Tatarstan. Spring wheat was cultivated in the crop rotation link: pure fallow - winter rye - spring wheat. Under the predecessor, the average recommended norms of mineral fertilizers (N40 ... 60P40 ... 50K40 ... 60) were annually introduced; fertilizers were not applied directly under the wheat. The soil of the experimental plot is gray forest medium loamy with the following agrochemical parameters: organic matter content - 2.8 ... 3.2%, easily hydrolyzable nitrogen - 100 ... 149 mg / kg, mobile phosphorus and potassium (according to Kirsanov). ) - 105...184 and 79...149 mg/kg, respectively, pHrast. – 5.6...5.7. The yield of spring wheat cultivated without fertilization varied greatly over the years and ranged from 0.99 to 2.97 t/ha. It amounted to 62% due to the influence of the provision of gray forest soil with the main nutrient macronutrients (NMC) in a form available to plants. The content of readily hydrolysable nitrogen 150 mg/kg, mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium 150 and 140 mg/kg, respectively, turned out to be the optimal level for the formation of the largest grain yield of spring wheat in the experiment on gray forest soil. without the use of fertilizers.","PeriodicalId":23526,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74897023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-09DOI: 10.12737/2073-0462-2023-19-24
Farzutdin Mukhamadiarov, E. Permyakova
Oats are a valuable food and fodder crop, ranked sixth in world agricultural production. Between 2011 and 2021 in the region, the area of oat crops decreased by 7.9 thousand hectares or by 14.4%. In the structure of grain and leguminous crops, oats accounted for 14.9% in 2021. The crop productivity during the analyzed period varied from 13.0 c/ha (2013) to 24.2 c/ha (2019). During the study period, the average yield of oats was 20 q/ha with a variation coefficient of 16.9%. Gross grain production decreased by 480.79 thousand centners or by 41.5%, and amounted to 687.84 thousand centners in 2021. The purpose of the study is to identify agroecologically similar territories for guaranteed production of high-quality oat grain in Kirov region. The studies were carried out by analyzing the time series of crop yields with the allocation of the ecological component of its variability in the context of the municipal districts of the region over an 11-year period. To unite objects into classes, the method of pair-group association was used. As a result, 9 agroecologically similar territories were allocated to accommodate crops. The combined influence of environmental factors provides the most favorable conditions for placing oat crops in agroecologically similar territories No. 1, 3, 5. Here, a stable yield is obtained, characterized by low variability. The soil and climatic conditions of agroecologically similar territories No. 2, 4 are favorable for growing oats with a moderate level of variation. Agro-ecological conditions of agroecologically similar territories No. 6,7, 8, 9 limit the receipt of high and sustainable yields, therefore it is not recommended to grow oats in these areas. The results of agro-ecological zoning make it possible to determine the areas most suitable for obtaining a guaranteed crop yield and give recommendations for reducing areas with inefficient production.
{"title":"AGROECOLOGICAL ZONING OF THE TERRITORY OF KIROV REGION FOR OAT CROPS PLACEMENT","authors":"Farzutdin Mukhamadiarov, E. Permyakova","doi":"10.12737/2073-0462-2023-19-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2023-19-24","url":null,"abstract":"Oats are a valuable food and fodder crop, ranked sixth in world agricultural production. Between 2011 and 2021 in the region, the area of oat crops decreased by 7.9 thousand hectares or by 14.4%. In the structure of grain and leguminous crops, oats accounted for 14.9% in 2021. The crop productivity during the analyzed period varied from 13.0 c/ha (2013) to 24.2 c/ha (2019). During the study period, the average yield of oats was 20 q/ha with a variation coefficient of 16.9%. Gross grain production decreased by 480.79 thousand centners or by 41.5%, and amounted to 687.84 thousand centners in 2021. The purpose of the study is to identify agroecologically similar territories for guaranteed production of high-quality oat grain in Kirov region. The studies were carried out by analyzing the time series of crop yields with the allocation of the ecological component of its variability in the context of the municipal districts of the region over an 11-year period. To unite objects into classes, the method of pair-group association was used. As a result, 9 agroecologically similar territories were allocated to accommodate crops. The combined influence of environmental factors provides the most favorable conditions for placing oat crops in agroecologically similar territories No. 1, 3, 5. Here, a stable yield is obtained, characterized by low variability. The soil and climatic conditions of agroecologically similar territories No. 2, 4 are favorable for growing oats with a moderate level of variation. Agro-ecological conditions of agroecologically similar territories No. 6,7, 8, 9 limit the receipt of high and sustainable yields, therefore it is not recommended to grow oats in these areas. The results of agro-ecological zoning make it possible to determine the areas most suitable for obtaining a guaranteed crop yield and give recommendations for reducing areas with inefficient production.","PeriodicalId":23526,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85973746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-09DOI: 10.12737/2073-0462-2023-13-18
Il'shat Vafin, R. Safin, Rogat V. Minikaev, M. Khaibullin, G. Minnullin
The research was carried out in order to study the effect of top dressing with liquid fertilizers on mineral nutrition, yield and quality of seeds of winter wheat of Kazanskaya 560 varietiy in seed crops. The work was carried out in 2017–2020 in Kama zone of the Republic of Tatarstan on gray forest soil, characterized by a very low supply of molybdenum, low - zinc, high - copper and manganese, very high - boron. Liquid fertilizers of the Metallocene series containing macro- and microelements were studied. Top dressing was carried out in three terms: the first - in the autumn period with manganese-containing fertilizer Metallocene D with a norm of 1.0 l/ha, the second - during the spring regrowth, the third - in the heading phase with fertilizers with copper (grade A), zinc (grade B), molybdenum and boron (grade C) at rates of 1.0 l/ha. The consumption of working fluid during spraying is 200 l/ha. In 2018 and 2019 dry conditions were noted, in 2020 - favorable for winter wheat. Double foliar application with zinc fertilizer increased the yield by 0.18 t/ha, boron and molybdenum - by 0.16 t/ha. Autumn top dressing with manganese increased the grain harvest by 0.67 t/ha, and against its background with molybdenum-boron fertilizer - by another 0.15 t/ha. Foliar feeding led to an increase in the content and removal of phosphorus from 1 ton of winter wheat seeds. Microfertilizers increased the laboratory germination of seeds of a new crop by 3.1...5.4%, and also reduced their infection with phytopathogenic micromycetes by 1.2...23.0 times. The minimal infection of the seeds of a new crop with fungi causing root rot in the experiment was noted when using the copper-containing fertilizer Metallocene against the background of the autumn application of manganese. The most cost-effective on seed crops of winter wheat were double foliar feeding with molybdenum and boron in combination with the autumn application of manganese (profitability - 71%, against 39% in control).
{"title":"FEATURES OF THE INFLUENCE OF LEAF FEEDING WITH LIQUID FERTILIZERS ON MINERAL NUTRITION, PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT SEEDS","authors":"Il'shat Vafin, R. Safin, Rogat V. Minikaev, M. Khaibullin, G. Minnullin","doi":"10.12737/2073-0462-2023-13-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2023-13-18","url":null,"abstract":"The research was carried out in order to study the effect of top dressing with liquid fertilizers on mineral nutrition, yield and quality of seeds of winter wheat of Kazanskaya 560 varietiy in seed crops. The work was carried out in 2017–2020 in Kama zone of the Republic of Tatarstan on gray forest soil, characterized by a very low supply of molybdenum, low - zinc, high - copper and manganese, very high - boron. Liquid fertilizers of the Metallocene series containing macro- and microelements were studied. Top dressing was carried out in three terms: the first - in the autumn period with manganese-containing fertilizer Metallocene D with a norm of 1.0 l/ha, the second - during the spring regrowth, the third - in the heading phase with fertilizers with copper (grade A), zinc (grade B), molybdenum and boron (grade C) at rates of 1.0 l/ha. The consumption of working fluid during spraying is 200 l/ha. In 2018 and 2019 dry conditions were noted, in 2020 - favorable for winter wheat. Double foliar application with zinc fertilizer increased the yield by 0.18 t/ha, boron and molybdenum - by 0.16 t/ha. Autumn top dressing with manganese increased the grain harvest by 0.67 t/ha, and against its background with molybdenum-boron fertilizer - by another 0.15 t/ha. Foliar feeding led to an increase in the content and removal of phosphorus from 1 ton of winter wheat seeds. Microfertilizers increased the laboratory germination of seeds of a new crop by 3.1...5.4%, and also reduced their infection with phytopathogenic micromycetes by 1.2...23.0 times. The minimal infection of the seeds of a new crop with fungi causing root rot in the experiment was noted when using the copper-containing fertilizer Metallocene against the background of the autumn application of manganese. The most cost-effective on seed crops of winter wheat were double foliar feeding with molybdenum and boron in combination with the autumn application of manganese (profitability - 71%, against 39% in control).","PeriodicalId":23526,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81736625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-09DOI: 10.12737/2073-0462-2023-31-36
A. Pogodina, Ilfat Gabbasov, F. Safiollin, A. Lukmanov, G. Minnullin
The research was carried out in order to study the reaction of various spelled varieties to the application of calculated doses of fertilizer minerals in the conditions of the Middle Volga region. The work was carried out in 2020-2022 in Kama zone of the Republic of Tatarstan. The scheme of the field experiment involved the study of the following options: spelled variety (factor A) - Srednevolzhskaya (standard), Runo, Gremme (naked grain); application rate of mineral fertilizers (factor B) - based on a yield of 2.0 t/ha (N47P18K21), 2.5 t/ha (N59P23K26), 3.0 t/ha (N71P27K32). The soil of the experimental plot is a typical gray forest-steppe zone of Middle Volga region with a humus content of 3.4% according to Tyurin, mobile (according to Kirsanov) forms of phosphorus - 142 mg/kg of soil, potassium - 155 mg /kg of soil. The reaction of the soil environment was close to neutral (pHKCl 6.4). Among the three studied spelt varieties, the Runo cultivar stood out, the average yield of which increased in proportion to the application rates of NPK from 1.68 in the control to 2.72 t/ha in the variant with NPK, based on the formation of the spelled grain yield of 3.0 t/ha. However, from an economic point of view, the most profitable in the experiment was the estimated rate for achieving the planned grain yield of 2.5 t/ha, which, provided that the selling price is 15 thousand rubles/t, ensures the profitability of production of 56.8%, the cost of grain - 9.6 thousand rubles/t.
{"title":"COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE REACTION OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF SPELLED TO THE INTRODUCTION OF DESIGNED NORMS OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS IN THE FOREST-STEPPE ZONE OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION","authors":"A. Pogodina, Ilfat Gabbasov, F. Safiollin, A. Lukmanov, G. Minnullin","doi":"10.12737/2073-0462-2023-31-36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2023-31-36","url":null,"abstract":"The research was carried out in order to study the reaction of various spelled varieties to the application of calculated doses of fertilizer minerals in the conditions of the Middle Volga region. The work was carried out in 2020-2022 in Kama zone of the Republic of Tatarstan. The scheme of the field experiment involved the study of the following options: spelled variety (factor A) - Srednevolzhskaya (standard), Runo, Gremme (naked grain); application rate of mineral fertilizers (factor B) - based on a yield of 2.0 t/ha (N47P18K21), 2.5 t/ha (N59P23K26), 3.0 t/ha (N71P27K32). The soil of the experimental plot is a typical gray forest-steppe zone of Middle Volga region with a humus content of 3.4% according to Tyurin, mobile (according to Kirsanov) forms of phosphorus - 142 mg/kg of soil, potassium - 155 mg /kg of soil. The reaction of the soil environment was close to neutral (pHKCl 6.4). Among the three studied spelt varieties, the Runo cultivar stood out, the average yield of which increased in proportion to the application rates of NPK from 1.68 in the control to 2.72 t/ha in the variant with NPK, based on the formation of the spelled grain yield of 3.0 t/ha. However, from an economic point of view, the most profitable in the experiment was the estimated rate for achieving the planned grain yield of 2.5 t/ha, which, provided that the selling price is 15 thousand rubles/t, ensures the profitability of production of 56.8%, the cost of grain - 9.6 thousand rubles/t.","PeriodicalId":23526,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University","volume":"238 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80412100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-09DOI: 10.12737/2073-0462-2023-50-56
Vyacheslav N Timofeev, Ol'ga V'yushina
Studies for the comparative evaluation of economic traits of spring wheat varieties of European ecological and geographical origin in cultivation in Tyumen region were conducted in 2018-2020. We studied varieties of spring wheat of local (Omskaya 36, Grenada, Aviada) and European ecological and geographical origin (Goplana, Mandarina, Arabella). The germinating ability, germinal development, seed contamination and seed dressing efficiency were determined under laboratory conditions. Field experiment was laid in the nursery of competitive variety trials, plot area 20 m2, biometric observations, yield and its quality were carried out. The soil of the experimental site is dark gray forest, heavy loam. Under laboratory conditions on day 7 of observation there was a difference in the development of germinal organs. The greatest length of roots was in the standard Omskaya 36 and Mandarin variety (13.7...14.1 cm) exceeding the other varieties on average by 15...20%. The sprout length of 16.3...16.5 cm was in the standard Omskaya 36 and variety Goplana, exceeding the other studied varieties by 15.9...40.6%. Seed infection in local varieties was present in the form of fungi p. Alternaria - 10...58%, p. Fusarium - 2...7%, Bipolaris sorokiniana - 0...4%, in foreign varieties - only p. Alternaria 0...7%. Grenada, Mandarina, Arabella varieties showed high resistance to root rot at the time of harvesting with disease development 15...36% lower than standard and 40...60 % lower than other varieties. Varieties of local selection (Omskaya 36, Grenada, Aviada) exceeded local varieties by Septoria nodorum by 3.0...9.6%, by brown rust Puccinia recondite by 1.0...3.4 % of varieties of European selection. Varieties of foreign selection (Goplana, Mandarina, Arabella) exceeded local varieties by Septoria tritici leaf Septoria damage by 1.6...6.1 %, and the same susceptibility to stem rust Puccinia graminis 3.0...4.8 %. Arabella variety was the best in most structural indicators of yield: the number of grains - 35.8 pcs, weight of grains from 25 plants - 31.3 g, weight of 1000 grains - 39.2 g. The varieties Aviada, Grenada, Arabella, Goplana (3.2...3.6 t/ha) stood out in terms of yield, exceeding the other varieties by 0.2...0.6 t/ha. Gluten and protein content were lower in most foreign varieties compared with domestic ones by 3...8 % and 1...3 % respectively.
{"title":"VARIETIES OF SPRING WHEAT OF EUROPEAN ORIGIN IN THE CONDITIONS OF TYUMEN REGION","authors":"Vyacheslav N Timofeev, Ol'ga V'yushina","doi":"10.12737/2073-0462-2023-50-56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2023-50-56","url":null,"abstract":"Studies for the comparative evaluation of economic traits of spring wheat varieties of European ecological and geographical origin in cultivation in Tyumen region were conducted in 2018-2020. We studied varieties of spring wheat of local (Omskaya 36, Grenada, Aviada) and European ecological and geographical origin (Goplana, Mandarina, Arabella). The germinating ability, germinal development, seed contamination and seed dressing efficiency were determined under laboratory conditions. Field experiment was laid in the nursery of competitive variety trials, plot area 20 m2, biometric observations, yield and its quality were carried out. The soil of the experimental site is dark gray forest, heavy loam. Under laboratory conditions on day 7 of observation there was a difference in the development of germinal organs. The greatest length of roots was in the standard Omskaya 36 and Mandarin variety (13.7...14.1 cm) exceeding the other varieties on average by 15...20%. The sprout length of 16.3...16.5 cm was in the standard Omskaya 36 and variety Goplana, exceeding the other studied varieties by 15.9...40.6%. Seed infection in local varieties was present in the form of fungi p. Alternaria - 10...58%, p. Fusarium - 2...7%, Bipolaris sorokiniana - 0...4%, in foreign varieties - only p. Alternaria 0...7%. Grenada, Mandarina, Arabella varieties showed high resistance to root rot at the time of harvesting with disease development 15...36% lower than standard and 40...60 % lower than other varieties. Varieties of local selection (Omskaya 36, Grenada, Aviada) exceeded local varieties by Septoria nodorum by 3.0...9.6%, by brown rust Puccinia recondite by 1.0...3.4 % of varieties of European selection. Varieties of foreign selection (Goplana, Mandarina, Arabella) exceeded local varieties by Septoria tritici leaf Septoria damage by 1.6...6.1 %, and the same susceptibility to stem rust Puccinia graminis 3.0...4.8 %. Arabella variety was the best in most structural indicators of yield: the number of grains - 35.8 pcs, weight of grains from 25 plants - 31.3 g, weight of 1000 grains - 39.2 g. The varieties Aviada, Grenada, Arabella, Goplana (3.2...3.6 t/ha) stood out in terms of yield, exceeding the other varieties by 0.2...0.6 t/ha. Gluten and protein content were lower in most foreign varieties compared with domestic ones by 3...8 % and 1...3 % respectively.","PeriodicalId":23526,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73543245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-09DOI: 10.12737/2073-0462-2023-25-30
Farzutdin Mukhamadiarov, D. Starkova, E. Permyakova
Grain is one of the main elements of food security of both the country and the region. Without grain production, the development of the food industry, animal husbandry and other branches of the agro-industrial complex is impossible. Between 2001 and 2021 in the Kirov region, the sown areas of winter rye and oats decreased by almost 3 times, spring wheat by 2 times. In general, the decrease in the area under crops of grain and leguminous crops during the study period amounted to 353.2 thousand hectares or 53%. In the structure of crops, the shares of winter rye and oats significantly decreased against the background of an increase in the share of winter wheat crops. During the period under review, the productivity of grain and leguminous crops in the region varied from 12.6 c/ha in 2004 and 2006 to to 21.7 centners/ha in 2019. On average, 16.9 centners were collected per unit area during the study period, with a coefficient of variation of 17.9%. The constructed linear trend indicates a tendency for an average annual increase in yield by 0.3 c/ha. Average annual gross harvest of cereals and legumes 2015-2020 compared to 2001 - 2005 decreased by almost 20%. Grain production per capita declined significantly over the study period, amid a decline in livestock and poultry in the region.
{"title":"INDICATORS OF MODERN GRAIN FARMING OF KIROV REGION","authors":"Farzutdin Mukhamadiarov, D. Starkova, E. Permyakova","doi":"10.12737/2073-0462-2023-25-30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2023-25-30","url":null,"abstract":"Grain is one of the main elements of food security of both the country and the region. Without grain production, the development of the food industry, animal husbandry and other branches of the agro-industrial complex is impossible. Between 2001 and 2021 in the Kirov region, the sown areas of winter rye and oats decreased by almost 3 times, spring wheat by 2 times. In general, the decrease in the area under crops of grain and leguminous crops during the study period amounted to 353.2 thousand hectares or 53%. In the structure of crops, the shares of winter rye and oats significantly decreased against the background of an increase in the share of winter wheat crops. During the period under review, the productivity of grain and leguminous crops in the region varied from 12.6 c/ha in 2004 and 2006 to to 21.7 centners/ha in 2019. On average, 16.9 centners were collected per unit area during the study period, with a coefficient of variation of 17.9%. The constructed linear trend indicates a tendency for an average annual increase in yield by 0.3 c/ha. Average annual gross harvest of cereals and legumes 2015-2020 compared to 2001 - 2005 decreased by almost 20%. Grain production per capita declined significantly over the study period, amid a decline in livestock and poultry in the region.","PeriodicalId":23526,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89966849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-09DOI: 10.12737/2073-0462-2023-37-41
O. Rudometova, A. Bogatyreva, E. Akmanaev
The research was carried out in order to study the influence of methods of preparing crops for harvesting on the yield and biochemical composition of seeds of spring rapeseed in the Middle Urals. The work was carried out in 2020-2021 on soddy medium podzolic heavy loamy soil in Perm region. The experiment scheme included the following options: treatment with Liposam, Bifactor glue, Tornado, Adekvat desiccants, and a combination of adhesive preparations with desiccants. A variety of Russian selection Ratnik and a hybrid of foreign selection Smilla were grown. Biochemical analysis of seeds was carried out by conventional methods. Average for 2020 and 2021 seed yield of spring rapeseed variety Ratnik and hybrid Smilla was at the same level. A similar picture was observed for the content of crude fat, ash and protein. The concentration of crude fiber was higher in the oil seeds of the Smilla hybrid (by 0.5%). Treatment with adhesives and desiccants only affected the productivity of the Smilla hybrid. Significant yield increases, compared with the control, were noted in the options Bifactor, Liposam + Adekvat, Bifactor + Tornado (0.28, 0.27 and 0.39 t/ha, respectively). In the same variants, the largest gross harvest of fat and crude protein per 1 ha was recorded (the increase, in relation to the control, was 1.4...1.6 times). A change in the biochemical composition of spring rapeseed oilseeds was noted, depending on the studied methods of preparing crops for harvesting. Variety Ratnik reacted with an increase in the content of crude fat and crude fiber when treated with Adekvat desiccant, as well as an increase in the content of crude ash when Liposam glue was used together with desiccants. The Smilla hybrid responded more strongly to the joint treatment with Bifactor adhesive with Tornado desiccant (crude fat content increased by 2.4%, crude protein by 1.8%). The content of raw ash in the oilseeds of the foreign hybrid was influenced by the use of preparations Bifactor, Tornado, Liposam+ Adekvat.
{"title":"EFFECT OF CROP PREPARATION TECHNIQUES FOR HARVESTING ON PRODUCTIVITY AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SEEDS OF SPRING RAPESEED OF THE RATNIK VARIETY AND THE SMILLA HYBRID IN THE MIDDLE PREDURALIE","authors":"O. Rudometova, A. Bogatyreva, E. Akmanaev","doi":"10.12737/2073-0462-2023-37-41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2023-37-41","url":null,"abstract":"The research was carried out in order to study the influence of methods of preparing crops for harvesting on the yield and biochemical composition of seeds of spring rapeseed in the Middle Urals. The work was carried out in 2020-2021 on soddy medium podzolic heavy loamy soil in Perm region. The experiment scheme included the following options: treatment with Liposam, Bifactor glue, Tornado, Adekvat desiccants, and a combination of adhesive preparations with desiccants. A variety of Russian selection Ratnik and a hybrid of foreign selection Smilla were grown. Biochemical analysis of seeds was carried out by conventional methods. Average for 2020 and 2021 seed yield of spring rapeseed variety Ratnik and hybrid Smilla was at the same level. A similar picture was observed for the content of crude fat, ash and protein. The concentration of crude fiber was higher in the oil seeds of the Smilla hybrid (by 0.5%). Treatment with adhesives and desiccants only affected the productivity of the Smilla hybrid. Significant yield increases, compared with the control, were noted in the options Bifactor, Liposam + Adekvat, Bifactor + Tornado (0.28, 0.27 and 0.39 t/ha, respectively). In the same variants, the largest gross harvest of fat and crude protein per 1 ha was recorded (the increase, in relation to the control, was 1.4...1.6 times). A change in the biochemical composition of spring rapeseed oilseeds was noted, depending on the studied methods of preparing crops for harvesting. Variety Ratnik reacted with an increase in the content of crude fat and crude fiber when treated with Adekvat desiccant, as well as an increase in the content of crude ash when Liposam glue was used together with desiccants. The Smilla hybrid responded more strongly to the joint treatment with Bifactor adhesive with Tornado desiccant (crude fat content increased by 2.4%, crude protein by 1.8%). The content of raw ash in the oilseeds of the foreign hybrid was influenced by the use of preparations Bifactor, Tornado, Liposam+ Adekvat.","PeriodicalId":23526,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82206512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-09DOI: 10.12737/2073-0462-2023-57-65
Aleksandr Gricenko, V. Kozhanov, A. Medvedev, N. Adigamov, Il'dus Gimaltdinov
The main causes of malfunction of turbocharged internal combustion engines are high dynamic loads, significant thermal loads in friction zones, wear of turbocharger elements, overheating of components and systems, oil starvation, etc. The reliability of the output parameters of the turbochargers depending on the variable input data values. A condition has been obtained for the trouble-free operation of turbocharger bearings, taking into account oil pumping at engine start, which makes it possible to determine the limits of turbocharger performance and to exclude failure cases with a guarantee. A methodology has been developed for analyzing the sensitivity of the run-out time with oil parameters and turbocharger operation modes, which makes it possible to evaluate the correct operation of turbochargers of modern automotive vehicles in operation. The main test object is K27-145 turbocharger installed on KAMAZ vehicles. The rotor shaft speed, depending on the configuration, is 40.000...120.000 min-1. During the implementation of the experimental work, the working frequency range of rotation of the turbocharger rotor shaft was provided from 25.000 to 75.000 min-1. The levels of variation of rotational speeds were chosen from the condition of providing the maximum frequency - 75000 min-1, the frequency corresponding to average loads - 50000 min-1 and the minimum at which the boost pressure rises to the level of atmospheric pressure - 25000 min-1. The results of the experiment, carried out within a wide range of changes in the input parameters of the oil at the input values of the oil pressure - 0.1 ... 0.4 MPa and the temperatures of the input oil into the bearing - 50 ... run-out from variable input parameters. The run-out time of K27-145 turbocharger rotor at speeds of 25.000, 50.000 and 75.000 min-1 is 10.3…14.8 s, respectively; 28.1…34.4 s; 38.6…47.1 s. The sensitivity of the run-out time with an increase in the rotational speed from 25000 to 75000 min-1 with a variation of 25000 min-1 increases and for the same frequency values it is - 6.6 ... 8.3 s/MPa; 10.6…14.3 s/MPa; 12.0…18.6 s/MPa. Control of run-out time sensitivity parameters allows to determine the quality of the process of assembly and running-in of turbocharger units in the factory, in operation - the correct functioning and resource of the turbocharger. The developed method of rundown control is recommended for machine-building, car service and training organizations.
引起涡轮增压内燃机故障的主要原因是动负荷高、摩擦区热负荷大、涡轮增压器元件磨损、部件和系统过热、缺油等。涡轮增压器输出参数的可靠性取决于变量输入数据值。在发动机启动时考虑抽油的情况下，获得了涡轮增压器轴承无故障运行的条件，从而确定了涡轮增压器性能的极限，排除了有保证的故障情况。本文提出了一种分析燃油参数和增压器运行方式对运行时间的敏感性的方法，为评价现代汽车增压器在运行中的正确运行提供了可能。主要测试对象是安装在卡玛斯车辆上的K27-145涡轮增压器。转子轴转速，根据配置，是40000…120000分钟-1。在实验工作实施过程中，涡轮增压器转子轴的旋转工作频率范围为25.000 ~ 75000 min-1。转速的变化水平从提供最大频率- 75000 min-1、平均负载对应的频率- 50000 min-1和增压压力上升到大气压力水平的最小频率- 25000 min-1的条件中选择。实验结果，在大范围内进行的油的输入参数的变化在输入值的油压- 0.1…0.4 MPa和输入油进入轴承的温度- 50…可变输入参数的输出。K27-145涡轮增压器转子在25.000、50.000和75000 min-1转速下的停转时间分别为10.3…14.8 s;28.1……34.4秒;38.6……47.1 s。转速从25000 min-1增加到75000 min-1，变化25000 min-1，运行时间的灵敏度增加，对于相同的频率值，灵敏度为- 6.6…8.3 s / MPa;10.6……14.3 s / MPa;12.0……18.6 s / MPa。运行时间敏感性参数的控制允许确定工厂中涡轮增压器单元的装配和运行过程的质量，在运行中-涡轮增压器的正确功能和资源。所开发的故障控制方法推荐给机械制造、汽车维修和培训机构。
{"title":"STUDY OF THE OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS OF TURBOCOMPRESSORS OF MODERN AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY","authors":"Aleksandr Gricenko, V. Kozhanov, A. Medvedev, N. Adigamov, Il'dus Gimaltdinov","doi":"10.12737/2073-0462-2023-57-65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2023-57-65","url":null,"abstract":"The main causes of malfunction of turbocharged internal combustion engines are high dynamic loads, significant thermal loads in friction zones, wear of turbocharger elements, overheating of components and systems, oil starvation, etc. The reliability of the output parameters of the turbochargers depending on the variable input data values. A condition has been obtained for the trouble-free operation of turbocharger bearings, taking into account oil pumping at engine start, which makes it possible to determine the limits of turbocharger performance and to exclude failure cases with a guarantee. A methodology has been developed for analyzing the sensitivity of the run-out time with oil parameters and turbocharger operation modes, which makes it possible to evaluate the correct operation of turbochargers of modern automotive vehicles in operation. The main test object is K27-145 turbocharger installed on KAMAZ vehicles. The rotor shaft speed, depending on the configuration, is 40.000...120.000 min-1. During the implementation of the experimental work, the working frequency range of rotation of the turbocharger rotor shaft was provided from 25.000 to 75.000 min-1. The levels of variation of rotational speeds were chosen from the condition of providing the maximum frequency - 75000 min-1, the frequency corresponding to average loads - 50000 min-1 and the minimum at which the boost pressure rises to the level of atmospheric pressure - 25000 min-1. The results of the experiment, carried out within a wide range of changes in the input parameters of the oil at the input values of the oil pressure - 0.1 ... 0.4 MPa and the temperatures of the input oil into the bearing - 50 ... run-out from variable input parameters. The run-out time of K27-145 turbocharger rotor at speeds of 25.000, 50.000 and 75.000 min-1 is 10.3…14.8 s, respectively; 28.1…34.4 s; 38.6…47.1 s. The sensitivity of the run-out time with an increase in the rotational speed from 25000 to 75000 min-1 with a variation of 25000 min-1 increases and for the same frequency values it is - 6.6 ... 8.3 s/MPa; 10.6…14.3 s/MPa; 12.0…18.6 s/MPa. Control of run-out time sensitivity parameters allows to determine the quality of the process of assembly and running-in of turbocharger units in the factory, in operation - the correct functioning and resource of the turbocharger. The developed method of rundown control is recommended for machine-building, car service and training organizations.","PeriodicalId":23526,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73299115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-05DOI: 10.12737/2073-0462-2023-5-12
M. Amirov, Airat Safiullin, M. Gilyazov, V. Zakharov, Fanyusya Kadyrova
The research was carried out in order to study the features of the effect of concentrated organomineral complex liquid fertilizers on the yield and grain quality of spring soft wheat. The work was carried out in 2020-2022 in the Republic of Tatarstan. The scheme of the experiment involved the study of the following options: without presowing seed treatment, herbicide in the tillering phase, insecticide in the booting phase (control); seed treatment with Batr Gum 0.5 l/t, herbicide + Batr Maks 1 l/ha in the tillering phase, insecticide + Batr Maks 1 l/ha in the booting phase; seed treatment with Chudozem 1 l/t, herbicide + Chudozem 2 l/ha in the tillering phase, insecticide + Chudozem 2 l/ha in the booting phase. Varieties Al Varis and Yoldyz were sown at a rate of 6 million viable seeds per 1 ha. Treatment of seeds with preparations Batr Gum and Chudozem increased field germination, and subsequent spraying of vegetative plants with the same preparations increased their safety for harvesting, the length of the stem and ear, the number of oats and grains in the ear. On average, over the years of research, the use of drugs provided an increase in the grain yield of the Al Varis variety at the level of 0.58 ... 0.60 t/ha, of the Yoldyz variety - 0.56 ... 0.58 t/ha. The use of Batr Maks contributed to the formation of spring wheat grains with the highest protein and gluten content in the experiment, as well as vitreousness in both varieties of soft wheat. The most economically profitable was the cultivation of the spring soft wheat variety Al Varis using the preparations Batr Gum and Batr Maks.
{"title":"EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PRE-SOWING TREATMENT OF SEEDS AND CROPS WITH BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES ON SPRING WHEAT IN THE CONDITIONS OF KAMA REGION OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN","authors":"M. Amirov, Airat Safiullin, M. Gilyazov, V. Zakharov, Fanyusya Kadyrova","doi":"10.12737/2073-0462-2023-5-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2023-5-12","url":null,"abstract":"The research was carried out in order to study the features of the effect of concentrated organomineral complex liquid fertilizers on the yield and grain quality of spring soft wheat. The work was carried out in 2020-2022 in the Republic of Tatarstan. The scheme of the experiment involved the study of the following options: without presowing seed treatment, herbicide in the tillering phase, insecticide in the booting phase (control); seed treatment with Batr Gum 0.5 l/t, herbicide + Batr Maks 1 l/ha in the tillering phase, insecticide + Batr Maks 1 l/ha in the booting phase; seed treatment with Chudozem 1 l/t, herbicide + Chudozem 2 l/ha in the tillering phase, insecticide + Chudozem 2 l/ha in the booting phase. Varieties Al Varis and Yoldyz were sown at a rate of 6 million viable seeds per 1 ha. Treatment of seeds with preparations Batr Gum and Chudozem increased field germination, and subsequent spraying of vegetative plants with the same preparations increased their safety for harvesting, the length of the stem and ear, the number of oats and grains in the ear. On average, over the years of research, the use of drugs provided an increase in the grain yield of the Al Varis variety at the level of 0.58 ... 0.60 t/ha, of the Yoldyz variety - 0.56 ... 0.58 t/ha. The use of Batr Maks contributed to the formation of spring wheat grains with the highest protein and gluten content in the experiment, as well as vitreousness in both varieties of soft wheat. The most economically profitable was the cultivation of the spring soft wheat variety Al Varis using the preparations Batr Gum and Batr Maks.","PeriodicalId":23526,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75220631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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