Pub Date : 2019-01-28DOI: 10.5073/VITIS.2019.58.33-35
M. Rodríguez-Lorenzo, J. F. Cibriain, A. Sagués, F. Abad, J. Martínez-Zapater, J. Ibáñez
'Garnacha Blanca' is a somatic variant derived from 'Garnacha Tinta', an old variety with large genetic and phenotypic variability. In this work we have studied for two years the phenotypic variation existing in 'Garnacha Blanca' for yield and quality related traits in accessions from 14 sampling locations of ancient vineyards in the Ebro Valley, Spain. The results showed high variability among the accessions in many of the traits studied in 'Garnacha Blanca'. Different accessions could be distinguished both years using several traits, including two important traits in terms of quality and yield: bunch compactness and yield per plant. A large environment effect, intrinsic to the 'Garnacha' group, enhances phenotypic variation among years, what requires increasing the number of bunches and years for clonal characterization in this variety. The dimensions of the berry showed the least variability, while traits related to bunch architecture like bunch length were discriminant and also stable.
{"title":"Intra-varietal diversity for agronomic traits in 'Garnacha Blanca'","authors":"M. Rodríguez-Lorenzo, J. F. Cibriain, A. Sagués, F. Abad, J. Martínez-Zapater, J. Ibáñez","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2019.58.33-35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2019.58.33-35","url":null,"abstract":"'Garnacha Blanca' is a somatic variant derived from 'Garnacha Tinta', an old variety with large genetic and phenotypic variability. In this work we have studied for two years the phenotypic variation existing in 'Garnacha Blanca' for yield and quality related traits in accessions from 14 sampling locations of ancient vineyards in the Ebro Valley, Spain. The results showed high variability among the accessions in many of the traits studied in 'Garnacha Blanca'. Different accessions could be distinguished both years using several traits, including two important traits in terms of quality and yield: bunch compactness and yield per plant. A large environment effect, intrinsic to the 'Garnacha' group, enhances phenotypic variation among years, what requires increasing the number of bunches and years for clonal characterization in this variety. The dimensions of the berry showed the least variability, while traits related to bunch architecture like bunch length were discriminant and also stable.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"49 1","pages":"33-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91546386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-28DOI: 10.5073/VITIS.2019.58.17-22
F. Toda, J. Garcia, P. Balda
The most important climate-change-related effect on wine grapes is the advance in the harvest period. The increase of temperature during the whole growing season, and consequently, the warmer conditions over ripening, lead to the production of unbalanced wines with high alcohol levels, low acidities, a modified varietal aroma and a lack of color. One of the strategies to mitigate these unpleasant effects consists on delaying the berry ripening to cooler conditions. With the aim of delaying the grape ripeness more than two months, the study of a technique consisting on forcing vine regrowth has been studied. This technique consists on cutting the green shoots off, between the second and the third node of each shoot and at different phenological stages (from state G to state K, according to the Baillod and Baggiolini system, 1993); leaves and lateral shoots of the first and second nodes are removed as well. Depending on the phenological stage of vines during the forcing treatment, the fruit ripening was shifted from one month to more than two months, i.e. this practice was effective to shift harvest time from the warm August to the cooler October and November. Forced vines produced smaller berries with lower pH and higher acidity and anthocyanins concentration, compared to non-forced vines. This treatment is an effective technique to restore the anthocyanin-to-sugar ratio decoupled by climate warming.
{"title":"Preliminary results on forcing vine regrowth to delay ripening to a cooler period","authors":"F. Toda, J. Garcia, P. Balda","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2019.58.17-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2019.58.17-22","url":null,"abstract":"The most important climate-change-related effect on wine grapes is the advance in the harvest period. The increase of temperature during the whole growing season, and consequently, the warmer conditions over ripening, lead to the production of unbalanced wines with high alcohol levels, low acidities, a modified varietal aroma and a lack of color. One of the strategies to mitigate these unpleasant effects consists on delaying the berry ripening to cooler conditions. With the aim of delaying the grape ripeness more than two months, the study of a technique consisting on forcing vine regrowth has been studied. This technique consists on cutting the green shoots off, between the second and the third node of each shoot and at different phenological stages (from state G to state K, according to the Baillod and Baggiolini system, 1993); leaves and lateral shoots of the first and second nodes are removed as well. Depending on the phenological stage of vines during the forcing treatment, the fruit ripening was shifted from one month to more than two months, i.e. this practice was effective to shift harvest time from the warm August to the cooler October and November. Forced vines produced smaller berries with lower pH and higher acidity and anthocyanins concentration, compared to non-forced vines. This treatment is an effective technique to restore the anthocyanin-to-sugar ratio decoupled by climate warming.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"247 1","pages":"17-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78309779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-28DOI: 10.5073/VITIS.2019.58.47-51
L. Rustioni, J. C. Herrera, O. Failla, E. Peterlunger, P. Sivilotti
Wine grape is usually grown under water deficit conditions that could negatively impact plant reserves, including the organic carbon storage in perennial organs such as woody stems. Assessing the carbohydrate status in woody organs is therefore of interest as it can influence vegetative growth in the successive season. In this study, we aimed to apply an on-solid colour reaction (using Lugol's iodine solution) coupled with reflectance spectroscopy detection to assess the grapevine canes' starch accumulation in response to short drought periods. We used two Vitis vinifera cultivars ('Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Syrah') that were subjected to three different water conditions (well-watered; early water stress; late water stress) during the growing season as case study. We sampled woody stem tissue during winter rest. The results showed that water stress reduced the starch storage in 'Syrah', especially when imposed late and recovery time was not enough for carbon restoration, while 'Cabernet Sauvignon' was not affected. The results showed that the sensitivity of the method used here is adequate to assess starch accumulation differences due to drought treatments in grapevine canes. Moreover, the analytical approach appears fast, low cost, and promising for future physiological and agronomical research applications.
{"title":"Stem starch reserves studied by on-solid reactions coupled with reflectance detections in water stressed grapevines","authors":"L. Rustioni, J. C. Herrera, O. Failla, E. Peterlunger, P. Sivilotti","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2019.58.47-51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2019.58.47-51","url":null,"abstract":"Wine grape is usually grown under water deficit conditions that could negatively impact plant reserves, including the organic carbon storage in perennial organs such as woody stems. Assessing the carbohydrate status in woody organs is therefore of interest as it can influence vegetative growth in the successive season. In this study, we aimed to apply an on-solid colour reaction (using Lugol's iodine solution) coupled with reflectance spectroscopy detection to assess the grapevine canes' starch accumulation in response to short drought periods. We used two Vitis vinifera cultivars ('Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Syrah') that were subjected to three different water conditions (well-watered; early water stress; late water stress) during the growing season as case study. We sampled woody stem tissue during winter rest. The results showed that water stress reduced the starch storage in 'Syrah', especially when imposed late and recovery time was not enough for carbon restoration, while 'Cabernet Sauvignon' was not affected. The results showed that the sensitivity of the method used here is adequate to assess starch accumulation differences due to drought treatments in grapevine canes. Moreover, the analytical approach appears fast, low cost, and promising for future physiological and agronomical research applications.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"85 1","pages":"47-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74194949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-28DOI: 10.5073/VITIS.2019.58.37-46
L. Rustioni, Cola Grabriele, D. Maghradze, E. Abashidze, A. Argiriou, R. Aroutiounian, J. Brazão, R. Chipashvili, M. Cocco, V. Cornea, L. Dejeu, J. Eiras-Dias, S. Goryslavets, J. Marcos, L. Kocsis, F. Lorenzini, E. Maletić, L. Mamasakhlisashvili, K. Margaryan, E. Maul, I. Mdinaradze, G. Melyan, S. Michailidou, D. Molitor, M. Montemayor, G. Muñoz-Organero, A. Nebish, G. Németh, N. Nikolaou, C. Popescu, D. Preiner, S. Raimondi, V. Risovannaya, G. Savin, S. Savvides, A. Schneider, F. Schwander, J. Spring, L. Ujmajuridze, E. Zioziou, O. Failla, R. Bacilieri
The grapevine intra-specific variability captured an increasing interest during the last decades, as demonstrated by the number of recently funded European projects focused on the grapevine biodiversity preservation. However, nowadays, crop plants are mainly characterized by genotyping methods. The present work summarizes the phenotype data collected among 20 ampelographic collections spread in 15 countries, covering mostly of the viticultural areas in the Euro-Asiatic range: from Portugal to Armenia and from Cyprus to Luxembourg. Together with agro-climatic characterization of the experimental site, in two years, about 2400 accessions were described, following a common experimental protocol mainly focused on the carpological and oenological traits, obtaining a general overview of the distribution of the considered phenotypic traits in the cultivated Vitis vinifera species. The most replicated cultivars were selected and, for the subset of these reference cultivars, their behavior in the different environmental conditions over sites and years was described by ANOVA methods.
{"title":"Description of the vitis vinifera L. Phenotypic variability in eno-carpological traits by a Euro-Asiatic collaborative network among ampelographic collections","authors":"L. Rustioni, Cola Grabriele, D. Maghradze, E. Abashidze, A. Argiriou, R. Aroutiounian, J. Brazão, R. Chipashvili, M. Cocco, V. Cornea, L. Dejeu, J. Eiras-Dias, S. Goryslavets, J. Marcos, L. Kocsis, F. Lorenzini, E. Maletić, L. Mamasakhlisashvili, K. Margaryan, E. Maul, I. Mdinaradze, G. Melyan, S. Michailidou, D. Molitor, M. Montemayor, G. Muñoz-Organero, A. Nebish, G. Németh, N. Nikolaou, C. Popescu, D. Preiner, S. Raimondi, V. Risovannaya, G. Savin, S. Savvides, A. Schneider, F. Schwander, J. Spring, L. Ujmajuridze, E. Zioziou, O. Failla, R. Bacilieri","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2019.58.37-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2019.58.37-46","url":null,"abstract":"The grapevine intra-specific variability captured an increasing interest during the last decades, as demonstrated by the number of recently funded European projects focused on the grapevine biodiversity preservation. However, nowadays, crop plants are mainly characterized by genotyping methods. The present work summarizes the phenotype data collected among 20 ampelographic collections spread in 15 countries, covering mostly of the viticultural areas in the Euro-Asiatic range: from Portugal to Armenia and from Cyprus to Luxembourg. Together with agro-climatic characterization of the experimental site, in two years, about 2400 accessions were described, following a common experimental protocol mainly focused on the carpological and oenological traits, obtaining a general overview of the distribution of the considered phenotypic traits in the cultivated Vitis vinifera species. The most replicated cultivars were selected and, for the subset of these reference cultivars, their behavior in the different environmental conditions over sites and years was described by ANOVA methods.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"12 1","pages":"37-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82350380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-28DOI: 10.5073/VITIS.2019.58.7-16
D. Greer, S. Rogiers, Subhashini Abeysinghe Mudiyanselage
Temperature and light are key climatic factors which affect grapevine physiology in the growing season. Our aim was to investigate the interactive effects of temperature and light intensity on reproductive growth responses of 'Shiraz' vines in vineyard conditions. Well-watered vines were covered with no shade, light, medium and heavy shade covers in a vineyard over three consecutive seasons. Several heat events, i.e., air temperatures exceeding 40 °C for several days, occurred in two of the seasons. Heavy shade reduced canopy temperatures by 3.2-6 °C in the cooler season and by 4-6 °C in the warmer seasons, relative to air temperature and compared with the open canopy. The onset of berry growth was delayed by the heavy shade but the rate of sugar accumulation was not affected. During the season with the most severe heat events, berry dry matter accumulation was significantly higher in the shaded treatments compared to the unshaded vines. The hypothesis was confirmed that medium and heavy shade conferred high levels of protection on the berry ripening process from high summer temperatures and the concurrent exposure to light intensities.
{"title":"The effect of light intensity and temperature on berry growth and sugar accumulation in Vitis Vinifera \"Shiraz\" under vineyard conditions","authors":"D. Greer, S. Rogiers, Subhashini Abeysinghe Mudiyanselage","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2019.58.7-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2019.58.7-16","url":null,"abstract":"Temperature and light are key climatic factors which affect grapevine physiology in the growing season. Our aim was to investigate the interactive effects of temperature and light intensity on reproductive growth responses of 'Shiraz' vines in vineyard conditions. Well-watered vines were covered with no shade, light, medium and heavy shade covers in a vineyard over three consecutive seasons. Several heat events, i.e., air temperatures exceeding 40 °C for several days, occurred in two of the seasons. Heavy shade reduced canopy temperatures by 3.2-6 °C in the cooler season and by 4-6 °C in the warmer seasons, relative to air temperature and compared with the open canopy. The onset of berry growth was delayed by the heavy shade but the rate of sugar accumulation was not affected. During the season with the most severe heat events, berry dry matter accumulation was significantly higher in the shaded treatments compared to the unshaded vines. The hypothesis was confirmed that medium and heavy shade conferred high levels of protection on the berry ripening process from high summer temperatures and the concurrent exposure to light intensities.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"10 1","pages":"7-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84100805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-28DOI: 10.5073/VITIS.2019.58.1-6
M. L. Peschiutta, V. D. Brito, M. Ordano, J. Zygadlo
Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudo-coccidae) constitutes a high impact pest in vineyards. Synthetic insecticides are inefficient to control the mealybug population and they affect human health and the environment. The insecticidal properties of eight volatile compounds against vine mealybugs and their grapevine leaf phytotoxicity in laboratory conditions were evaluated. 2-decanone, 3-decanone, α-methyl cinnamaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde produced a higher percentage of mealybug mortality in relation to control at a fumigant dose of 300 µL·L-1 air. The 3-octanone, cinnamyl chloride, 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanol were not effective against P. ficus. Cinnamaldehyde and α-methyl cinnamaldehyde produced a low acetylcholinesterase inhibition (IC50= 2.67 µL·L-1 and 9.10 µL·L-1, respectively), whereas 2-decanone and 3-decanone did not cause enzyme inhibition. Cinnamaldehyde was not phytotoxic for grapevine leaves; therefore, this compound was selected for a contact application to improve its effectiveness, resulting in a LC50 of 394.36 µL·L-1 solution. The results demonstrated the potential of cinnamaldehyde to be developed as a non-phytotoxic natural insecticide for the control of vine mealybugs in vineyards.
{"title":"Efficacy of selected volatile compounds for organic vine mealybug control","authors":"M. L. Peschiutta, V. D. Brito, M. Ordano, J. Zygadlo","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2019.58.1-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2019.58.1-6","url":null,"abstract":"Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudo-coccidae) constitutes a high impact pest in vineyards. Synthetic insecticides are inefficient to control the mealybug population and they affect human health and the environment. The insecticidal properties of eight volatile compounds against vine mealybugs and their grapevine leaf phytotoxicity in laboratory conditions were evaluated. 2-decanone, 3-decanone, α-methyl cinnamaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde produced a higher percentage of mealybug mortality in relation to control at a fumigant dose of 300 µL·L-1 air. The 3-octanone, cinnamyl chloride, 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanol were not effective against P. ficus. Cinnamaldehyde and α-methyl cinnamaldehyde produced a low acetylcholinesterase inhibition (IC50= 2.67 µL·L-1 and 9.10 µL·L-1, respectively), whereas 2-decanone and 3-decanone did not cause enzyme inhibition. Cinnamaldehyde was not phytotoxic for grapevine leaves; therefore, this compound was selected for a contact application to improve its effectiveness, resulting in a LC50 of 394.36 µL·L-1 solution. The results demonstrated the potential of cinnamaldehyde to be developed as a non-phytotoxic natural insecticide for the control of vine mealybugs in vineyards.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"237 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75579028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5073/VITIS.2019.58.61-70
D. Stupić, N. Bauer, M. Jagić, Andreja Lucić, J. Mlinarec, Malenica Nenad, J. K. Kontić, E. Maletić, D. Leljak-Levanić
A native Croatian grapevine 'Grk bijeli', sharing a parent-offspring relationships with 'Tribidrag' (aka 'Zinfandel'), is grown exclusively on the Adriatic island of Korcula. It is one of the grape cultivars with female-only functional flowers, causing reduced fertilisation and leads to problems in grape production and wine quality. A typical cluster of 'Grk bijeli' at maturity contains fully developed seeded berries, in addition to a highly variable proportion of undersized seedless berries. The aim of this study was to identify the cause of the reduced reproduction potential of 'Grk bijeli' in order to establish a better growing environment for improved yield and grape quality. 'Grk bijeli' female gametophyte develops normaly and at maturity contains both egg and central cell, together with two synergid cells and three antipodal cells. On the other hand, 'Grk bijeli' pollen grains show developmental deviations. Specifically, most of the pollen grains undergo the first pollen mitosis and contain one vegetative cell and one generative cell, while 20 % of ungerminating grains also accomplish the second pollen mitosis, giving rise to two sperm cells and one vegetative cell. Morover, 'Grk bijeli' pollen has acolporate morphology, which prevents germination and contributes to reduced reproduction. Furthermore, fertilisation after pollination with other varieties results in various degrees of ovule abortion depending on the pollinator, revealing Croatian cultivars 'Plavac mali crni' and 'Posip bijeli' as favourable varieties. Although this study describes a highly valuable cultivar of local importance, it also contributes to fundamental knowledge of grapevine reproductive biology and offers a strategy for improvement of wine production and oenological performance of semi-fertile varieties in general.
克罗地亚本土葡萄藤“Grk bijeli”与“Tribidrag”(又名“仙粉黛”)有着亲代关系，这种葡萄藤只生长在亚得里亚海的科尔库拉岛上。它是一种只有雌性功能花的葡萄品种，导致受精减少，导致葡萄生产和葡萄酒质量问题。一个典型的成熟的“Grk bijeli”集群包含完全发育的种子浆果，除了一个高度可变比例的小无籽浆果。本研究的目的是找出“比杰里葡萄”繁殖潜力降低的原因，以便为提高产量和葡萄品质建立更好的生长环境。雌配子体发育正常，成熟时包含卵和中心细胞，以及两个协同细胞和三个对足细胞。另一方面，‘Grk bijeli’花粉粒表现出发育偏差。具体来说，大部分花粉粒进行第一次花粉有丝分裂，包含一个营养细胞和一个生殖细胞，而20%的未萌发粒也进行第二次花粉有丝分裂，产生两个精子细胞和一个营养细胞。此外，'Grk bijeli'花粉具有整合形态，这阻碍了发芽并导致繁殖减少。此外，与其他品种授粉后的受精会导致不同程度的胚珠败育，这取决于授粉者，表明克罗地亚的栽培品种“Plavac mali crni”和“Posip bijeli”是有利的品种。虽然本研究描述了一个具有当地重要性的高价值品种，但它也有助于了解葡萄生殖生物学的基础知识，并为改善葡萄酒生产和半肥沃品种的酿酒性能提供了策略。
{"title":"Reproductive potential of the functionally female native Croatian grapevine 'Grk bijeli'","authors":"D. Stupić, N. Bauer, M. Jagić, Andreja Lucić, J. Mlinarec, Malenica Nenad, J. K. Kontić, E. Maletić, D. Leljak-Levanić","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2019.58.61-70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2019.58.61-70","url":null,"abstract":"A native Croatian grapevine 'Grk bijeli', sharing a parent-offspring relationships with 'Tribidrag' (aka 'Zinfandel'), is grown exclusively on the Adriatic island of Korcula. It is one of the grape cultivars with female-only functional flowers, causing reduced fertilisation and leads to problems in grape production and wine quality. A typical cluster of 'Grk bijeli' at maturity contains fully developed seeded berries, in addition to a highly variable proportion of undersized seedless berries. The aim of this study was to identify the cause of the reduced reproduction potential of 'Grk bijeli' in order to establish a better growing environment for improved yield and grape quality. 'Grk bijeli' female gametophyte develops normaly and at maturity contains both egg and central cell, together with two synergid cells and three antipodal cells. On the other hand, 'Grk bijeli' pollen grains show developmental deviations. Specifically, most of the pollen grains undergo the first pollen mitosis and contain one vegetative cell and one generative cell, while 20 % of ungerminating grains also accomplish the second pollen mitosis, giving rise to two sperm cells and one vegetative cell. Morover, 'Grk bijeli' pollen has acolporate morphology, which prevents germination and contributes to reduced reproduction. Furthermore, fertilisation after pollination with other varieties results in various degrees of ovule abortion depending on the pollinator, revealing Croatian cultivars 'Plavac mali crni' and 'Posip bijeli' as favourable varieties. Although this study describes a highly valuable cultivar of local importance, it also contributes to fundamental knowledge of grapevine reproductive biology and offers a strategy for improvement of wine production and oenological performance of semi-fertile varieties in general.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"22 1","pages":"61-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87438482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-11DOI: 10.5073/VITIS.2018.57.159-165
Andrea Bontempo, Jason P. Smith, M. Brandt, E. Peterlunger, M. Stoll
The potential influence of fruit exposure and canopy manipulations on grape berry composition is well recognized. However, a simple and low cost method for quantifying the amount of light reaching the fruiting zone is lacking. The objective of the present study was to test the application of a commercial system of photosensitive azo-dye coated plastic films for characterizing light conditions within grapevine canopies. The fading rates of three films of differing light sensitivity were initially monitored in a fully exposed position, and these all showed a linear or near linear relationship with radiation measured by an adjacent global solar radiation sensor. When mounted in the fruiting zone of a vertically trained cool climate 'Riesling' vineyard for two periods following early and late leaf removal treatments, the films were able to quantify the change in light exposure within the fruiting zone. Total radiation values calculated using an on-site calibration or manufacturer´s equation were comparable. While some consideration is needed with regard to the choice of film sensitivity and positioning within the canopy, these initial evaluations suggest these light sensitive films can provide a simple and accurate method for characterizing light conditions and quantifying cumulative radiation within the fruiting zone.
{"title":"Evaluation of photosensitive films for light measurements in the fruiting zone of grapevine canopies","authors":"Andrea Bontempo, Jason P. Smith, M. Brandt, E. Peterlunger, M. Stoll","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2018.57.159-165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2018.57.159-165","url":null,"abstract":"The potential influence of fruit exposure and canopy manipulations on grape berry composition is well recognized. However, a simple and low cost method for quantifying the amount of light reaching the fruiting zone is lacking. The objective of the present study was to test the application of a commercial system of photosensitive azo-dye coated plastic films for characterizing light conditions within grapevine canopies. The fading rates of three films of differing light sensitivity were initially monitored in a fully exposed position, and these all showed a linear or near linear relationship with radiation measured by an adjacent global solar radiation sensor. When mounted in the fruiting zone of a vertically trained cool climate 'Riesling' vineyard for two periods following early and late leaf removal treatments, the films were able to quantify the change in light exposure within the fruiting zone. Total radiation values calculated using an on-site calibration or manufacturer´s equation were comparable. While some consideration is needed with regard to the choice of film sensitivity and positioning within the canopy, these initial evaluations suggest these light sensitive films can provide a simple and accurate method for characterizing light conditions and quantifying cumulative radiation within the fruiting zone.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"159-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87553140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-11DOI: 10.5073/VITIS.2018.57.137-141
T. Garde-Cerdán, G. Gutiérrez-Gamboa, R. López, P. Rubio-Bretón, E. Pérez-Álvarez
The aim was to study the effect of phenylalanine (Phe) and urea (Ur) foliar applications to vines at two dosages on grape volatile and amino acid content. Results showed that the foliar application of both dosages of phenylalanine and the highest dose of Ur favored the synthesis of the aromatic positive compounds, decreasing the presence of C6 compounds in the grapes. Total amino acid content was not modified by the treatments. The treatment that most affected the concentration of amino acids was the lowest dose of Ur, increasing the content of seven amino acids. Phe applications increased the concentration of this amino acid. Therefore, foliar treatments with Phe and Ur were a suitable tool to improve grape volatile composition without affecting grape total nitrogen content.
{"title":"Influence of foliar application of phenylalanine and urea at two doses to vineyards on grape volatile composition and amino acids content","authors":"T. Garde-Cerdán, G. Gutiérrez-Gamboa, R. López, P. Rubio-Bretón, E. Pérez-Álvarez","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2018.57.137-141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2018.57.137-141","url":null,"abstract":"The aim was to study the effect of phenylalanine (Phe) and urea (Ur) foliar applications to vines at two dosages on grape volatile and amino acid content. Results showed that the foliar application of both dosages of phenylalanine and the highest dose of Ur favored the synthesis of the aromatic positive compounds, decreasing the presence of C6 compounds in the grapes. Total amino acid content was not modified by the treatments. The treatment that most affected the concentration of amino acids was the lowest dose of Ur, increasing the content of seven amino acids. Phe applications increased the concentration of this amino acid. Therefore, foliar treatments with Phe and Ur were a suitable tool to improve grape volatile composition without affecting grape total nitrogen content.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"3 2","pages":"137-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91430696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-10DOI: 10.5073/VITIS.2018.57.129-136
M. Ferner, G. Müller, Christiane Schumann, Y. S. Shaikh, P. Kampeis, R. Ulber, H. Raddatz
Most of the terpenes in wines are conjugated to various sugars, representing a significant reservoir of aromatic precursors. To promote the release of these terpenes, certain enzymes, such as β-glucosidase, α-arabinosidase and α-rhamnosidase, are necessary. A simple and cost-effective procedure for the immobilisation of multiple glycosidase activities (β-D-glucopyranosidase, α-L-arabinofuranosidase, α-L-rhamnopyranosidase and β-D-xylopyranosidase) from commercial Aspergillus niger preparation onto magnetic beads as carriers was developed as reported in Part 1 (Ferner et al. 2016). The aim of this work was to analyse a possible application of this immobilised biocatalyst due to its well-known advantages over soluble enzyme preparations – that is, control of the reaction process and preparation of enzyme-free products. Volatile compounds were analysed by gas chromatography (mass spectrometric detection). After the treatment of the model wine with different glycosides and white wine with immobilised glycosidases, the amount of free terpenes was significantly increased with respect to that of the control wine. The results of this study are of considerable interest for possible future applications of immobilised enzymes in the wine-making industry.
葡萄酒中的大多数萜烯与各种糖结合，代表芳香前体的重要水库。为了促进这些萜烯的释放，需要某些酶，如β-葡萄糖苷酶、α-阿拉伯糖糖苷酶和α-鼠李糖糖苷酶。第1部分(Ferner et al. 2016)报道了一种简单且具有成本效益的方法，用于将商业黑霉制剂中的多种糖苷酶活性(β- d -葡萄葡萄糖苷酶、α- l -阿拉伯糖葡萄糖苷酶、α- l -鼠李糖葡萄糖苷酶和β- d -木葡萄糖苷酶)固定在磁珠上作为载体。这项工作的目的是分析这种固定化生物催化剂的可能应用，因为它比可溶性酶制剂具有众所周知的优势——即控制反应过程和制备无酶产品。用气相色谱法(质谱法)分析挥发性化合物。用不同糖苷处理模型酒和用固定化糖苷酶处理白葡萄酒后，游离萜烯的含量较对照酒显著增加。这项研究的结果对固定化酶在酿酒工业中可能的未来应用具有相当大的兴趣。
{"title":"Immobilisation of glycosidases from commercial preparation on magnetic beads. Part 2: Aroma enhancement in wine using immobilised glycosidases","authors":"M. Ferner, G. Müller, Christiane Schumann, Y. S. Shaikh, P. Kampeis, R. Ulber, H. Raddatz","doi":"10.5073/VITIS.2018.57.129-136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5073/VITIS.2018.57.129-136","url":null,"abstract":"Most of the terpenes in wines are conjugated to various sugars, representing a significant reservoir of aromatic precursors. To promote the release of these terpenes, certain enzymes, such as β-glucosidase, α-arabinosidase and α-rhamnosidase, are necessary. A simple and cost-effective procedure for the immobilisation of multiple glycosidase activities (β-D-glucopyranosidase, α-L-arabinofuranosidase, α-L-rhamnopyranosidase and β-D-xylopyranosidase) from commercial Aspergillus niger preparation onto magnetic beads as carriers was developed as reported in Part 1 (Ferner et al. 2016). The aim of this work was to analyse a possible application of this immobilised biocatalyst due to its well-known advantages over soluble enzyme preparations – that is, control of the reaction process and preparation of enzyme-free products. Volatile compounds were analysed by gas chromatography (mass spectrometric detection). After the treatment of the model wine with different glycosides and white wine with immobilised glycosidases, the amount of free terpenes was significantly increased with respect to that of the control wine. The results of this study are of considerable interest for possible future applications of immobilised enzymes in the wine-making industry.","PeriodicalId":23613,"journal":{"name":"Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research","volume":"45 1","pages":"129-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78752679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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