This case report describes the approach and use of an ultrasound-guided pudendal nerve block in dogs. The technique was first performed in the cadaver of a 14 kg male castrated Miniature Australian Shepherd dog. The ultrasound probe was placed in transverse orientation on midline between the anus and ischiatic arch. Methylene blue (0.05 mL kg−1) was injected around the pudendal nerves bilaterally via an in-plane technique, with the following landmarks identified: urethra, perineal arteries, and internal obturator, bulbospongiosus and retractor penis muscles. Postinjection dissection revealed diffuse staining of the ischiorectal fossae and staining of an approximately 25 mm length of each pudendal nerve. A 1-year-old castrated male Labradoodle dog presented for urethral resection and anastomosis due to necrotic prolapse of the distal urethra. An ultrasound-guided pudendal nerve block was performed with 0.5% bupivacaine (0.05 mL kg−1 per site) before surgery. The dog was premedicated with methadone [0.3 mg kg−1 intravenously (IV)] and dexmedetomidine (2 μg kg−1 IV), and general anesthesia was induced with ketamine (1 mg kg−1 IV) followed by propofol (titrated to effect; total 1.4 mg kg−1 IV). The trachea was intubated and anesthesia maintained with isoflurane carried in oxygen. The dog was given carprofen (2.2 mg kg−1 subcutaneously) on extubation. The dog did not require intra- or postoperative rescue analgesic interventions in the 18 hours after surgery until hospital discharge. This technique appeared successful in desensitizing the distal urethra. Further investigation of this locoregional technique is warranted.
{"title":"Ultrasound-guided pudendal block in the dog: a cadaver study and case report","authors":"Lauren Duffee , Deanna Puchalski , Meharans Hundal","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.10.132","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.10.132","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This case report describes the approach and use of an ultrasound-guided pudendal nerve block in dogs. The technique was first performed in the cadaver of a 14 kg male castrated Miniature Australian Shepherd dog. The ultrasound probe was placed in transverse orientation on midline between the anus and ischiatic arch. Methylene blue (0.05 mL kg<sup>−1</sup>) was injected around the pudendal nerves bilaterally via an in-plane technique, with the following landmarks identified: urethra, perineal arteries, and internal obturator, bulbospongiosus and retractor penis muscles. Postinjection dissection revealed diffuse staining of the ischiorectal fossae and staining of an approximately 25 mm length of each pudendal nerve. A 1-year-old castrated male Labradoodle dog presented for urethral resection and anastomosis due to necrotic prolapse of the distal urethra. An ultrasound-guided pudendal nerve block was performed with 0.5% bupivacaine (0.05 mL kg<sup>−1</sup> per site) before surgery. The dog was premedicated with methadone [0.3 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> intravenously (IV)] and dexmedetomidine (2 μg kg<sup>−1</sup> IV), and general anesthesia was induced with ketamine (1 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> IV) followed by propofol (titrated to effect; total 1.4 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> IV). The trachea was intubated and anesthesia maintained with isoflurane carried in oxygen. The dog was given carprofen (2.2 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> subcutaneously) on extubation. The dog did not require intra- or postoperative rescue analgesic interventions in the 18 hours after surgery until hospital discharge. This technique appeared successful in desensitizing the distal urethra. Further investigation of this locoregional technique is warranted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 1","pages":"Pages 115-118"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142629445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2024.09.006
Danila Marini , Troy Kalinowski, Alison Small
Objective
To compare the behavioural responses of lambs to ring castration with or without local anaesthetic administration by single midline injection at the scrotal neck.
Study design
Blinded, randomized block design pen study.
Animals
A group of 60 male Merino lambs; 6–8 weeks of age; average body weight of 18.5 ± 0.33 (mean ± standard error of the mean) kg at the time of castration.
Methods
Lambs were randomly assigned to three groups of 20: 1) NUMNUTS – lamb placed in a marking cradle and ring castrated with 1.5 mL lignocaine 2%; 2) SHAM – lamb placed in marking cradle and the scrotum manipulated as though an elastrator castration ring were applied; and 3) RING – lamb placed in the marking cradle, ring castration performed using an elastrator. Pain-related behaviours annotated for 1 full minute every 5 minutes post-procedure, from video footage collected for 2 hours post-procedure, according to a defined ethogram.
Results
Lignocaine administration led to significant (p < 0.05) reductions in restless behaviour at 5 and 10 minutes in NUMNUTS lambs compared with RING (mean = 0.2 ± 0.4 versus 1.0 ± 0.4, respectively) post castration. A significant (p = 0.01) reduction in foot stamping and kicking behaviour at 5 minutes post castration (mean = 1.5 ± 0.4, for RING versus 0.4 ± 0.4 for NUMNUTS) and significant (p = 0.001) reduction in the sum of all acute pain-related behaviours at 5 minutes post castration.
Conclusion and clinical relevance
A single midline injection of local anaesthetic at the scrotal neck can alleviate the behavioural responses to ring castration in the immediate post-procedure period. However, the duration of effect was limited, which may be a result of the drug we used. Development of a longer-lasting local anaesthetic formulation is imperative to optimize pain mitigation for ring castration.
{"title":"Efficacy of a single central injection of lignocaine at the scrotal neck on the behavioural response of lambs to castration","authors":"Danila Marini , Troy Kalinowski, Alison Small","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.09.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To compare the behavioural responses of lambs to ring castration with or without local anaesthetic administration by single midline injection at the scrotal neck.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Blinded, randomized block design pen study.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A group of 60 male Merino lambs; 6–8 weeks of age; average body weight of 18.5 ± 0.33 (mean ± standard error of the mean) kg at the time of castration.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Lambs were randomly assigned to three groups of 20: 1) NUMNUTS – lamb placed in a marking cradle and ring castrated with 1.5 mL lignocaine 2%; 2) SHAM – lamb placed in marking cradle and the scrotum manipulated as though an elastrator castration ring were applied; and 3) RING – lamb placed in the marking cradle, ring castration performed using an elastrator. Pain-related behaviours annotated for 1 full minute every 5 minutes post-procedure, from video footage collected for 2 hours post-procedure, according to a defined ethogram.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Lignocaine administration led to significant (<em>p</em> < 0.05) reductions in restless behaviour at 5 and 10 minutes in NUMNUTS lambs compared with RING (mean = 0.2 ± 0.4 <em>versus</em> 1.0 ± 0.4, respectively) post castration. A significant (<em>p</em> = 0.01) reduction in foot stamping and kicking behaviour at 5 minutes post castration (mean = 1.5 ± 0.4, for RING <em>versus</em> 0.4 ± 0.4 for NUMNUTS) and significant (<em>p</em> = 0.001) reduction in the sum of all acute pain-related behaviours at 5 minutes post castration.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion and clinical relevance</h3><div>A single midline injection of local anaesthetic at the scrotal neck can alleviate the behavioural responses to ring castration in the immediate post-procedure period. However, the duration of effect was limited, which may be a result of the drug we used. Development of a longer-lasting local anaesthetic formulation is imperative to optimize pain mitigation for ring castration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 1","pages":"Pages 83-89"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142847704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2024.09.008
Jade Whitehurst, Frances Downing, Maria Italiano
{"title":"Suspected trigeminocardiac reflex following maxillary nerve block in a brachycephalic dog","authors":"Jade Whitehurst, Frances Downing, Maria Italiano","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.09.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.09.008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 1","pages":"Pages 119-120"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142819460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2024.10.131
Tania E. Perez Jimenez , Ousseini Issaka Salia , Holly L. Neibergs , Zhaohui Zhu , Erich Spoor , Chaley Rider , Michael H. Court
Objective
Evaluate a precision medicine approach to confirm a tentative diagnosis of fatal malignant hyperthermia (MH) in isoflurane-anesthetized pet dogs by identifying novel risk variants in known MH susceptibility genes.
Study design
Retrospective case series.
Animals
A male Pit Bull mix aged 7 years (case #1), a male Golden Retriever aged 12 months (case #2) and the dam and sire of case #2.
Methods
Available case histories and medical records were reviewed. Missense variants in MH susceptibility genes RYR-1, CACNA1S and STAC3 (case #2 only) were identified by next-generation sequencing of DNA from each case and the parents of case #2 with confirmation by Sanger sequencing. The pathogenicity of variants was evaluated by multiple in silico approaches.
Results
Both cases demonstrated clinical signs during isoflurane anesthesia consistent with volatile anesthetic-induced MH, including tachypnea, tachycardia, severe hyperthermia and muscle rigidity. Despite whole body cooling and other treatments, both dogs died after cardiac arrest within 15 minutes of detecting hyperthermia. Gene sequencing identified novel missense RYR-1 variants in case #1 (p.Gly2375Arg) and case #2 (p.Pro152Leu). Both variants were likely pathogenic based on multiple criteria, including gene location, amino acid alteration and population allele frequency. The case #1 variant was identical to a known human diagnostic MH variant (p.Gly2375Arg). Neither parent of case #2 had the case #2 variant, indicating this variant was not inherited, but arose de novo in a germ cell of either parent or early in embryogenesis. Whole genome sequence analysis confirmed parentage. Two missense variants were identified in CACNA1S. Both variants were considered nonpathogenic. No variants were identified in STAC3.
Conclusions and clinical relevance
Like humans, MH susceptibility in dogs is associated with different rare variants located in pathogenic hotspots in the RYR-1 gene. Next-generation sequencing is a useful tool to assist in the definitive diagnosis of MH in dogs.
{"title":"Novel ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1) missense gene variants in two pet dogs with fatal malignant hyperthermia identified by next-generation sequencing","authors":"Tania E. Perez Jimenez , Ousseini Issaka Salia , Holly L. Neibergs , Zhaohui Zhu , Erich Spoor , Chaley Rider , Michael H. Court","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.10.131","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.10.131","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Evaluate a precision medicine approach to confirm a tentative diagnosis of fatal malignant hyperthermia (MH) in isoflurane-anesthetized pet dogs by identifying novel risk variants in known MH susceptibility genes.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Retrospective case series.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A male Pit Bull mix aged 7 years (case #1), a male Golden Retriever aged 12 months (case #2) and the dam and sire of case #2.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Available case histories and medical records were reviewed. Missense variants in MH susceptibility genes <em>RYR-1</em>, <em>CACNA1S</em> and <em>STAC3</em> (case #2 only) were identified by next-generation sequencing of DNA from each case and the parents of case #2 with confirmation by Sanger sequencing. The pathogenicity of variants was evaluated by multiple <em>in silico</em> approaches.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Both cases demonstrated clinical signs during isoflurane anesthesia consistent with volatile anesthetic-induced MH, including tachypnea, tachycardia, severe hyperthermia and muscle rigidity. Despite whole body cooling and other treatments, both dogs died after cardiac arrest within 15 minutes of detecting hyperthermia. Gene sequencing identified novel missense <em>RYR-1</em> variants in case #1 (p.Gly2375Arg) and case #2 (p.Pro152Leu). Both variants were likely pathogenic based on multiple criteria, including gene location, amino acid alteration and population allele frequency. The case #1 variant was identical to a known human diagnostic MH variant (p.Gly2375Arg). Neither parent of case #2 had the case #2 variant, indicating this variant was not inherited, but arose <em>de novo</em> in a germ cell of either parent or early in embryogenesis. Whole genome sequence analysis confirmed parentage. Two missense variants were identified in <em>CACNA1S</em>. Both variants were considered nonpathogenic. No variants were identified in <em>STAC3.</em></div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Like humans, MH susceptibility in dogs is associated with different rare variants located in pathogenic hotspots in the <em>RYR-1</em> gene. Next-generation sequencing is a useful tool to assist in the definitive diagnosis of MH in dogs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 1","pages":"Pages 8-18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142629441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2024.11.015
L. Davis, C. Hampton, S. Kleine, C. Smith, G. Bussieres, R. Seddighi, X. Zhu
{"title":"Comparison of the effects of hydromorphone alone and combined with medetomidine-vatinoxan or dexmedetomidine on the induction dose of alfaxalone and selected cardiopulmonary variables in healthy dogs anesthetized with sevoflurane","authors":"L. Davis, C. Hampton, S. Kleine, C. Smith, G. Bussieres, R. Seddighi, X. Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.11.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.11.015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 1","pages":"Page 124.e3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143135121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2024.11.033
A. Sage , L. Cromwell , E. Pollack , H. Knych , R. Johnson
{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of transdermal application of a novel buprenorphine preparation in pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus): a pilot study","authors":"A. Sage , L. Cromwell , E. Pollack , H. Knych , R. Johnson","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.11.033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.11.033","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 1","pages":"Page 124.e11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143143468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A group of 10 (five males and five females) bearded dragons (mean mass ± standard deviation 172 ± 28 g).
Methods
All animals were administered both medetomidine (0.2 mg kg–1) (MED) and medetomidine (0.2 mg kg–1)-vatinoxan (4 mg kg–1) (MED-VAT) IM, with a 14–16 day washout period between treatments. Sedation was assessed using an adapted version of a sedation scale for bearded dragons (scale range 0–12) before (T0), and every 5 minutes from 10 to 45 minutes after treatment administration (T10–T45). Sedation scores were compared: 1) between time points (within treatments) using a Friedman test and Dunn’s post hoc test; and 2) between treatments at each time point using a Wilcoxon paired test. Heart rate and respiratory rate (fR) were analyzed descriptively. At T45, atipamezole was administered IM.
Results
Compared with T0, sedation scores were significantly higher at most time points for both treatments. Highest median (range) scores occurred at T30 for MED [T0, 0 (0–0); T30, 2.5 (1–5); p = 0.0001] and at T35 and T40 for MED-VAT [T0, 0 (0–0); T35, 2 (1–5); p = 0.002; T40, 2 (1–5); p = 0.001]. No significant differences in sedation scores were identified between treatments at any time point. The two protocols caused bradycardia and reduction in fR. All animals were active and ate 1 hour after reversal administration.
Conclusions and clinical relevance
Both medetomidine and medetomidine–vatinoxan caused similar mild sedation in bearded dragons (median < 3/12). Inclusion of vatinoxan did not enhance sedation in this species.
{"title":"Comparison of intramuscular medetomidine versus medetomidine-vatinoxan sedation in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps)","authors":"Renata H. Pinho , Maya Reed , Kelsey Chapman , Daniel SJ. Pang","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.10.133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.10.133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To assess sedation following intramuscular (IM) administration of medetomidine <em>versus</em> medetomidine–vatinoxan in bearded dragons.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Prospective, randomized, experimental, crossover study.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A group of 10 (five males and five females) bearded dragons (mean mass ± standard deviation 172 ± 28 g).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>All animals were administered both medetomidine (0.2 mg kg<sup>–1</sup>) (MED) and medetomidine (0.2 mg kg<sup>–1</sup>)-vatinoxan (4 mg kg<sup>–1</sup>) (MED-VAT) IM, with a 14–16 day washout period between treatments. Sedation was assessed using an adapted version of a sedation scale for bearded dragons (scale range 0–12) before (T0), and every 5 minutes from 10 to 45 minutes after treatment administration (T10–T45). Sedation scores were compared: 1) between time points (within treatments) using a Friedman test and Dunn’s <em>post hoc</em> test; and 2) between treatments at each time point using a Wilcoxon paired test. Heart rate and respiratory rate (<em>f</em><sub>R</sub>) were analyzed descriptively. At T45, atipamezole was administered IM.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Compared with T0, sedation scores were significantly higher at most time points for both treatments. Highest median (range) scores occurred at T30 for MED [T0, 0 (0–0); T30, 2.5 (1–5); <em>p</em> = 0.0001] and at T35 and T40 for MED-VAT [T0, 0 (0–0); T35, 2 (1–5); <em>p</em> = 0.002; T40, 2 (1–5); <em>p</em> = 0.001]. No significant differences in sedation scores were identified between treatments at any time point. The two protocols caused bradycardia and reduction in <em>f</em><sub>R</sub>. All animals were active and ate 1 hour after reversal administration.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Both medetomidine and medetomidine–vatinoxan caused similar mild sedation in bearded dragons (median < 3/12). Inclusion of vatinoxan did not enhance sedation in this species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 1","pages":"Pages 72-77"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142807945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2024.11.025
E. Lehmann , S. Pumphrey , L. Wetmore , J. Lindsey
{"title":"The effect of hydromorphone alone or in combination with midazolam or dexmedetomidine on intraocular pressure in dogs","authors":"E. Lehmann , S. Pumphrey , L. Wetmore , J. Lindsey","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.11.025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.11.025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 1","pages":"Pages 124.e7-124.e8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143144626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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