The Manyame River Catchment area in Zimbabwe is experiencing severe land degradation mainly due to legal and illegal land husbandry practices. These practices are negatively impacting the sustainability of the existing ecosystems. The conditions of the land can be inferred using its vegetative cover, e.g., the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Quantitative data relating to land degradation based on notable physical features such as gullies, for the Manyame River Catchment at landscape scales are poor. This study focused on the distribution and magnitude of land degradation in the Manyame River Catchment area. The study mapped out the contours of human-induced land degradation using a residual trend analysis (RESTREND) method. In particular, the study used remotely sensed data (NDVI and precipitation time series) to analyse the shifts over the period 2000–2017. The analysis used R statistical software packages (RESTREND and Kendall) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques to quantify the degradation trends. The results indicated extracts of those areas which experienced significant human-induced land degradation during the study period. RESTREND effectiveness was assessed using Mann–Kendall. The results of this study can be used by natural resource practitioners in monitoring, assessing, and managing environmental changes using GIS tools.
{"title":"Potential of GIS and remote sensing in mapping land degradation: catchment of the Manyame River, Zimbabwe","authors":"H. Muhoyi, E. Muhoyi","doi":"10.2166/wpt.2023.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2023.025","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Manyame River Catchment area in Zimbabwe is experiencing severe land degradation mainly due to legal and illegal land husbandry practices. These practices are negatively impacting the sustainability of the existing ecosystems. The conditions of the land can be inferred using its vegetative cover, e.g., the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Quantitative data relating to land degradation based on notable physical features such as gullies, for the Manyame River Catchment at landscape scales are poor. This study focused on the distribution and magnitude of land degradation in the Manyame River Catchment area. The study mapped out the contours of human-induced land degradation using a residual trend analysis (RESTREND) method. In particular, the study used remotely sensed data (NDVI and precipitation time series) to analyse the shifts over the period 2000–2017. The analysis used R statistical software packages (RESTREND and Kendall) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques to quantify the degradation trends. The results indicated extracts of those areas which experienced significant human-induced land degradation during the study period. RESTREND effectiveness was assessed using Mann–Kendall. The results of this study can be used by natural resource practitioners in monitoring, assessing, and managing environmental changes using GIS tools.","PeriodicalId":23794,"journal":{"name":"Water Practice and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48935621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shumaila Soomro, G. S. Solangi, A. A. Siyal, Asad Golo, Nabi Bux Bhatti, A. G. Soomro, A. H. Memon, S. Panhwar, Hareef Ahmed Keerio
The world is facing an acute water shortage. The present irrigation techniques used in the Hyderabad district, Pakistan, are not demand-driven. The present study was carried out to determine the crop water requirement (CWR), irrigation water requirement (IWR), and irrigation scheduling for major crops grown in the Hyderabad district using the CROPWAT model based on climatic, soil, and crop data. The analysis revealed that the total CWR for the entire growing season for sugarcane, banana, cotton, and wheat were 3,127.0; 2,012.3; 1,073.5; and 418.9 mm, respectively. However, the IWR for sugarcane, banana, cotton, and wheat for the entire growing season was found to be 2,964.0; 1,966.7; 1,052.7; and 407.6 mm, respectively. However, the contribution of rainfall was 163.0, 45.6, 20.8, and 11.3 mm during sugarcane, banana, cotton, and wheat, respectively. The CWR and IWR were higher during the dry season due to high temperatures and low relative humidity. However, the IWR of each crop was low in the initial stage which increased with the growing stage until the peak at the full growth stage. The study recommends the use of CROPWAT to investigate the irrigation water requirements with accuracy.
{"title":"Estimation of irrigation water requirement and irrigation scheduling for major crops using the CROPWAT model and climatic data","authors":"Shumaila Soomro, G. S. Solangi, A. A. Siyal, Asad Golo, Nabi Bux Bhatti, A. G. Soomro, A. H. Memon, S. Panhwar, Hareef Ahmed Keerio","doi":"10.2166/wpt.2023.024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2023.024","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The world is facing an acute water shortage. The present irrigation techniques used in the Hyderabad district, Pakistan, are not demand-driven. The present study was carried out to determine the crop water requirement (CWR), irrigation water requirement (IWR), and irrigation scheduling for major crops grown in the Hyderabad district using the CROPWAT model based on climatic, soil, and crop data. The analysis revealed that the total CWR for the entire growing season for sugarcane, banana, cotton, and wheat were 3,127.0; 2,012.3; 1,073.5; and 418.9 mm, respectively. However, the IWR for sugarcane, banana, cotton, and wheat for the entire growing season was found to be 2,964.0; 1,966.7; 1,052.7; and 407.6 mm, respectively. However, the contribution of rainfall was 163.0, 45.6, 20.8, and 11.3 mm during sugarcane, banana, cotton, and wheat, respectively. The CWR and IWR were higher during the dry season due to high temperatures and low relative humidity. However, the IWR of each crop was low in the initial stage which increased with the growing stage until the peak at the full growth stage. The study recommends the use of CROPWAT to investigate the irrigation water requirements with accuracy.","PeriodicalId":23794,"journal":{"name":"Water Practice and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46161680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. N. Teixeira, F. J. D. P. Filho, Vinícius Pereira Bacurau, J. Menezes, Daniel Bernardes Silva, Jober de Queiroz dos Santos, Raimundo N. P. Teixeira, J. V. Nunes
The present study aimed to evaluate the removal efficiency of two types of cationic dyes of different classes – methylene blue (MB) and malachite green (MG) – from a synthetic effluent using a calcium surfactant (CaSF) originated from used frying soybean oil. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra showed that the functional groups present on the surface of CaSF can form surface complexes or bonds with the dye molecules and, consequently, promote their adsorption. The adsorption kinetics studies indicated that the equilibrium point of the process is reached in 90 min for both dyes. Equilibrium studies indicated that the adsorption isotherm models that best fit MB and MG were the Langmuir and the Dubinin–Radushkevich models, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities of MB and MG, according to the Langmuir model, were 199 and 123 mg·g−1, respectively. In the sight of the high MB and MG removal efficiency (84 and 100%, respectively), the use of CaSF is an excellent alternative for the treatment of effluents contaminated by cationic dyes. The adsorption–desorption cycle studies showed that CaSF maintains a good dye removal efficiency for up to three cycles.
{"title":"Removal of cationic dyes from a synthetic effluent using a calcium surfactant","authors":"Y. N. Teixeira, F. J. D. P. Filho, Vinícius Pereira Bacurau, J. Menezes, Daniel Bernardes Silva, Jober de Queiroz dos Santos, Raimundo N. P. Teixeira, J. V. Nunes","doi":"10.2166/wpt.2023.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2023.021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The present study aimed to evaluate the removal efficiency of two types of cationic dyes of different classes – methylene blue (MB) and malachite green (MG) – from a synthetic effluent using a calcium surfactant (CaSF) originated from used frying soybean oil. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra showed that the functional groups present on the surface of CaSF can form surface complexes or bonds with the dye molecules and, consequently, promote their adsorption. The adsorption kinetics studies indicated that the equilibrium point of the process is reached in 90 min for both dyes. Equilibrium studies indicated that the adsorption isotherm models that best fit MB and MG were the Langmuir and the Dubinin–Radushkevich models, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities of MB and MG, according to the Langmuir model, were 199 and 123 mg·g−1, respectively. In the sight of the high MB and MG removal efficiency (84 and 100%, respectively), the use of CaSF is an excellent alternative for the treatment of effluents contaminated by cationic dyes. The adsorption–desorption cycle studies showed that CaSF maintains a good dye removal efficiency for up to three cycles.","PeriodicalId":23794,"journal":{"name":"Water Practice and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46592159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Necessity calls for the environmental aspects of groundwater to be evaluated and properly managed based on the observed spatial distribution with respect to quality, as it contributes to a significant portion of average water usage globally. Variations in groundwater quality in the Ibadan Metropolis might be a result of physical and chemical trends in the region leading to a decline in quality. The study was geared towards the spatial evaluation of groundwater quality using factor analysis and the Kriging algorithm. The parameters examined include pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, carbonates, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, calcium, sodium, magnesium, and potassium, which were sampled and analysed from the existing municipal deep wells in the Ibadan Metropolitan area; and distribution maps of each parameter were created using a geostatistical approach. Factor analysis examined the relationship between human activities and concentration levels. Semi-variograms were tested to ascertain the best-fitted model accuracy measures, average standard error, root mean square error, and root mean square error standardised. The groundwater index was calculated to ascertain the drinkability of the water in the study area. Overall, the result shows that the groundwater in the study area is suitable for consumption; drinking, and other uses. Kriging is a suitable assessment tool for modelling environmental parameters.
{"title":"Spatial evaluation of groundwater quality using factor analysis and geostatistical Kriging algorithm: a case study of Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria","authors":"E. Thomas","doi":"10.2166/wpt.2023.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2023.023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Necessity calls for the environmental aspects of groundwater to be evaluated and properly managed based on the observed spatial distribution with respect to quality, as it contributes to a significant portion of average water usage globally. Variations in groundwater quality in the Ibadan Metropolis might be a result of physical and chemical trends in the region leading to a decline in quality. The study was geared towards the spatial evaluation of groundwater quality using factor analysis and the Kriging algorithm. The parameters examined include pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, carbonates, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, calcium, sodium, magnesium, and potassium, which were sampled and analysed from the existing municipal deep wells in the Ibadan Metropolitan area; and distribution maps of each parameter were created using a geostatistical approach. Factor analysis examined the relationship between human activities and concentration levels. Semi-variograms were tested to ascertain the best-fitted model accuracy measures, average standard error, root mean square error, and root mean square error standardised. The groundwater index was calculated to ascertain the drinkability of the water in the study area. Overall, the result shows that the groundwater in the study area is suitable for consumption; drinking, and other uses. Kriging is a suitable assessment tool for modelling environmental parameters.","PeriodicalId":23794,"journal":{"name":"Water Practice and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49191706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Withdrawn: Desalination of saline fields by soil leaching in the Karkhehnur Watershed, Iran","authors":"","doi":"10.2166/wpt.2023.022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2023.022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23794,"journal":{"name":"Water Practice and Technology","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135081045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. H. Memon, A. G. Soomro, S. Panhwar, Hareef Ahmed Keerio, Naddar Hussain Khokhar, J. K. Bajkani, Sabeen Siddiqui, M. A. Gadehi
The cluster-wise area of shallow and deep aquifer zones is used to estimate the potential of groundwater. The potential of the shallow aquifer zone is estimated at 4.61 MCM (million cubic meters) and for the deep aquifer zone at 17,509.03 MCM, while the total groundwater potential for both aquifer zones is estimated at 17,513.64 MCM. The Geographical Information System (GIS) was employed efficiently to estimate the subsurface volume of the lithological rock layers using cost-effective and time-saving techniques, while the Rockwork software integrated with GIS was successfully used to visualize the subsurface lithology and stratigraphy of the aquifer zones. The estimated potential of groundwater can be uncovered by using the alternative solar pumping system to improve the agricultural system in the study area, thereby reducing the migration rate, reducing poverty, and improving the socio-economic conditions of livelihood. In the future, too, it will be essential to design water quality studies to ensure the proper use of groundwater.
{"title":"Study of GIS-based groundwater potential zones for agricultural sustainability: an arid region","authors":"A. H. Memon, A. G. Soomro, S. Panhwar, Hareef Ahmed Keerio, Naddar Hussain Khokhar, J. K. Bajkani, Sabeen Siddiqui, M. A. Gadehi","doi":"10.2166/wpt.2023.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2023.020","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The cluster-wise area of shallow and deep aquifer zones is used to estimate the potential of groundwater. The potential of the shallow aquifer zone is estimated at 4.61 MCM (million cubic meters) and for the deep aquifer zone at 17,509.03 MCM, while the total groundwater potential for both aquifer zones is estimated at 17,513.64 MCM. The Geographical Information System (GIS) was employed efficiently to estimate the subsurface volume of the lithological rock layers using cost-effective and time-saving techniques, while the Rockwork software integrated with GIS was successfully used to visualize the subsurface lithology and stratigraphy of the aquifer zones. The estimated potential of groundwater can be uncovered by using the alternative solar pumping system to improve the agricultural system in the study area, thereby reducing the migration rate, reducing poverty, and improving the socio-economic conditions of livelihood. In the future, too, it will be essential to design water quality studies to ensure the proper use of groundwater.","PeriodicalId":23794,"journal":{"name":"Water Practice and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47517962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to investigate the effect of different activations on the properties of bio-based activated carbons (BACs) for water treatment. BACs were produced via pyrolysis by the carbonization stage and were followed by four different activation procedures. Chemical activation included the introduction of metal oxides or alkali on the structure of the sawdust-derived BACs, resulting in iron-activated carbon (BAC-Fe), copper-activated carbon (BAC-Cu), and sodium-activated carbon (BAC-Na). The physical activation was conducted in a CO2 environment with the usage of two types of locally available biomasses, resulting in husk-activated carbon (HAC) and wood-activated carbon (WAC). Depending on the activation, BACs can be developed with high porosity, active sites, and different additional functionalities such as antimicrobial and magnetic. The adsorption of natural organic matter (NOM) with chemically activated BACs yielded high removal percentages (97, 87, and 80% for BAC-Fe, BAC-Cu, and BAC-Na, respectively). The physically activated BACs demonstrated high adsorption capacities for dye – 278 mg/g for WAC and 213 mg/g for HAC. This outlines a wide range of BAC production possibilities with advanced functionalities.
{"title":"Bio-based activated carbon from husk- and wood-based biomass: comparison of carbon activation methods on organic pollutants removal","authors":"Oleksii Tomin, M. Yazdani","doi":"10.2166/wpt.2023.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2023.019","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study aimed to investigate the effect of different activations on the properties of bio-based activated carbons (BACs) for water treatment. BACs were produced via pyrolysis by the carbonization stage and were followed by four different activation procedures. Chemical activation included the introduction of metal oxides or alkali on the structure of the sawdust-derived BACs, resulting in iron-activated carbon (BAC-Fe), copper-activated carbon (BAC-Cu), and sodium-activated carbon (BAC-Na). The physical activation was conducted in a CO2 environment with the usage of two types of locally available biomasses, resulting in husk-activated carbon (HAC) and wood-activated carbon (WAC). Depending on the activation, BACs can be developed with high porosity, active sites, and different additional functionalities such as antimicrobial and magnetic. The adsorption of natural organic matter (NOM) with chemically activated BACs yielded high removal percentages (97, 87, and 80% for BAC-Fe, BAC-Cu, and BAC-Na, respectively). The physically activated BACs demonstrated high adsorption capacities for dye – 278 mg/g for WAC and 213 mg/g for HAC. This outlines a wide range of BAC production possibilities with advanced functionalities.","PeriodicalId":23794,"journal":{"name":"Water Practice and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41528689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Novel cost-effective catalyst granular activated carbon (GAC)-based zinc ferro nanocomposites for the heterogeneous Fenton's oxidation of dye were synthesized using bioleached laterite iron (BLFe) as a precursor and Psidium gujava leaf extract. Synthesized nanocomposites were characterized using SEM, EDS, XRD and BET surface area analysis. The degradation of Rhodamine dye was carried out with nanocomposites using adsorption–Fenton's oxidation process. The catalytic role of nanocomposites in Fenton's oxidation of Rhodamine B (RhB) was investigated and reported. The maximum dye removal of 96.2% was observed with 64.2% COD removal within 200 min of treatment. An increase in nanocomposite dosage has a positive effect on dye removal marking 5 g/L as an optimum dosage. Adsorption studies reveal that RhB removal using BLFe-based GAC/zinc ferro composites fits the Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm model with an adsorption capacity of 47.81 mg/g. A combination of adsorption and Fenton's oxidation has resulted in higher removal efficiency with nanocomposite material. Reusability studies confirm that the spent catalyst can be reused for five cycles.
{"title":"Green synthesis of granular activated carbon/zinc ferro nanocomposites-based bioleached laterite iron (BLaFe) for the removal of Rhodamine B in water using adsorption–Fenton's oxidation process","authors":"B. S, R. K N, Manu B., M. Y. Sreenivasa","doi":"10.2166/wpt.2023.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2023.014","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Novel cost-effective catalyst granular activated carbon (GAC)-based zinc ferro nanocomposites for the heterogeneous Fenton's oxidation of dye were synthesized using bioleached laterite iron (BLFe) as a precursor and Psidium gujava leaf extract. Synthesized nanocomposites were characterized using SEM, EDS, XRD and BET surface area analysis. The degradation of Rhodamine dye was carried out with nanocomposites using adsorption–Fenton's oxidation process. The catalytic role of nanocomposites in Fenton's oxidation of Rhodamine B (RhB) was investigated and reported. The maximum dye removal of 96.2% was observed with 64.2% COD removal within 200 min of treatment. An increase in nanocomposite dosage has a positive effect on dye removal marking 5 g/L as an optimum dosage. Adsorption studies reveal that RhB removal using BLFe-based GAC/zinc ferro composites fits the Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm model with an adsorption capacity of 47.81 mg/g. A combination of adsorption and Fenton's oxidation has resulted in higher removal efficiency with nanocomposite material. Reusability studies confirm that the spent catalyst can be reused for five cycles.","PeriodicalId":23794,"journal":{"name":"Water Practice and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43318946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the new world view, water is considered an economic-social commodity and a basic human need. This work aims to investigate the relationship between corrosion and changes in the minimum night flow (MNF) rate in water systems. Changes in MNF as a dependent variable are affected by changes in independent variables such as total unreported water loss, allowed night consumption, and network field leakage. First of all, the share of water loss due to network corrosion in total unreported water loss was investigated through a mathematical model and regression analysis according to Geography Information System (GIS). As a result, the p-value for pressure was .564. The Power function had a suitable correlation on the scatter diagram and best-fit curve which was used for Inflow to the water distribution network based on the regression model. The error of the consumers' meter and the correction of these errors were discussed in the apparent water loss section. The apparent water loss value was equal to 1.12% of produced water. This amount of apparent water loss showed the share of the actual water loss due to network corrosion from the total unreported water loss in the facilities.
{"title":"Minimum night flow (MNF) and corrosion control in compliance with internet of things (IoT) for water systems","authors":"Kian Hariri Asli, Kaveh Hariri Asli","doi":"10.2166/wpt.2023.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2023.012","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the new world view, water is considered an economic-social commodity and a basic human need. This work aims to investigate the relationship between corrosion and changes in the minimum night flow (MNF) rate in water systems. Changes in MNF as a dependent variable are affected by changes in independent variables such as total unreported water loss, allowed night consumption, and network field leakage. First of all, the share of water loss due to network corrosion in total unreported water loss was investigated through a mathematical model and regression analysis according to Geography Information System (GIS). As a result, the p-value for pressure was .564. The Power function had a suitable correlation on the scatter diagram and best-fit curve which was used for Inflow to the water distribution network based on the regression model. The error of the consumers' meter and the correction of these errors were discussed in the apparent water loss section. The apparent water loss value was equal to 1.12% of produced water. This amount of apparent water loss showed the share of the actual water loss due to network corrosion from the total unreported water loss in the facilities.","PeriodicalId":23794,"journal":{"name":"Water Practice and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44233628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the research is the production of activated carbon from the plum pit shells in a drum-type steam-gas activation furnace. To study the production of activated carbon, methods were used based on the study of individual patterns, analysis of the specific surface, determination of the porous structure, analysis of the structural-sorption and physicochemical characteristics of the pit shell. The novelty is research on determining the characteristics of activated carbon and the effect of thermal activation temperature in a flow of CO2 and H2O in a mass ratio of 20:80 on the total pore volume. During activation at a process temperature of 780 °C, the surface was destroyed by powerful thermal activation, and as a result, micropores of 8–10 μm formed and a cell configuration arose. The adsorption kinetics showed that the maximum efficiency is achieved at a duration of 0.5 h for chloroform-extracted and 2 h for hexane-extracted oil products, as well as an adsorbent dose of 4 kg/m3. The results obtained in the research of the process of oily wastewater treatment showed that the effect of treatment with the activated plum pit shells (95.5%) is greater than the effect of treatment with coagulants and clays (88.5–71)%.
{"title":"Activated carbon production from plum pit shells for oily wastewater treatment","authors":"Yessenbek Assylbek, M. Satayev, A. Azimov","doi":"10.2166/wpt.2023.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2023.018","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The aim of the research is the production of activated carbon from the plum pit shells in a drum-type steam-gas activation furnace. To study the production of activated carbon, methods were used based on the study of individual patterns, analysis of the specific surface, determination of the porous structure, analysis of the structural-sorption and physicochemical characteristics of the pit shell. The novelty is research on determining the characteristics of activated carbon and the effect of thermal activation temperature in a flow of CO2 and H2O in a mass ratio of 20:80 on the total pore volume. During activation at a process temperature of 780 °C, the surface was destroyed by powerful thermal activation, and as a result, micropores of 8–10 μm formed and a cell configuration arose. The adsorption kinetics showed that the maximum efficiency is achieved at a duration of 0.5 h for chloroform-extracted and 2 h for hexane-extracted oil products, as well as an adsorbent dose of 4 kg/m3. The results obtained in the research of the process of oily wastewater treatment showed that the effect of treatment with the activated plum pit shells (95.5%) is greater than the effect of treatment with coagulants and clays (88.5–71)%.","PeriodicalId":23794,"journal":{"name":"Water Practice and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41674348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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