IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206535

Ziming Zeng , Yunyi Liu , Yidi Li , Hui Wang , Ruilin Lai , Yunping Li

The AlSi11Cu alloy is widely applied in automotive components, favored for its inherent wear resistance contributed by the dispersion of hard Si particles. However, the needle-like silicon phase and coarse iron-rich intermetallic compounds formed by traditional casting methods severely limit the mechanical properties and wear performance of the material. To address this issue, this work proposes additive friction stir deposition (AFSD) followed by T6 heat treatment as a novel and targeted microstructural control approach. The adopted AFSD + T6 approach yields a refined microstructure with fine equiaxed grains and spheroidized second phases, thereby improving both mechanical properties and wear resistance. Compared with the cast alloy, the AFSD + T6 alloy exhibited a 58.3 % increase in yield strength, a 48.3 % increase in ultimate tensile strength, and a 66.6 % improvement in ductility. The AFSD + T6 alloy exhibited significantly reduced friction coefficient and wear rate at both 70 N and 140 N, with wear rates reaching only 7.5 % and 8.7 % of that of the cast alloy. All sliding wear tests were conducted under boundary lubrication regime using a GCr15 steel ball as the counterface material to simulate the piston ring-cylinder liner contact. This improvement is primarily attributed to microstructural refinement and enhanced particle/matrix bonding, which effectively suppresses fatigue crack initiation and propagation. As a result, fatigue wear is mitigated, allowing the formation and retention of a protective oxide tribo-layer that shifts the dominant wear mechanism to oxidative wear, thereby further enhancing wear resistance.

AlSi11Cu合金被广泛应用于汽车零部件，其固有的耐磨性得益于硬Si颗粒的分散。然而，传统铸造方法形成的针状硅相和粗大的富铁金属间化合物严重限制了材料的力学性能和磨损性能。为了解决这一问题，本工作提出了添加剂搅拌摩擦沉积（AFSD），然后进行T6热处理，作为一种新的和有针对性的显微组织控制方法。采用AFSD + T6方法可获得细小的等轴晶粒和球化的第二相，从而提高机械性能和耐磨性。与铸态合金相比，AFSD + T6合金的屈服强度提高58.3%，极限抗拉强度提高48.3%，塑性提高66.6%。在70 N和140 N下，AFSD + T6合金的摩擦系数和磨损率均显著降低，磨损率仅为铸态合金的7.5%和8.7%。所有滑动磨损试验均在边界润滑状态下进行，采用GCr15钢球作为面材，模拟活塞环与缸套的接触。这种改进主要归因于微观组织的细化和增强的颗粒/基体结合，这有效地抑制了疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展。因此，减缓了疲劳磨损，允许形成和保留保护性氧化摩擦层，将主要磨损机制转变为氧化磨损，从而进一步提高耐磨性。

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引用次数: 0

Tribological performance of Cronidur-30 and AISI 440 C bearing steels: Effect of lubricant formulations on antiwear behavior Cronidur-30和AISI 440c轴承钢的摩擦学性能：润滑剂配方对抗磨性能的影响

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206539

M.R. Ranju , Y. Arivu , R. Rejith , D. Kesavan

The effect of lubricant formulations on the antiwear performance of high nitrogen alloyed cronidur −30 bearing steel has been evaluated and compared with aerospace standard AISI 440C steel. Base oil without any additives, base lubricant (base oil formulated with additives), and graphene-additivated (GNL) lubricants were taken as lubricant variants in this study. Four-ball testing was conducted on lubricant variants, and the best antiwear performance was obtained with graphene nanolubricant at the optimum concentration. Wear reduction of 44 % and a coefficient of friction improvement of 8 % were obtained for GNL with optimal concentration compared to the base lubricant. The GNL with optimal concentration is used for further sliding friction testing with Cronidur 30 steel and results compared with AISI440C steel as reference. A comparative evaluation revealed that AISI 440C exhibited significantly improved antifriction performance than CR30 under all lubrication conditions. The application of graphene nanolubricant with effective concentration resulted in a reduction in the coefficient of friction, achieving up to 20 % for 440C and 88 % for CR30 compared to the base lubricant, highlighting the enhanced tribological effectiveness of GNL, particularly for CR30 material. The improved tribological behavior can be mainly ascribed to the combined influence of graphene's strong adsorption onto the contact surface, its ability to smoothen surface asperities through polishing and mending effects, and the development of a protective tribofilm that reduces direct metal-to-metal contact.

研究了润滑油配方对高氮合金克罗尼杜尔- 30轴承钢抗磨性能的影响，并与航空航天标准AISI 440C钢进行了比较。本研究以不含任何添加剂的基础油、基础润滑油（添加添加剂的基础油）和石墨烯添加剂（GNL）润滑油为润滑油变体。对润滑油进行了四球测试，在最佳浓度下，石墨烯纳米润滑剂获得了最佳的抗磨性能。与基础润滑剂相比，具有最佳浓度的GNL可使磨损减少44%，摩擦系数提高8%。采用最佳浓度的GNL与Cronidur 30钢进行进一步的滑动摩擦试验，并与AISI440C钢进行对比。对比评价表明，在所有润滑条件下，AISI 440C的抗摩擦性能都明显优于CR30。有效浓度的石墨烯纳米润滑剂的应用降低了摩擦系数，与基础润滑剂相比，440C和CR30的摩擦系数分别降低了20%和88%，突出了GNL增强的摩擦学效果，特别是对于CR30材料。改善的摩擦学行为主要归因于石墨烯在接触面上的强吸附，其通过抛光和修补作用平滑表面凹凸不平的能力，以及保护性摩擦膜的开发减少了金属与金属的直接接触。

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引用次数: 0

Thermochemical wear mechanisms of WC tools in CFRP countersinking: Oxidation-dominated damage and hole quality degradation CFRP沉孔中WC刀具的热化学磨损机理：氧化损伤和孔质量退化

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206531

Fei Wang , Yuanyuan Jiang , Yunqiao Zhang , Yang Yin , Guojin Li , Lei Chen , Linmao Qian

During Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) countersinking, inevitable wear of tungsten carbide (WC) tools degrades hole quality, critically impacting aircraft skin reliability. This study investigates the tool wear mechanism and its influence on countersinking finish by combining real manufacturing process analysis with simulated ball-on-disk sliding tests under heated conditions. Results demonstrate that thermomechanical coupling-induced oxidation wear is the primary driver of WC tool damage. As processing progresses, a sharp rise in cutting force occurs when the tool surface damage rate exceeds 25 %, triggering a transition to severe tribochemical wear. This shift accelerates tool degradation and impairs CFRP countersinking quality. Ultrasonic vibration-assisted machining (UVAM) mitigates wear by reducing tool-composite contact and suppressing oxidation, enhancing CFRP surface quality. These findings advance high-performance CFRP machining strategies.

在碳纤维增强聚合物（CFRP）沉孔过程中，不可避免的碳化钨（WC）工具磨损会降低孔质量，严重影响飞机蒙皮的可靠性。本研究通过结合实际制造过程分析和加热条件下模拟球盘滑动试验，研究了刀具磨损机理及其对沉孔光洁度的影响。结果表明，热-热耦合氧化磨损是WC刀具损伤的主要驱动因素。随着加工的进行，当刀具表面损伤率超过25%时，切削力会急剧上升，从而引发严重的摩擦化学磨损。这种转变加速了刀具的退化，损害了CFRP沉孔质量。超声振动辅助加工（UVAM）通过减少刀具与复合材料的接触和抑制氧化来减轻磨损，提高CFRP表面质量。这些发现推进了高性能CFRP加工策略。

引用次数: 0

Investigation on the tribological performance of D-gun sprayed (FeCrNi)83(TiAl)17 high-entropy alloy-matrix composite coatings in vacuum environment over wide temperature range D-gun喷涂（FeCrNi）83(TiAl)17高熵合金基复合涂层在真空环境下宽温度范围的摩擦学性能研究

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206533

Dongsheng Yang , Hanzhi Zhang , Yushan Geng , Rui Zhang , Qichun Sun , Wenyuan Chen , Jun Cheng , Juanjuan Chen , Shengyu Zhu , Peiqing La , Yong Yang

High-entropy alloy (HEA) self-lubricating coatings exhibit excellent mechanical properties and stable tribological performance, demonstrating potential applications in satellite solar array drive assemblies and foil air bearings within aerospace propulsion systems. This study utilized detonation spraying to fabricate coatings of (FeCrNi)₈₃(TiAl)₁₇, (FeCrNi)₈₃(TiAl)₁₇-Ag-BaF₂/CaF₂ and (FeCrNi)₈₃(TiAl)₁₇-Ag-BaF₂/CaF₂-Al₂O₃. The (FeCrNi)₈₃(TiAl)₁₇-Ag-BaF₂/CaF₂-Al₂O₃ coating, demonstrated the enhanced mechanical performance (surface hardness of 694.7 HV, cross-sectional hardness ranging from 634.3 to 674.3 HV) and maintained a stable friction interface. This coating demonstrated the ability to form a lubricating film over a broad temperature range in vacuum, effectively protecting the exposed worn surfaces at the contact interface. Compared to the (FeCrNi)₈₃(TiAl)₁₇ coating, the modified coating of (FeCrNi)₈₃(TiAl)₁₇-Ag-BaF₂/CaF₂-Al₂O₃ showed significantly reduced friction coefficient and wear rate under vacuum from room temperature (RT) to 600 °C, stabilizing at 0.26–0.46 and (1.3–3.6) × 10⁻⁵ mm³/(N·m), respectively. Notably, at RT, the wear rate of the (FeCrNi)₈₃(TiAl)₁₇-Ag-BaF₂/CaF₂-Al₂O₃ coating was reduced by a factor of 17 compared to the (FeCrNi)₈₃(TiAl)₁₇ coating.

高熵合金（HEA）自润滑涂层具有优异的机械性能和稳定的摩擦学性能，在卫星太阳能电池阵列驱动组件和航空航天推进系统中的箔式空气轴承中具有潜在的应用前景。采用爆轰喷涂法制备了（FeCrNi）83(TiAl)17、（FeCrNi）83(TiAl)17- ag - baf2 /CaF2和（FeCrNi）83(TiAl)17- ag - baf2 /CaF2- al2o3镀层。（FeCrNi）83(TiAl)17-Ag-BaF2/CaF2-Al2O3涂层的表面硬度为694.7 HV，截面硬度为634.3 ~ 674.3 HV，并保持了稳定的摩擦界面。该涂层证明了在真空中在很宽的温度范围内形成润滑膜的能力，有效地保护了接触界面上暴露的磨损表面。与（FeCrNi）83(TiAl)17涂层相比，（FeCrNi）83(TiAl)17- ag - baf2 /CaF2-Al2O3涂层在室温至600℃真空条件下的摩擦系数和磨损率显著降低，分别稳定在0.26 ~ 0.46和（1.3 ~ 3.6）× 10−5 mm3/（N·m）。值得注意的是，在室温下，（FeCrNi）83(TiAl)17- ag - baf2 /CaF2-Al2O3涂层的磨损率比（FeCrNi）83(TiAl)17涂层降低了17倍。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of normalising treatment on the microstructural characteristics and friction behaviour of U71Mn flash-butt-welded joints at extremely low temperatures 正火处理对U71Mn极低温闪焊接头组织特征和摩擦行为的影响

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206513

Tingting Liao , Xi Zhang , Jiehui Liu , Chenyang Zhu , Peng Su , Haoxiang Xu , Zhenchuan Wei , Biao Guo , Qibing Lv , Guoqing Gou

U71Mn rails, which are very prevalent in China's railway systems, must withstand extreme weather environments, but the cold-weather performance of their base metal and welded joints has not been systematically examined. To investigate the wear resistance and reliability of flash-welded joints in U71Mn rails in extremely low-temperature environments, this study examined the microstructure, mechanical properties, and service behaviour at various temperatures (20, 0, −20, and −40 °C) for U71Mn rail base metal, as-welded joints, and normalised joints. The results indicate that compared with the base metal, both the as-welded and normalised joints exhibit finer pearlite lamellar spacing. At zero and subzero temperatures, the friction coefficient decreased owing to the formation of a water film or thin ice layer from condensed water vapour. Simultaneously, lower temperatures reduced the severity of adhesive wear. However, embrittlement at low temperatures increased the wear rates in each microregion, thereby worsening the overall wear resistance. Taken together, these findings were used to establish the influence of temperature on the dominant wear mechanism. This study provides essential data and theoretical guidance for applying flash welding to join rails operating in low-temperature environments, contributing to the reliability of railway transportation.

U71Mn钢轨在中国铁路系统中非常普遍，必须承受极端天气环境，但其母材和焊接接头的寒冷天气性能尚未得到系统检查。为了研究U71Mn钢轨闪焊接头在极低温环境下的耐磨性和可靠性，本研究检查了U71Mn钢轨母材、焊接接头和正火接头在不同温度（20、0、- 20和- 40℃）下的显微组织、机械性能和使用行为。结果表明：与母材相比，焊接态和正火态接头的珠光体片层间距更小；在零度和零度以下的温度下，由于凝结的水蒸气形成水膜或薄冰层，摩擦系数减小。同时，较低的温度降低了胶粘剂磨损的严重程度。然而，低温下的脆化增加了每个微区域的磨损率，从而降低了整体耐磨性。综上所述，这些发现被用来确定温度对主要磨损机制的影响。该研究为在低温环境下应用闪光焊连接钢轨提供了必要的数据和理论指导，有助于提高铁路运输的可靠性。

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引用次数: 0

Wear stage evolution and failure mechanism of hard chromium-coated calender rolls during continuous lithium-ion battery electrode calendering 锂离子电池电极连续压延过程中硬铬压延辊磨损阶段演变及失效机理

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206537

Jingyu Fan , Xipeng Xin , Qingdong Liu , Yifeng Xu , Yiqiu Zhu , Hu Chen , Wei Chen , Xiaofeng Zhao , Xuefeng Song

The wear mechanisms and life cycle evolution of hard chromium-coated rolls during lithium-ion battery electrode calendering remain underexplored. In this study, a modified ball-on-disk configuration was employed to simulate the long-term sliding contact (360 h) between hard chromium coatings and LiFePO₄ (LFP) electrode sheets. A non-linear, four-stage wear evolution law was identified: (1) Running-in (0–120 h), characterized by mild abrasion protected by the native oxide film; (2) Stable wear (120–170 h), marked by oxide breakdown and substrate exposure; (3) Severe wear (170–270 h), driven by matrix-mediated adhesion, where carbon-rich binder accumulation formed protrusions that induced fatigue shear fracture and deep pitting; and (4) Secondary stable wear (270–360 h), featuring a cyclic competition between tribo-oxidative regeneration and fatigue spallation. The failure mechanism is attributed to the synergy between binder-driven adhesion and third-body abrasion caused by hard oxide debris. These findings highlight that maintaining the integrity of the surface Cr₂O₃ layer is critical for suppressing adhesive wear and optimizing roll durability in battery manufacturing.

锂离子电池电极压延过程中硬铬包覆辊的磨损机理和生命周期演变尚未得到充分研究。在这项研究中，采用改进的球盘结构来模拟硬铬涂层与LiFePO4 （LFP）电极片之间的长期滑动接触（360小时）。结果表明：(1)磨合（0 ~ 120 h）以天然氧化膜保护的轻度磨损为特征；(2)稳定磨损（120-170小时），以氧化物击穿和衬底暴露为标志；(3)重度磨损（170 ~ 270 h），由基体介导的黏附驱动，富碳粘结剂积累形成突出物，诱发疲劳剪切断裂和深点蚀；(4)二次稳定磨损（270 ~ 360 h），表现为摩擦氧化再生和疲劳剥落之间的循环竞争。破坏机理是粘结剂驱动的粘结和硬氧化碎屑造成的第三体磨损共同作用的结果。这些发现强调，在电池制造中，保持表面Cr2O3层的完整性对于抑制胶粘剂磨损和优化轧辊耐久性至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of sliding speed and sliding distance on the wear and friction behaviour of LM6-1.5 wt% Si3N4 nanocomposite 滑动速度和滑动距离对LM6-1.5 wt% Si3N4纳米复合材料磨损摩擦性能的影响

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206532

Debayan Mandal , Sudip Banerjee , Ranjan Basak , Joyjeet Ghose

Aluminium based nanocomposites are promising candidates for different automotive parts like brake discs, clutch plates, cams and aerospace components like actuator joints, landing gear bushings, rotors, etc., where high strength-to-weight ratio and dry sliding wear resistance are critically important. Since these components frequently get exposed to dry sliding tribological environments like high sliding speed as well as longer sliding distance, understanding their dry sliding wear and friction characteristics is essential for reliable material design and performance of these components. Therefore, the purpose of the current study is to examine the effect of sliding speeds and distances on dry sliding tribological response on LM6-1.5 wt% Si₃N₄ nanocomposite. Nanocomposite is synthesized through ultrasonic assisted stir casting (USC). Microstructural characterizations are evaluated through optical microscopy, FESEM, EDX, XRD and elemental mapping to assess successful incorporation and distribution of Si₃N₄ Nanoparticles. Pin-on-disc experiment is conducted by using EN31 steel disc as the counterface across sliding speed and distance ranging between 0.25 and 1.25 m/s and 300–3000 m respectively. Incorporation of Si₃N₄ nanoparticles enhanced wear resistance around 30–40 % compared to base alloy under experimental conditions, indicating improved load-bearing ability and resistance to plastic deformation. Worn surfaces and wear debris are further analyzed through FESEM and EDX to evaluate the primary wear mechanisms. Typical observation of worn surfaces depicts how particle incorporation suppresses delamination as well as adhesion and shifts towards abrasion. This mechanistic change renders a new approach for tailoring material design in tribological applications.

铝基纳米复合材料是不同汽车部件的有希望的候选者，如刹车盘、离合器片、凸轮和航空航天部件，如致动器接头、起落架衬套、转子等，其中高强度重量比和干滑动耐磨性至关重要。由于这些部件经常暴露在干滑动摩擦环境中，如高滑动速度和较长的滑动距离，因此了解其干滑动磨损和摩擦特性对于可靠的材料设计和这些部件的性能至关重要。因此，本研究的目的是研究滑动速度和距离对LM6-1.5 wt% Si3N4纳米复合材料干滑动摩擦学响应的影响。采用超声辅助搅拌铸造法制备了纳米复合材料。通过光学显微镜，FESEM， EDX， XRD和元素映射来评估Si3N4纳米颗粒的成功掺入和分布。销盘实验采用EN31钢盘作为界面，滑动速度为0.25 ~ 1.25 m/s，滑动距离为300 ~ 3000 m。在实验条件下，Si3N4纳米颗粒的加入使基合金的耐磨性提高了30 - 40%，表明其承载能力和抗塑性变形能力得到了提高。通过FESEM和EDX进一步分析磨损表面和磨损碎片，以评估主要磨损机制。对磨损表面的典型观察描述了颗粒掺入如何抑制分层以及粘附并转向磨损。这种机理的变化为在摩擦学应用中裁剪材料设计提供了一种新的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Measurement of grit wear in abrasive c-BN electroplated tipped blades for gas turbines applications 燃气轮机用c-BN电镀磨料叶片的磨粒磨损测量

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206538

A. Parody Martin , M.B. Marshall

The increasing use of ceramic abradable seal systems in the High-Pressure Turbine section of gas turbines, aimed at improving efficiency and reducing fuel consumption, introduces new challenges in performance evaluation. This work proposes a standard method to quantify wear on c-BN electroplated tipped blades, which function as abrasive coatings on rotor blades. The approach relies on 3D metrology scanner to capture surface data of the blade and converting them into measurable parameters that allow for consistent comparison between blades from rig testing. Key metrics include grit density, the volume occupied by abrasive particles, and the corresponding void volume and void density resulting from wear. An additional parameter is proposed to account for debris accumulation and its effect on the proposed wear-related metrics. The results demonstrate consistent trends across the proposed parameters, both in pristine and tested blades, regardless of their initial grit density as well as with grit wear patterns. The proposed Positive Volume Variation (PVV) and Grit Density Variation (GDV) metrics exhibited a strong mutual correlation (r = 0.950), a result supported by their shared underlying physical basis. In contrast, the Mean Height Variation (MHV), typically applied to bare blades, demonstrated weaker correlations with both PVV (r = 0.893) and GDV (r = 0.745).

为了提高燃气轮机的效率和降低燃油消耗，高压涡轮部分越来越多地使用陶瓷耐磨密封系统，这给性能评估带来了新的挑战。这项工作提出了一种标准方法来量化c-BN电镀尖端叶片的磨损，其功能是转子叶片的磨料涂层。该方法依靠3D测量扫描仪捕获叶片表面数据，并将其转换为可测量参数，以便在钻机测试中对叶片进行一致的比较。关键指标包括磨粒密度、磨料颗粒占据的体积，以及由磨损产生的相应空隙体积和空隙密度。提出了一个额外的参数来解释碎片堆积及其对拟议的磨损相关指标的影响。结果表明，无论初始磨粒密度和磨粒磨损模式如何，在原始和测试叶片中，所提出的参数都具有一致的趋势。正体积变化（PVV）和颗粒密度变化（GDV）指标具有很强的相互相关性（r = 0.950），这一结果得到了它们共同的潜在物理基础的支持。相比之下，通常应用于裸叶片的平均高度变化（MHV）与PVV （r = 0.893）和GDV （r = 0.745）的相关性较弱。

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引用次数: 0

Mechanical and tribological properties of Si3N4 and graphene binary reinforced copper-based self-lubricating materials 氮化硅和石墨烯二元增强铜基自润滑材料的力学和摩擦学性能

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206529

Yu Lv, Min Zhong, Meirong Yi, Zhixin Shi, Jianfeng Chen, Wenhu Xu

This study systematically investigates the mechanical and tribological properties of Cu-based composites strengthened by Si₃N₄ (3.0 wt%) and graphene (0.5–2.0 wt%). Multi-scale characterization approaches combining SEM, EDS, XRD, and XPS were employed to analyze polished surfaces, wear tracks, cross-sectional friction layers, and wear debris. The results indicate that the addition of reinforcing phases significantly enhances the mechanical and tribological behavior of composites compared to pure copper. During the friction process, graphene continuously separates from the matrix to the friction surface, forming a carbon-rich lubricating film. It prevents direct action between the matrix and counter-material, thereby enhancing the abrasion resistance of the composite. Furthermore, Si₃N₄, as a component of the lubricating film, enhances the film strength, making it less prone to detachment during friction. Compared to pure copper, the hybrid reinforcement system demonstrates remarkable property enhancement. The optimal performance is achieved at 3.0 wt% Si₃N₄ and 1.5 wt% graphene.

本研究系统地研究了Si3N4 （3.0 wt%）和石墨烯（0.5-2.0 wt%）增强cu基复合材料的力学和摩擦学性能。采用SEM、EDS、XRD、XPS等多尺度表征方法对抛光表面、磨损痕迹、横截面摩擦层和磨损碎屑进行了分析。结果表明，与纯铜相比，增强相的加入显著提高了复合材料的力学性能和摩擦学性能。在摩擦过程中，石墨烯不断从基体分离到摩擦表面，形成富碳润滑膜。它防止了基体和反相材料之间的直接作用，从而提高了复合材料的耐磨性。此外，Si3N4作为润滑膜的组成部分，提高了润滑膜的强度，使其在摩擦过程中不易脱落。与纯铜相比，混合增强体系的性能得到了显著提高。当Si3N4质量分数为3.0 wt%，石墨烯质量分数为1.5 wt%时，性能达到最佳。

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引用次数: 0

Load-dependent fretting wear behavior in additively and conventionally manufactured TA15 titanium alloy 增材制造和常规制造TA15钛合金的载荷依赖微动磨损行为

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206534

Jiahua Liu, Hongzeng Yang, Baoli Guo, Yongming Han, Xiaofeng Zhang, Xiao Li, Long Xin, Yonghao Lu

This study investigates fretting wear in WAAM-produced versus conventionally manufactured TA15 titanium alloy under loads (5N–15N). Wear behavior critically depends on both load and manufacturing-induced microstructure. The conventional alloy with homogeneous equiaxed grains, shows better wear resistance: lower/stable friction coefficients and reduced wear volume across all loads. Its wear changes predictably from gross slip (5N) to mixed (8–10N) to partial slip (12–15N) as load increases. Conversely, WAAM-produced TA15 with coarse columnar β grains and uneven hardness stays mostly in the mixed regime. This causes higher, unstable friction and greater wear volume. Both alloys show decreasing wear scar size with higher loads due to work hardening, but their wear mechanisms differ. WAAM -produced TA15 shifts from mild abrasion/oxidation at low loads to dominant (yet unstable) oxidation at high loads, suffering adhesive-sliding and oxide spalling. The conventional alloy transitions to oxidative/delamination wear in stable partial slip at high loads, where adhesion (center) and micro-slip (edges) enable uniform stress distribution. Oxidation increases with load for both, but the conventional alloy forms more stable oxide layers evidenced by oxygen-rich rings in micro-slip zones. WAAM-produced TA15 inferior wear resistance fundamentally originates in its microstructure, underscoring the need for microstructural control in demanding applications. These findings guide material selection and design for titanium components facing fretting.

本研究研究了waam生产的TA15钛合金与传统制造的TA15钛合金在载荷（5N-15N）下的微动磨损。磨损行为主要取决于载荷和制造诱导的微观结构。传统合金具有均匀的等轴晶粒，具有较好的耐磨性：摩擦系数较低/稳定，在所有载荷下磨损体积减小。随着载荷的增加，其磨损可预测地从总滑移（5N）到混合滑移（8-10N）到部分滑移（12-15N）变化。相反，waam制备的TA15 β柱状晶粒粗大，硬度不均匀，主要处于混合状态。这导致更高，不稳定的摩擦和更大的磨损量。两种合金在高载荷下，由于加工硬化，磨损痕尺寸减小，但其磨损机制不同。WAAM生产的TA15从低负荷时的轻度磨损/氧化转变为高负荷时的主要（但不稳定的）氧化，遭受粘合剂滑动和氧化物剥落。在高负荷下，传统合金在稳定的部分滑移中转变为氧化/脱层磨损，其中粘合（中心）和微滑移（边缘）使应力分布均匀。两种合金的氧化都随着载荷的增加而增加，但传统合金在微滑移区形成更稳定的氧化层，这可以从富氧环中得到证明。waam生产的TA15耐磨性较差，从根本上说源于其微观结构，这强调了在苛刻的应用中需要对微观结构进行控制。这些发现为面向微动的钛合金部件的材料选择和设计提供了指导。

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引用次数: 0

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