IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206486

Jian Zhang , Dianxiu Xia , Han Zhang , R.D.K. Misra , Shouren Wang , Lin Cui , Xiucheng Li

An innovative multiscale microstructural approach based on a secondary quenching heat treatment was adopted to increase resistance to fretting wear in a bearing steel. In this regard, the mechanisms associated with fretting wear are discussed. The wear-resistance was enabled by synergistic grain refinement and precipitation strengthening. By designing a dual-stage quenching process and employing multiscale characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the study comprehensively elucidates the effects of secondary quenching on austenite grain evolution, martensitic transformation, and nanoscale precipitation. The results demonstrated that secondary quenching significantly refined the austenite grain size from 18.61 ± 0.31 μm after single quenching (880 °C) to 5.23 ± 0.09 μm, with a refinement rate of ∼72 %—and simultaneously promoted the refinement and homogenization of martensitic laths. Electron microscopy studies revealed uniform dispersion of nanoscale carbides in the secondary-quenched samples, which effectively inhibited dislocation motion and interface migration, thereby enhancing matrix strengthening. In fretting wear tests conducted using a Si₃N₄ (silicon nitride) ball as the counterpart, the secondary-quenched samples exhibited an 18.2 % reduction in wear volume (down to (2.34 ± 0.03) × 10⁶ μm³) compared to the single-quenched (880 °C) samples, together with noticeable reduction in both friction coefficient and wear rate. Surface morphology observations revealed smoother wear scars with significantly reduced spalling and cracking. Further analysis showed that secondary quenching facilitated the formation of a stable dynamic oxide film, reducing interfacial shear strength and shifting the dominant wear mechanism from brittle spalling to an oxidative–abrasive composite mode. This study provides both theoretical foundation and guidelines for microstructural design and performance optimization of high-reliability bearing materials.

采用基于二次淬火热处理的多尺度显微组织方法提高轴承钢的抗微动磨损性能。在这方面，与微动磨损有关的机制进行了讨论。其耐磨性是通过晶粒细化和析出强化的协同作用实现的。通过设计双段淬火工艺，采用扫描电镜（SEM）、电子背散射衍射（EBSD）和透射电镜（TEM）等多尺度表征技术，全面阐明了二次淬火对奥氏体晶粒演化、马氏体相变和纳米级析出的影响。结果表明，二次淬火使奥氏体晶粒由一次淬火（880℃）后的18.61±0.31 μm细化到5.23±0.09 μm，细化率达到72%，同时促进了马氏体板条的细化和均匀化。电镜研究表明，二次淬火试样中纳米碳化物分布均匀，有效地抑制了位错运动和界面迁移，从而增强了基体的强度。以氮化硅（Si3N4）球为试样进行微动磨损试验，与单次淬火（880°C）相比，二次淬火试样的磨损体积减小18.2%（降至（2.34±0.03）× 106 μm3），摩擦系数和磨损率均显著降低。表面形貌观察显示磨痕光滑，剥落和开裂明显减少。进一步分析表明，二次淬火有助于形成稳定的动态氧化膜，降低界面抗剪强度，并将主要磨损机制从脆性剥落转变为氧化-磨粒复合模式。该研究为高可靠性轴承材料的微观结构设计和性能优化提供了理论基础和指导。

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引用次数: 0

High-temperature wear behavior and mechanical properties of laser-clad AlCoCrFeNi HEA coatings on H13 steel co-strengthened by B4C/Y2O3 B4C/Y2O3共强化H13钢激光熔覆AlCoCrFeNi HEA涂层的高温磨损行为及力学性能

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206481

Yiwen Zhou , Jiang Bi , Dehua Liu , Zhuoyun Yang , Guojiang Dong , Yuhang Li , Xiangdong Jia

H13 hot-work die steel is susceptible to oxidative spalling during high-temperature service, while conventional treatments struggle to balance strength and toughness. In this study, an AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy coating was fabricated via laser cladding, with an innovative dual-phase strengthening system incorporating. The composite coating exhibits superior performance: average microhardness reaches 596.9 (±8.4) HV_0.2 (2.8 × higher than the substrate); at 600 °C, the wear rate ((3.86 ± 0.15) × 10⁻⁵ mm³ N⁻¹ m⁻¹) decreases by 70.2 % compared to H13 steel; corrosion current density (3.34 × 10⁻⁷ A/cm²) is 45 % lower than the base coating. The strengthening mechanisms originate from B₄C-derived dispersion hardening and Y₂O₃-enhanced oxidation resistance. This work proposes a multi-scale synergistic strategy for prolonging mold service life and establishes a theoretical foundation for coatings under extreme conditions.

H13热加工模具钢在高温使用过程中容易氧化剥落，而传统的处理方法难以平衡强度和韧性。在本研究中，采用激光熔覆的方法制备了AlCoCrFeNi高熵合金涂层，该涂层采用了创新的双相强化系统。复合镀层表现出优异的性能：平均显微硬度达到596.9（±8.4）HV0.2（比基体高2.8倍）；在600℃时，磨损率（（3.86±0.15）× 10−5 mm3 N−1 m−1）比H13钢降低了70.2%；腐蚀电流密度（3.34 × 10−7 A/cm2）比基层低45%。强化机制源于b4c的分散硬化和y2o3增强的抗氧化性。本文提出了延长模具使用寿命的多尺度协同策略，并为极端条件下涂层的研究奠定了理论基础。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of heat treatments on the cavitation erosion evolution of AISI 420 stainless steels 热处理对AISI 420不锈钢空化腐蚀演变的影响

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206493

Lassi Raami , Kati Valtonen , Marco Wendler , Pasi Peura

Cavitation erosion of AISI 420 grade stainless steels was investigated after different heat treatments. The steels were subjected to 20 h of cavitation erosion using an ultrasonic vibratory apparatus. The mass losses were measured, and the results were compared with material properties. The eroded surfaces were examined with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and optical profilometry. The results suggest that the cavitation erosion resistance is heavily dependent on the carbon content and the performed heat treatment. While for 0.2 C grade the best results were achieved in as-quenched condition, quenching and partitioning should be used when the carbon content is higher. During cavitation present retained austenite transforms into martensite, which hardens the surface and reduces the cavitation erosion rate. Thus, elimination of retained austenite with cryogenic treatment is not beneficial. If the steel is quenched without partitioning or tempering, the resulting microstructure may become brittle, eventually leading to high erosion rate. The results indicate that even short partitioning heat treatment can effectively reduce the martensite brittleness without sacrificing hardness or cavitation erosion resistance.

研究了AISI 420级不锈钢经不同热处理后的空化腐蚀。用超声振动装置对钢进行了20小时的空化腐蚀。测量了质量损失，并将结果与材料性能进行了比较。用x射线衍射、扫描电镜和光学轮廓术对侵蚀表面进行了检测。结果表明，合金的抗空化腐蚀性能与碳含量和热处理程度密切相关。而对于0.2 C级，在淬火状态下效果最好，当含碳量较高时应进行淬火和分块。空化过程中残余奥氏体转变为马氏体，使表面硬化，降低了空化侵蚀速率。因此，用低温处理消除残留的奥氏体是无益的。如果钢在淬火时不进行分块或回火，则产生的组织可能变脆，最终导致高侵蚀率。结果表明，在不牺牲硬度和抗空化侵蚀性能的情况下，即使是短分配热处理也能有效降低马氏体脆性。

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引用次数: 0

Significant improvement in elevated temperature galling resistance of austenitic iron-based hard-facings through heat treatment 热处理显著改善了奥氏体铁基硬表面的耐高温磨损性

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206487

Jaimie L. Daure , Matthew J. Carrington , Daniel Kóti , Philip H. Shipway , D. Graham McCartney , David A. Stewart

This paper describes the development of a novel heat treatment to significantly improve the high temperature galling behaviour of austenitic iron-based hardfacings. The alloy examined in this work is hot isostatically pressed (HIPed) Tristelle 5183 (T-5183) which is comprised of an austenitic matrix with (Cr, Fe)₇C₃ and NbC hard phases. In the HIPed condition, the galling pressure,

σ_{g}

was bounded as 211 MPa <

σ_{g}

< 317 MPa at room temperature, but this fell to

σ_{g}

< 53 MPa at 100 °C. In the as-HIPed state, the (Cr, Fe)₇C₃ fraction was significantly smaller than its equilibrium value due to its sluggish nucleation and growth kinetics during HIPing, with this resulting in a commensurate supersaturation of carbon in solution in the austenitic matrix. This carbon supersaturation results in an increase in the austenite stacking fault energy (SFE) and it is suggested that this in turn results in reduced resistance to galling at elevated temperatures. An extended high temperature heat treatment of the alloy has resulted in the following: (i) an increase in the carbide particle size; (ii) an increase in the volume fraction of carbide; (iii) a commensurate reduction in the carbon content of the austenite and thus a reduction in its SFE. Following heat treatment, the room temperature galling pressure remained bounded as 211 MPa <

σ_{g}

< 317 MPa (i.e. no significant improvement in galling resistance was observed); however, the heat treatment resulted in a significant increase in the elevated temperature capability of the alloy with the galling pressure being again bounded as 211 MPa <

σ_{g}

< 317 MPa at temperatures as high as 300 °C. Given the temperature-sensitivity of the observed improvements in galling behaviour and the temperature-sensitivity of the SFE of the austenitic matrix, it is argued that it is the change in austenite SFE associated with the heat treatment that is the dominant influence in the observed improvement in the galling resistance of this alloy.

In light of a review of relevant adjacent literature related to the destabilisation of high chromium cast irons, it is argued that the heat treatment method proposed here for improving high temperature galling capability has general applicability to any ferrous system composed of austenite and complex carbides (including hardfacings) and is generalisable to a variety of methods of manufacture (e.g. HIPing, weld and laser cladding, casting etc).

本文介绍了一种新的热处理方法的发展，以显着改善奥氏体铁基堆焊的高温磨损行为。本文研究的合金是热等静压（HIPed） Tristelle 5183 （T-5183）合金，由奥氏体基体组成，具有（Cr, Fe）7C3和NbC硬相。在HIPed条件下，摩擦压力σg在室温下为211 MPa； σg在室温下为317 MPa，在100℃时下降到53 MPa。在HIPing状态下，（Cr, Fe）7C3分数明显小于其平衡值，这是由于HIPing过程中（Cr, Fe）7C3分数的成核和生长动力学缓慢，导致奥氏体基体中碳溶液相应过饱和。这种碳过饱和导致奥氏体层错能（SFE）的增加，这反过来又导致高温下抗磨损性的降低。延长合金的高温热处理导致以下结果：(1)碳化物粒度增加；（ii）碳化物体积分数增加；（iii）奥氏体碳含量相应降低，从而降低其SFE。热处理后，室温蠕变压力保持在211 MPa <， σg <, 317 MPa（即耐蠕变性能没有明显提高）；然而，热处理导致合金的高温性能显著提高，在高达300℃的温度下，磨损压力再次限制在211 MPa <； σg < 317 MPa。考虑到观察到的磨损行为改善的温度敏感性和奥氏体基体SFE的温度敏感性，有人认为，与热处理相关的奥氏体SFE的变化是该合金抗磨损性能改善的主要影响因素。根据对有关高铬铸铁失稳的相关文献的回顾，本文提出的用于提高高温磨损能力的热处理方法普遍适用于任何由奥氏体和复杂碳化物（包括堆焊）组成的含铁体系，并适用于各种制造方法（例如HIPing，焊接和激光熔覆，铸造等）。

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引用次数: 0

Enhanced ultrasonic cavitation resistance of photopolymerizable acrylate resins through increased proportion of polyurethane acrylate in the blend 通过增加聚氨酯丙烯酸酯在共混物中的比例，增强光聚合丙烯酸酯树脂的抗超声空化能力

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206492

Mohammed Bendimerad , Sylvain Giljean , Marie-José Pac , Cyril Marsiquet , Gautier Schrodj , Loïc Vidal , Dominique Zwingelstein , Jacques Lalevée , Laurent Vonna

This study investigates the influence of polyurethane acrylate (PUA) content on the cavitation resistance of UV-cured epoxy acrylate (EPA)-PUA polymer networks. Four blends containing 0, 15, 30, and 45 wt% PUA were prepared and characterized to understand the relationship between mechanical properties and cavitation resistance. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and nanoindentation were used to confirm that increasing PUA content in the epoxy matrix enhanced material deformability. Cavitation tests performed according to ASTM G32 revealed that increasing PUA content improved cavitation resistance, as evidenced by longer incubation periods before surface damage and fewer pits and cracks. Notably, nanoindentation conducted on cavitated surfaces showed a hardening effect during the incubation phase, particularly in the 45 % PUA blend, which was attributed to plastic deformation induced by cavitation. These findings highlight the role of material deformability in absorbing energy from collapsing bubble, making UV-cured EPA-PUA blends promising candidates for applications requiring polymeric coatings resistant to cavitation erosion.

研究了聚氨酯丙烯酸酯（PUA）含量对环氧丙烯酸酯(EPA)-PUA聚合物网络抗空化性能的影响。制备了四种含有0、15、30和45 wt% PUA的共混物，并对其进行了表征，以了解其力学性能与抗空化性能之间的关系。热重分析（TGA）、动态力学分析（DMA）和纳米压痕分析证实，环氧基中PUA含量的增加提高了材料的变形能力。根据ASTM G32进行的空化测试表明，增加PUA含量可以提高抗空化能力，这可以通过延长表面损伤前的潜伏期和减少凹坑和裂缝来证明。值得注意的是，在空化表面上进行的纳米压痕在培养阶段显示出硬化效应，特别是在45% PUA共混物中，这归因于空化引起的塑性变形。这些发现强调了材料的可变形性在吸收气泡破裂能量中的作用，使uv固化的EPA-PUA共混物成为需要抗空化侵蚀的聚合物涂层的有希望的候选材料。

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引用次数: 0

Mechanical pitting mechanism of hydraulic cavitation erosion in a venturi: A coupled experimental-numerical investigation 文丘里管水力空化侵蚀的机械点蚀机理：实验-数值耦合研究

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206488

Liang Fang , Xiaogang Xu , Anjun Li , Zhenbo Wang , Qiang Li

Hydraulic cavitation erosion is a prevalent form of wear in fluid engineering, which primarily results from the mechanical effects of cavity collapse. However, a precise understanding of the dynamic pitting process has been lacking. Coupled synchronized cavitation-erosion experiments with high-fidelity compressible cavitation simulations in a Venturi, this study investigates the mechanical pitting mechanism. The results definitively demonstrate that pitting originates solely from detached cavity collapse, and is irrelevant to attached cavity development and movement. The collapse process is revealed to be progressive, evolving through three successive physical stages: the initial isolated cavity collapse stage, the core large cavity collapse stage where extreme pressure arises from the spatiotemporal superposition of collapse-induced shocks, and the subsequent rebound cavity collapse stage characterized by multiple pressure peaks. Specifically, quantitative analysis attributes differential pitting severity to these three stages: the large cavity collapse stage is the core pitting source, the rebound cavity collapse stage is a significant contributor, while the isolated cavity collapse stage presents only minor supplementary pitting. Moreover, the study clarifies that the potential pitting risk from cavity shedding is not direct but attributable to the collapse of shedding-induced isolated cavities; however, the actual damage is negligible due to low pressure amplitude and distribution density. Additionally, pitting severity worsens nonlinearly with cavitation aggravation, underscoring that preventing severe cavitation is paramount for mitigating damage.

水力空化冲刷是流体工程中常见的一种磨损形式，其主要原因是空化塌陷的力学效应。然而，对动态点蚀过程的精确理解一直缺乏。在文丘里腔中进行了高保真可压缩空化模拟的同步空化-侵蚀耦合实验，研究了机械点蚀机理。结果明确地表明，点蚀完全是由离体空腔塌陷引起的，与附体空腔的发育和运动无关。崩塌过程是一个渐进的过程，经历了三个连续的物理阶段：最初的孤立空腔崩塌阶段、崩塌冲击时空叠加产生极端压力的核心大空腔崩塌阶段和随后以多重压力峰为特征的反弹空腔崩塌阶段。具体而言，定量分析将不同程度的点蚀归因于这三个阶段：大空腔塌陷阶段是核心点蚀源，反弹空腔塌陷阶段是重要的点蚀源，而孤立空腔塌陷阶段只出现少量的补充点蚀。此外，该研究还阐明了空腔脱落的潜在点蚀风险不是直接的，而是可归因于脱落引起的孤立空腔的崩溃；但由于压力幅值和分布密度较低，实际损伤可以忽略不计。此外，随着空化的加剧，点蚀的严重程度呈非线性恶化，这表明防止严重的空化对于减轻损害至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Bionic synergistic enhancement of erosive wear resistance with mechanical properties 仿生协同增强机械性能的耐冲蚀磨损性能

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206490

Haiyue Yu , Kaixin Sun , Jianfeng Song , Junqiu Zhang , Zhiwu Han

Erosion wear impairs the mechanical strength of flow components, severely restricting machinery, energy, and related industrial development. Bionics offers new solutions to the problem of wear. Drawing inspiration from Mammillaria hahniana cactus petals, this study proposes a new bionic model: a symmetrical biconical structure. Multiple bionic petal models were fabricated using fused deposition modelling (FDM) technology. Gas-solid erosion tests were conducted using gravel particles of different sizes at various angles of erosion. Tests have shown that the biconical structure exhibits superior erosion resistance at high angles (≥60°), achieving a maximum erosion wear rate reduction of 45.9 % compared to other samples. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was used to study the flow patterns and the way the particles moved. The biconical structure's unique streamlined shape prevents the boundary layer from separating, guiding the particles to slip directionally along the cone surface. This reduces the normal impact and sliding friction between the particles and the sample surface. Meanwhile, tensile and compression tests showed that the front and back ends of the biconical structure could support each other, enabling the structure to resist plastic deformation during erosion. Additionally, the overall structural strength of the biconical samples increased, particularly with regard to compressive loads. This study overcomes the shortcomings of conventional erosion-resistant structures, which are limited to a single function. The synergistic effect of erosion and deformation resistance is achieved through ‘flow field regulation - particle motion guidance - stress dispersion’, which enriches the theoretical system in the field of bionic wear resistance.

冲蚀磨损损害了流动部件的机械强度，严重制约了机械、能源和相关工业的发展。仿生学为磨损问题提供了新的解决方案。本研究从哺乳动物（Mammillaria hahniana）仙人掌花瓣中获得灵感，提出了一种新的仿生模型：对称的双圆锥形结构。采用熔融沉积建模（FDM）技术制备了多个仿生花瓣模型。采用不同粒径的砾石颗粒在不同的冲蚀角度下进行气固冲蚀试验。试验表明，双锥形结构在高角度（≥60°）下具有优异的抗冲蚀性能，与其他样品相比，最大冲蚀磨损率降低45.9%。采用计算流体力学（CFD）分析研究了颗粒的流动模式和运动方式。双锥结构独特的流线型防止边界层分离，引导颗粒沿锥面定向滑动。这减少了颗粒和样品表面之间的正常冲击和滑动摩擦。同时，拉伸和压缩试验表明，双锥结构前后端可以相互支撑，使结构能够抵抗侵蚀时的塑性变形。此外，双锥形试样的整体结构强度增加，特别是在压缩载荷方面。这项研究克服了传统的抗侵蚀结构局限于单一功能的缺点。通过“流场调节-颗粒运动引导-应力分散”实现抗冲蚀和抗变形的协同效应，丰富了仿生耐磨领域的理论体系。

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引用次数: 0

Sensorless prediction of notch wear in Ti–6Al–4V ball-end milling based on cutting edge geometry and thermo-mechanical coupling 基于切削刃几何和热-力耦合的Ti-6Al-4V球头铣削缺口磨损无传感器预测

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206485

Peishuo Zhang , Hongjun Wang , Yubin Yue

The poor machinability of Ti–6Al–4V poses challenges to notch wear prediction during ball-end milling, including complex mechanism modeling and heavy reliance on sensors. Existing data-driven approaches often suffer from limited interpretability and high monitoring costs. To address these issues, this study proposes a hybrid mechanism and data-driven method for predicting notch wear. A geometric model of the ball-end cutting edge was constructed, and the cutting edge micro-element force feature (CFF) and the effective cutting edge length feature (ECEF) were derived using polar coordinate projection and interpolation algorithms. These two features were identified as core drivers of notch wear, with clear mechanistic links. The derived features were then used to train predictive models based on ensemble learning, kernel methods, and artificial neural networks. All predictive models achieved a coefficient of determination (

R^{2}

) consistently exceeding 0.97, demonstrating robust generalization across multiple modeling paradigms, the Random Forest (RF) model stood out with optimal performance (

R^{2}

= 0.998). Further integrating the random forest algorithm with recursive feature elimination, feature optimization achieved a 50.2% improvement in computational efficiency while retaining 99.84% of the original model’s predictive capability. Finally, based on wear mechanism decoupling and ablation experiments, a cross-scale framework combining geometry, mechanics, and data was established. The results indicated that force-induced thermal cyclic load plays a dominant role in the notch wear process, while abrasive wear acts as an auxiliary factor, and the contribution of the former is 3.6 times that of the latter. This framework offers a new paradigm for wear prediction that is both mechanistically interpretable and practically applicable, with significant potential for high-end manufacturing sectors such as aerospace.

Ti-6Al-4V合金的切削性能较差，给球端铣削过程中的缺口磨损预测带来了挑战，包括复杂的机理建模和对传感器的严重依赖。现有的数据驱动方法往往存在可解释性有限和监测成本高的问题。为了解决这些问题，本研究提出了一种混合机制和数据驱动的方法来预测缺口磨损。建立了球端切削刃的几何模型，利用极坐标投影和插值算法推导了切削刃微单元力特征（CFF）和有效切削刃长度特征（ECEF）。这两个特征被确定为缺口磨损的核心驱动因素，具有明确的机械联系。然后使用衍生的特征来训练基于集成学习、核方法和人工神经网络的预测模型。所有预测模型的决定系数（R2）均超过0.97，显示了多种建模范式的鲁棒泛化，其中随机森林（RF）模型表现最优（R2 = 0.998）。进一步将随机森林算法与递归特征消除相结合，特征优化的计算效率提高了50.2%，同时保留了原模型99.84%的预测能力。最后，基于磨损机理解耦和烧蚀实验，建立了几何、力学和数据相结合的跨尺度框架。结果表明：力致热循环载荷在缺口磨损过程中起主导作用，磨料磨损起辅助作用，前者的贡献是后者的3.6倍；该框架为磨损预测提供了一种新的范式，既具有机械可解释性，又具有实际应用价值，在航空航天等高端制造领域具有巨大潜力。

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引用次数: 0

TEA-net: A multimodal deep learning framework for tool wear classification in biomedical machining TEA-net：生物医学加工中刀具磨损分类的多模态深度学习框架

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206484

Phanindra Addepalli , Lavanya Addepalli , Vidya Sagar S.D , Worapong Sawangsri , Saiful Anwar Che Ghani , Jaime Lloret

In biomedical machining, proper tool wear monitoring is required as surface integrity and dimensional accuracy have a direct impact on the way of the implants to work and the safety of patients. Traditional monitoring methods that are based on single-modality data do not usually identify the presence of the subtle wear development in a complex cutting environment. In this research, the authors introduce a deep-learning methodology based on multimodality as Thermo-Edge Attention Network (TEA-Net) consisting of the fusion of thermal images, line maps, and statistical wear detection to obtain accurate tool-wear separation. The model uses multi-head attention to focus on local wear areas and combines similarities of complementary cues of various data modalities using a common fusion point. Experimental analyses on Austenitic Stainless Steel 316L (SS316L) and Zirconia (ZrO₂) machining tools show that TEA-Net can be evaluated at 82.5 and 88.4 classification accuracy on direct comparison with conventional machine-learning models, and with standard convolutional networks, respectively, with 15-percent higher accuracy. This framework also has a high capability of discrimination whose Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) exceed 0.97 therefore showing the reliability in both ductile and brittle materials. The findings show that multimodal integration has a significant positive effect on interpretability and prediction stability despite the scanty data quantity. TEA-Net is therefore an effective and timely solution to intelligent tool-wear saving and predictive maintenance in biomedical manufacturing sector.

在生物医学加工中，由于表面完整性和尺寸精度直接影响到植入物的工作方式和患者的安全，因此需要适当的刀具磨损监测。基于单模态数据的传统监测方法通常不能识别复杂切削环境中细微磨损发展的存在。在这项研究中，作者引入了一种基于多模态的深度学习方法，即热边缘注意网络（TEA-Net），该方法由热图像、线形图和统计磨损检测的融合组成，以获得准确的工具磨损分离。该模型使用多头关注来关注局部磨损区域，并使用一个共同的融合点将各种数据模式的互补线索的相似性结合起来。对奥氏体不锈钢316L （SS316L）和氧化锆（ZrO2）加工工具的实验分析表明，与传统机器学习模型和标准卷积网络进行直接比较，TEA-Net的分类准确率分别为82.5和88.4，准确率提高了15%。该框架还具有较高的识别能力，其接收工作特征曲线下面积（AUC）超过0.97，因此在韧性和脆性材料中都显示出可靠性。结果表明，在数据量不足的情况下，多模态积分对可解释性和预测稳定性有显著的正向影响。因此，TEA-Net是生物医学制造领域智能工具磨损节省和预测性维护的有效及时的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of WCp addition (1:1 ratio) on the dry wear behavior of in-situ synthesized B4C-Ti DEDed hardfacing against Si3N4 counterbody WCp添加量（1:1）对原位合成B4C-Ti DEDed堆焊面对Si3N4 counterbody干磨损行为的影响

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206479

Huabing Gao , Wenjun Zhu , Chunhuan Guo , Wei Chen , Fengchun Jiang

A dual ceramics (32.5 wt%B₄C-32.5 wt%WC)-T55 coating was fabricated via laser direction energy deposition on TC4, achieving α/β-Ti matrix with dispersed B₄C, WC, W₂C, TiB, and TiC phases, yielding ultrahigh hardness (1956.3 HV_0.2 vs. 412.6 HV_0.2 in 32.5 wt%B₄C-T55). Both coatings exhibited abrasive-surface fatigue-tribochemical hybrid wear with coefficient of friction 0.46–0.60. The dual-ceramic coating demonstrated lower wear rate (∼10⁻¹¹-10⁻¹² mm³/(N·m)) and counterbody damage (lg(W_DED) + lg(W_Ball) = -14.51) than single-ceramic (−10.39), attributed to WC-induced phase optimization. Wear mechanisms transitioned from coating spallation (B₄C-T55/Si₃N₄) to counterbody abrasion (B₄C-WC-T55/Si₃N₄). Results confirm dual-ceramic design enhances wear resistance via microstructure tailoring.

采用激光定向能沉积方法在TC4上制备了双晶陶瓷(32.5 wt%B4C-32.5 wt%WC)-T55涂层，得到了具有分散的B4C、WC、W2C、TiB和TiC相的α/β-Ti基体，获得了超高的硬度（32.5 wt%B4C-T55中的1956.3 HV0.2比412.6 HV0.2）。两种涂层均表现为磨粒-表面疲劳-摩擦化学混合磨损，摩擦系数为0.46 ~ 0.60。由于wc诱导的相优化，双陶瓷涂层的磨损率（~ 10−11-10−12 mm3/(N·m)）和反体损伤(lg（WDED) + lg(WBall) = -14.51）低于单陶瓷涂层（- 10.39）。磨损机制由涂层脱落（B4C-T55/Si3N4）转变为对位体磨损（B4C-WC-T55/Si3N4）。结果表明，双陶瓷设计通过微观结构定制提高了耐磨性。

引用次数: 0

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