IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206559

Lianggang Ji , Hanlian Liu , Chuanzhen Huang , Guanqun Wang , Xuefei Liu , Jinfu Zhao , Longhua Xu

To investigate the influence of gradient structure on the tribological properties of coatings, this study compares the dry sliding behavior of gradient TiAlSiN, homogeneous TiAlSiN, and TiAlN coatings against GCr15 steel balls under loads of 10–40 N and sliding speeds of 10–40 m/min. The wear mechanisms were revealed through multi-scale characterization. Results show that the wear rates of all three coatings increase with increasing load and speed, while the gradient coating exhibits a more stable friction coefficient and a gentler increase in wear rate. Under conditions of a 40 N load and a 20 m/min sliding speed, its wear rate is reduced by 17.2 % and 41.3 % compared to homogeneous TiAlSiN and TiAlN coatings, respectively. In terms of failure modes, homogeneous TiAlSiN exhibits brittle spalling, while TiAlN suffers from poor wear resistance due to low hardness. The superior performance of the gradient coating originates from its gradual microstructural and mechanical transitions. Finite element modeling (FEM) confirms that this design effectively mitigates stress concentrations, leading to enhanced load-bearing capacity and a reduced risk of interfacial delamination. Abrasive wear is the dominant mechanism for all coatings under low load and speed, while the synergistic effect of adhesive wear and oxidative wear becomes predominant under high load and speed. This study confirms that gradient structure design can significantly enhance wear resistance of coating, providing theoretical support for coating development under extreme operating conditions.

为了研究梯度结构对涂层摩擦学性能的影响，本研究比较了梯度TiAlSiN、均匀TiAlSiN和TiAlN涂层在10-40 N载荷和10-40 m/min滑动速度下对GCr15钢球的干滑动行为。通过多尺度表征揭示了磨损机理。结果表明，三种涂层的磨损率均随载荷和速度的增加而增加，而梯度涂层的摩擦系数更稳定，磨损率的增加更平缓。在载荷为40 N、滑动速度为20 m/min的条件下，其磨损率比均相TiAlSiN和TiAlN涂层分别降低了17.2%和41.3%。在失效模式方面，均质TiAlSiN表现为脆性剥落，而TiAlN由于硬度低，耐磨性较差。梯度涂层的优异性能源于其逐渐的微观组织和力学转变。有限元模型（FEM）证实，这种设计有效地减轻了应力集中，从而提高了承载能力，降低了界面分层的风险。在低负荷和低速下，磨料磨损是各涂层的主要磨损机制，而在高负荷和高速下，粘结磨损和氧化磨损的协同作用成为主要作用机制。本研究证实了梯度结构设计可以显著提高涂层的耐磨性，为极端工况下涂层的开发提供了理论支持。

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引用次数: 0

Study on the evolution of braking interface friction behavior of high-speed trains under ice and snow conditions on long steep downhill lines 长陡坡线路冰雪条件下高速列车制动界面摩擦行为演化研究

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206554

Zhicheng He , Hang Liu , Qixiang Zhang , Wei Chen , Aiguo Shi , Xiaocui Wang , Zhiyong Fan , Jiliang Mo

In high-altitude cold regions with long downhill lines, the friction braking system of high-speed trains is vulnerable to environmental disturbances and thermo-mechanical coupling, posing serious safety challenges. This study investigates the impact of snowy conditions on the tribological behavior of the braking interface. A scaled braking test rig was developed to simulate low-temperature snowy environments, and continuous drag braking tests were conducted under both room temperature (RT) and ice and snow (IS) conditions. Friction heat accumulation, friction coefficient evolution, wear morphology, and debris behavior were analyzed to clarify the governing factors of interfacial contact. The results show that IS condition markedly changed the thermal response and contact state of the friction pair. With rising temperature, the system shifts from ice-film lubrication to water-film lubrication and finally to dry friction. In the ice-film stage, the lubricating role of the ice film produces a much lower friction coefficient than under RT, while its heat absorption and dissipation capacities significantly suppress the temperature rise. As the ice melts, the interface becomes liquid-lubricated. The friction coefficient increases stepwise, lubrication remains unstable, and debris adhesion and re-entry intensify heat buildup, accelerating block temperature rise. Once the water film evaporates, dry friction dominates, with larger friction coefficient fluctuations and more severe furrow wear induced by sheared debris. This study improves understanding of braking interface evolution under snowy low temperatures and offers theoretical support for performance regulation and safety improvement in cold-region high-speed trains.

在高海拔寒冷、下坡线路较长的地区，高速列车摩擦制动系统容易受到环境干扰和热-力耦合的影响，安全性面临严峻挑战。本研究探讨了积雪条件对制动界面摩擦学行为的影响。研制了模拟低温雪地环境的规模化制动试验台，在室温和冰雪条件下进行了连续阻力制动试验。分析了摩擦热积累、摩擦系数演变、磨损形貌和碎屑行为，阐明了界面接触的控制因素。结果表明，IS条件显著改变了摩擦副的热响应和接触状态。随着温度的升高，系统由冰膜润滑转变为水膜润滑，最后转变为干摩擦。在冰膜阶段，冰膜的润滑作用产生的摩擦系数远低于RT，而其吸热和耗散能力则显著抑制了温度的升高。当冰融化时，界面变成液体润滑。摩擦系数逐步增大，润滑不稳定，碎屑附着和再入加剧了热量积聚，加速了块体温度的升高。水膜蒸发后，干摩擦占主导地位，摩擦系数波动较大，切屑引起的沟损更严重。该研究提高了对冰雪低温条件下制动界面演化的认识，为寒区高速列车的性能调控和安全改进提供了理论支持。

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引用次数: 0

Cold sintering process on the tribological properties of h-BN@SiO2/PEEK composite 冷烧结工艺对h-BN@SiO2/PEEK复合材料摩擦学性能的影响

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206549

Dapeng Gu , Hao Xu , Ke Liu , Chenxi Suo , Junqi Ge , Suwen Chen

To achieve the low-temperature combination of ceramics and polymers, the core-shell structure and cold sintering method are employed to prepare ceramic/polymer composites. An easy-bonding Silica (SiO₂) shell was introduced onto the surface of the hard-bonding Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) core by a sol-gel method to fabricate a core-shell structured h-BN@SiO₂ composite. Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) was subsequently filled into h-BN@SiO₂ to prepare h-BN@SiO₂/PEEK ceramic composite by a cold sintering method. The effects of PEEK content (20 vol%, 35 vol%, and 50 vol%), sintering temperature (205 °C, 245 °C, 285 °C, and 325 °C), and molding pressure (350 MPa, 450 MPa, and 550 MPa) on the dry tribological properties of h-BN@SiO₂/PEEK ceramic composites against GCr15 bearing steel were investigated using a ball-on-disc contact configuration. Field emission transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) were used to characterize and analyze h-BN@SiO₂ or h-BN@SiO₂/PEEK ceramic composites. The results indicate that h-BN@SiO₂/PEEK composite exhibits better tribological performance when fabricated with a PEEK content of 35 vol%, a sintering temperature of 285 °C, and a molding pressure of 450 MPa under the investigated conditions. The formation of a stable and continuous mixed lubrication layer composed of h-BN, PEEK, and SiO₂ is identified as the primary factor contributing to the enhanced friction reduction and wear resistance. Under the investigated conditions, the main wear mechanisms observed in h-BN@SiO₂/PEEK composites are adhesive wear, fatigue wear, and slight abrasive wear.

为了实现陶瓷与聚合物的低温结合，采用核壳结构和冷烧结方法制备陶瓷/聚合物复合材料。采用溶胶-凝胶法将易成键二氧化硅（SiO2）壳层引入硬成键六方氮化硼（h-BN）核表面，制备了核-壳结构h-BN@SiO2复合材料。随后将聚醚醚酮（PEEK）填充到h-BN@SiO2中，采用冷烧结法制备h-BN@SiO2/PEEK陶瓷复合材料。研究了PEEK含量（20 vol%、35 vol%和50 vol%）、烧结温度（205°C、245°C、285°C和325°C）和成型压力（350 MPa、450 MPa和550 MPa）对h-BN@SiO2/PEEK陶瓷复合材料与GCr15轴承钢干摩擦性能的影响。采用场发射透射电镜（TEM）、能谱仪（EDS）、场发射扫描电镜（SEM）、x射线衍射仪（XRD）和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR）对h-BN@SiO2或h-BN@SiO2/PEEK陶瓷复合材料进行了表征和分析。结果表明，在PEEK含量为35 vol%、烧结温度为285℃、成型压力为450 MPa的条件下，h-BN@SiO2/PEEK复合材料具有较好的摩擦学性能。由h-BN、PEEK和SiO2组成的稳定连续的混合润滑层的形成是增强减摩性和耐磨性的主要因素。在实验条件下，h-BN@SiO2/PEEK复合材料的主要磨损机制为黏着磨损、疲劳磨损和轻微磨粒磨损。

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引用次数: 0

Mechanical and tribological properties of Al-20Si-5Fe-2Ni composites reinforced by Cu-coated Mo2BC ceramic cu包覆Mo2BC陶瓷增强Al-20Si-5Fe-2Ni复合材料的力学和摩擦学性能

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206551

Shuai Wang , Zhiyuan Zhang , Yu Cai , Xianjuan Pang , Long You , Chenfei Song , Sanming Du , Yongzhen Zhang

In this paper, Al-20Si-5Fe-2Ni composites reinforced with varying contents of Mo₂BC and Cu-coated Mo₂BC were fabricated via vacuum hot-press sintering. The influence of Cu-coated Mo₂BC content on the mechanical and tribological properties of the composites was systematically examined. Results revealed that the Cu coating on Mo₂BC ceramic particles reacted with the aluminum alloy matrix during sintering, leading to the formation of Al₂Cu interfacial bridges. The incorporation of Cu-coated Mo₂BC significantly enhanced the overall mechanical properties of the composites, which was attributed to the synergistic effects of interfacial bridging strengthening and the pinning effect provided by the Mo₂BC ceramic particles. Moreover, the tribological performance of the Al-20Si-5Fe-2Ni composites was markedly improved. When sliding against GCr15 bearing steel, the primary wear mechanisms of the unreinforced alloy included adhesive, fatigue, and abrasive wear. With the addition of up to 20 wt% Cu-coated Mo₂BC, a smooth and continuous oxide film formed on the worn surface, which exerted a lubricating effect and reduced wear. However, as the content of Cu-coated Mo₂BC further increased to 30 wt%, agglomeration of Mo₂BC particles became evident. Under applied shear stresses during sliding, these agglomerated particles were prone to fracture and disperse within the wear track, ultimately resulting in an increased friction coefficient and higher wear rate.

本文采用真空热压烧结法制备了不同Mo2BC含量的Al-20Si-5Fe-2Ni复合材料和cu包覆Mo2BC复合材料。研究了cu包覆Mo2BC含量对复合材料力学性能和摩擦学性能的影响。结果表明，Mo2BC陶瓷颗粒表面的Cu涂层在烧结过程中与铝合金基体发生反应，形成Al2Cu界面桥；cu包覆Mo2BC的加入显著提高了复合材料的整体力学性能，这是由于界面桥接强化和Mo2BC陶瓷颗粒提供的钉住效应的协同作用。此外，Al-20Si-5Fe-2Ni复合材料的摩擦学性能也得到了显著改善。当与GCr15轴承钢滑动时，非增强合金的主要磨损机制包括粘接磨损、疲劳磨损和磨料磨损。添加高达20%的cu包覆Mo2BC，磨损表面形成光滑连续的氧化膜，发挥润滑作用，减少磨损。然而，随着cu包覆Mo2BC的含量进一步增加到30 wt%， Mo2BC颗粒的团聚现象变得明显。在滑动过程中施加的剪切应力作用下，这些团聚颗粒容易破裂并分散在磨损轨迹内，最终导致摩擦系数增加，磨损率提高。

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引用次数: 0

Mechanical properties and tribological behavior of AlSi11Cu alloy manufactured by additive friction stir deposition and subsequent T6 treatment 添加搅拌摩擦沉积和T6处理制备的AlSi11Cu合金的力学性能和摩擦学行为

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206535

Ziming Zeng , Yunyi Liu , Yidi Li , Hui Wang , Ruilin Lai , Yunping Li

The AlSi11Cu alloy is widely applied in automotive components, favored for its inherent wear resistance contributed by the dispersion of hard Si particles. However, the needle-like silicon phase and coarse iron-rich intermetallic compounds formed by traditional casting methods severely limit the mechanical properties and wear performance of the material. To address this issue, this work proposes additive friction stir deposition (AFSD) followed by T6 heat treatment as a novel and targeted microstructural control approach. The adopted AFSD + T6 approach yields a refined microstructure with fine equiaxed grains and spheroidized second phases, thereby improving both mechanical properties and wear resistance. Compared with the cast alloy, the AFSD + T6 alloy exhibited a 58.3 % increase in yield strength, a 48.3 % increase in ultimate tensile strength, and a 66.6 % improvement in ductility. The AFSD + T6 alloy exhibited significantly reduced friction coefficient and wear rate at both 70 N and 140 N, with wear rates reaching only 7.5 % and 8.7 % of that of the cast alloy. All sliding wear tests were conducted under boundary lubrication regime using a GCr15 steel ball as the counterface material to simulate the piston ring-cylinder liner contact. This improvement is primarily attributed to microstructural refinement and enhanced particle/matrix bonding, which effectively suppresses fatigue crack initiation and propagation. As a result, fatigue wear is mitigated, allowing the formation and retention of a protective oxide tribo-layer that shifts the dominant wear mechanism to oxidative wear, thereby further enhancing wear resistance.

AlSi11Cu合金被广泛应用于汽车零部件，其固有的耐磨性得益于硬Si颗粒的分散。然而，传统铸造方法形成的针状硅相和粗大的富铁金属间化合物严重限制了材料的力学性能和磨损性能。为了解决这一问题，本工作提出了添加剂搅拌摩擦沉积（AFSD），然后进行T6热处理，作为一种新的和有针对性的显微组织控制方法。采用AFSD + T6方法可获得细小的等轴晶粒和球化的第二相，从而提高机械性能和耐磨性。与铸态合金相比，AFSD + T6合金的屈服强度提高58.3%，极限抗拉强度提高48.3%，塑性提高66.6%。在70 N和140 N下，AFSD + T6合金的摩擦系数和磨损率均显著降低，磨损率仅为铸态合金的7.5%和8.7%。所有滑动磨损试验均在边界润滑状态下进行，采用GCr15钢球作为面材，模拟活塞环与缸套的接触。这种改进主要归因于微观组织的细化和增强的颗粒/基体结合，这有效地抑制了疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展。因此，减缓了疲劳磨损，允许形成和保留保护性氧化摩擦层，将主要磨损机制转变为氧化磨损，从而进一步提高耐磨性。

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引用次数: 0

Tribological performance of Cronidur-30 and AISI 440 C bearing steels: Effect of lubricant formulations on antiwear behavior Cronidur-30和AISI 440c轴承钢的摩擦学性能：润滑剂配方对抗磨性能的影响

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206539

M.R. Ranju , Y. Arivu , R. Rejith , D. Kesavan

The effect of lubricant formulations on the antiwear performance of high nitrogen alloyed cronidur −30 bearing steel has been evaluated and compared with aerospace standard AISI 440C steel. Base oil without any additives, base lubricant (base oil formulated with additives), and graphene-additivated (GNL) lubricants were taken as lubricant variants in this study. Four-ball testing was conducted on lubricant variants, and the best antiwear performance was obtained with graphene nanolubricant at the optimum concentration. Wear reduction of 44 % and a coefficient of friction improvement of 8 % were obtained for GNL with optimal concentration compared to the base lubricant. The GNL with optimal concentration is used for further sliding friction testing with Cronidur 30 steel and results compared with AISI440C steel as reference. A comparative evaluation revealed that AISI 440C exhibited significantly improved antifriction performance than CR30 under all lubrication conditions. The application of graphene nanolubricant with effective concentration resulted in a reduction in the coefficient of friction, achieving up to 20 % for 440C and 88 % for CR30 compared to the base lubricant, highlighting the enhanced tribological effectiveness of GNL, particularly for CR30 material. The improved tribological behavior can be mainly ascribed to the combined influence of graphene's strong adsorption onto the contact surface, its ability to smoothen surface asperities through polishing and mending effects, and the development of a protective tribofilm that reduces direct metal-to-metal contact.

研究了润滑油配方对高氮合金克罗尼杜尔- 30轴承钢抗磨性能的影响，并与航空航天标准AISI 440C钢进行了比较。本研究以不含任何添加剂的基础油、基础润滑油（添加添加剂的基础油）和石墨烯添加剂（GNL）润滑油为润滑油变体。对润滑油进行了四球测试，在最佳浓度下，石墨烯纳米润滑剂获得了最佳的抗磨性能。与基础润滑剂相比，具有最佳浓度的GNL可使磨损减少44%，摩擦系数提高8%。采用最佳浓度的GNL与Cronidur 30钢进行进一步的滑动摩擦试验，并与AISI440C钢进行对比。对比评价表明，在所有润滑条件下，AISI 440C的抗摩擦性能都明显优于CR30。有效浓度的石墨烯纳米润滑剂的应用降低了摩擦系数，与基础润滑剂相比，440C和CR30的摩擦系数分别降低了20%和88%，突出了GNL增强的摩擦学效果，特别是对于CR30材料。改善的摩擦学行为主要归因于石墨烯在接触面上的强吸附，其通过抛光和修补作用平滑表面凹凸不平的能力，以及保护性摩擦膜的开发减少了金属与金属的直接接触。

{"title":"Tribological performance of Cronidur-30 and AISI 440 C bearing steels: Effect of lubricant formulations on antiwear behavior","authors":"M.R. Ranju , Y. Arivu , R. Rejith , D. Kesavan","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206539","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2026.206539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effect of lubricant formulations on the antiwear performance of high nitrogen alloyed cronidur −30 bearing steel has been evaluated and compared with aerospace standard AISI 440C steel. Base oil without any additives, base lubricant (base oil formulated with additives), and graphene-additivated (GNL) lubricants were taken as lubricant variants in this study. Four-ball testing was conducted on lubricant variants, and the best antiwear performance was obtained with graphene nanolubricant at the optimum concentration. Wear reduction of 44 % and a coefficient of friction improvement of 8 % were obtained for GNL with optimal concentration compared to the base lubricant. The GNL with optimal concentration is used for further sliding friction testing with Cronidur 30 steel and results compared with AISI440C steel as reference. A comparative evaluation revealed that AISI 440C exhibited significantly improved antifriction performance than CR30 under all lubrication conditions. The application of graphene nanolubricant with effective concentration resulted in a reduction in the coefficient of friction, achieving up to 20 % for 440C and 88 % for CR30 compared to the base lubricant, highlighting the enhanced tribological effectiveness of GNL, particularly for CR30 material. The improved tribological behavior can be mainly ascribed to the combined influence of graphene's strong adsorption onto the contact surface, its ability to smoothen surface asperities through polishing and mending effects, and the development of a protective tribofilm that reduces direct metal-to-metal contact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"589 ","pages":"Article 206539"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146024657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thermochemical wear mechanisms of WC tools in CFRP countersinking: Oxidation-dominated damage and hole quality degradation CFRP沉孔中WC刀具的热化学磨损机理：氧化损伤和孔质量退化

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206531

Fei Wang , Yuanyuan Jiang , Yunqiao Zhang , Yang Yin , Guojin Li , Lei Chen , Linmao Qian

During Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) countersinking, inevitable wear of tungsten carbide (WC) tools degrades hole quality, critically impacting aircraft skin reliability. This study investigates the tool wear mechanism and its influence on countersinking finish by combining real manufacturing process analysis with simulated ball-on-disk sliding tests under heated conditions. Results demonstrate that thermomechanical coupling-induced oxidation wear is the primary driver of WC tool damage. As processing progresses, a sharp rise in cutting force occurs when the tool surface damage rate exceeds 25 %, triggering a transition to severe tribochemical wear. This shift accelerates tool degradation and impairs CFRP countersinking quality. Ultrasonic vibration-assisted machining (UVAM) mitigates wear by reducing tool-composite contact and suppressing oxidation, enhancing CFRP surface quality. These findings advance high-performance CFRP machining strategies.

在碳纤维增强聚合物（CFRP）沉孔过程中，不可避免的碳化钨（WC）工具磨损会降低孔质量，严重影响飞机蒙皮的可靠性。本研究通过结合实际制造过程分析和加热条件下模拟球盘滑动试验，研究了刀具磨损机理及其对沉孔光洁度的影响。结果表明，热-热耦合氧化磨损是WC刀具损伤的主要驱动因素。随着加工的进行，当刀具表面损伤率超过25%时，切削力会急剧上升，从而引发严重的摩擦化学磨损。这种转变加速了刀具的退化，损害了CFRP沉孔质量。超声振动辅助加工（UVAM）通过减少刀具与复合材料的接触和抑制氧化来减轻磨损，提高CFRP表面质量。这些发现推进了高性能CFRP加工策略。

引用次数: 0

Investigation on the tribological performance of D-gun sprayed (FeCrNi)83(TiAl)17 high-entropy alloy-matrix composite coatings in vacuum environment over wide temperature range D-gun喷涂（FeCrNi）83(TiAl)17高熵合金基复合涂层在真空环境下宽温度范围的摩擦学性能研究

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206533

Dongsheng Yang , Hanzhi Zhang , Yushan Geng , Rui Zhang , Qichun Sun , Wenyuan Chen , Jun Cheng , Juanjuan Chen , Shengyu Zhu , Peiqing La , Yong Yang

High-entropy alloy (HEA) self-lubricating coatings exhibit excellent mechanical properties and stable tribological performance, demonstrating potential applications in satellite solar array drive assemblies and foil air bearings within aerospace propulsion systems. This study utilized detonation spraying to fabricate coatings of (FeCrNi)₈₃(TiAl)₁₇, (FeCrNi)₈₃(TiAl)₁₇-Ag-BaF₂/CaF₂ and (FeCrNi)₈₃(TiAl)₁₇-Ag-BaF₂/CaF₂-Al₂O₃. The (FeCrNi)₈₃(TiAl)₁₇-Ag-BaF₂/CaF₂-Al₂O₃ coating, demonstrated the enhanced mechanical performance (surface hardness of 694.7 HV, cross-sectional hardness ranging from 634.3 to 674.3 HV) and maintained a stable friction interface. This coating demonstrated the ability to form a lubricating film over a broad temperature range in vacuum, effectively protecting the exposed worn surfaces at the contact interface. Compared to the (FeCrNi)₈₃(TiAl)₁₇ coating, the modified coating of (FeCrNi)₈₃(TiAl)₁₇-Ag-BaF₂/CaF₂-Al₂O₃ showed significantly reduced friction coefficient and wear rate under vacuum from room temperature (RT) to 600 °C, stabilizing at 0.26–0.46 and (1.3–3.6) × 10⁻⁵ mm³/(N·m), respectively. Notably, at RT, the wear rate of the (FeCrNi)₈₃(TiAl)₁₇-Ag-BaF₂/CaF₂-Al₂O₃ coating was reduced by a factor of 17 compared to the (FeCrNi)₈₃(TiAl)₁₇ coating.

高熵合金（HEA）自润滑涂层具有优异的机械性能和稳定的摩擦学性能，在卫星太阳能电池阵列驱动组件和航空航天推进系统中的箔式空气轴承中具有潜在的应用前景。采用爆轰喷涂法制备了（FeCrNi）83(TiAl)17、（FeCrNi）83(TiAl)17- ag - baf2 /CaF2和（FeCrNi）83(TiAl)17- ag - baf2 /CaF2- al2o3镀层。（FeCrNi）83(TiAl)17-Ag-BaF2/CaF2-Al2O3涂层的表面硬度为694.7 HV，截面硬度为634.3 ~ 674.3 HV，并保持了稳定的摩擦界面。该涂层证明了在真空中在很宽的温度范围内形成润滑膜的能力，有效地保护了接触界面上暴露的磨损表面。与（FeCrNi）83(TiAl)17涂层相比，（FeCrNi）83(TiAl)17- ag - baf2 /CaF2-Al2O3涂层在室温至600℃真空条件下的摩擦系数和磨损率显著降低，分别稳定在0.26 ~ 0.46和（1.3 ~ 3.6）× 10−5 mm3/（N·m）。值得注意的是，在室温下，（FeCrNi）83(TiAl)17- ag - baf2 /CaF2-Al2O3涂层的磨损率比（FeCrNi）83(TiAl)17涂层降低了17倍。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of normalising treatment on the microstructural characteristics and friction behaviour of U71Mn flash-butt-welded joints at extremely low temperatures 正火处理对U71Mn极低温闪焊接头组织特征和摩擦行为的影响

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206513

Tingting Liao , Xi Zhang , Jiehui Liu , Chenyang Zhu , Peng Su , Haoxiang Xu , Zhenchuan Wei , Biao Guo , Qibing Lv , Guoqing Gou

U71Mn rails, which are very prevalent in China's railway systems, must withstand extreme weather environments, but the cold-weather performance of their base metal and welded joints has not been systematically examined. To investigate the wear resistance and reliability of flash-welded joints in U71Mn rails in extremely low-temperature environments, this study examined the microstructure, mechanical properties, and service behaviour at various temperatures (20, 0, −20, and −40 °C) for U71Mn rail base metal, as-welded joints, and normalised joints. The results indicate that compared with the base metal, both the as-welded and normalised joints exhibit finer pearlite lamellar spacing. At zero and subzero temperatures, the friction coefficient decreased owing to the formation of a water film or thin ice layer from condensed water vapour. Simultaneously, lower temperatures reduced the severity of adhesive wear. However, embrittlement at low temperatures increased the wear rates in each microregion, thereby worsening the overall wear resistance. Taken together, these findings were used to establish the influence of temperature on the dominant wear mechanism. This study provides essential data and theoretical guidance for applying flash welding to join rails operating in low-temperature environments, contributing to the reliability of railway transportation.

U71Mn钢轨在中国铁路系统中非常普遍，必须承受极端天气环境，但其母材和焊接接头的寒冷天气性能尚未得到系统检查。为了研究U71Mn钢轨闪焊接头在极低温环境下的耐磨性和可靠性，本研究检查了U71Mn钢轨母材、焊接接头和正火接头在不同温度（20、0、- 20和- 40℃）下的显微组织、机械性能和使用行为。结果表明：与母材相比，焊接态和正火态接头的珠光体片层间距更小；在零度和零度以下的温度下，由于凝结的水蒸气形成水膜或薄冰层，摩擦系数减小。同时，较低的温度降低了胶粘剂磨损的严重程度。然而，低温下的脆化增加了每个微区域的磨损率，从而降低了整体耐磨性。综上所述，这些发现被用来确定温度对主要磨损机制的影响。该研究为在低温环境下应用闪光焊连接钢轨提供了必要的数据和理论指导，有助于提高铁路运输的可靠性。

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引用次数: 0

Wear stage evolution and failure mechanism of hard chromium-coated calender rolls during continuous lithium-ion battery electrode calendering 锂离子电池电极连续压延过程中硬铬压延辊磨损阶段演变及失效机理

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206537

Jingyu Fan , Xipeng Xin , Qingdong Liu , Yifeng Xu , Yiqiu Zhu , Hu Chen , Wei Chen , Xiaofeng Zhao , Xuefeng Song

The wear mechanisms and life cycle evolution of hard chromium-coated rolls during lithium-ion battery electrode calendering remain underexplored. In this study, a modified ball-on-disk configuration was employed to simulate the long-term sliding contact (360 h) between hard chromium coatings and LiFePO₄ (LFP) electrode sheets. A non-linear, four-stage wear evolution law was identified: (1) Running-in (0–120 h), characterized by mild abrasion protected by the native oxide film; (2) Stable wear (120–170 h), marked by oxide breakdown and substrate exposure; (3) Severe wear (170–270 h), driven by matrix-mediated adhesion, where carbon-rich binder accumulation formed protrusions that induced fatigue shear fracture and deep pitting; and (4) Secondary stable wear (270–360 h), featuring a cyclic competition between tribo-oxidative regeneration and fatigue spallation. The failure mechanism is attributed to the synergy between binder-driven adhesion and third-body abrasion caused by hard oxide debris. These findings highlight that maintaining the integrity of the surface Cr₂O₃ layer is critical for suppressing adhesive wear and optimizing roll durability in battery manufacturing.

锂离子电池电极压延过程中硬铬包覆辊的磨损机理和生命周期演变尚未得到充分研究。在这项研究中，采用改进的球盘结构来模拟硬铬涂层与LiFePO4 （LFP）电极片之间的长期滑动接触（360小时）。结果表明：(1)磨合（0 ~ 120 h）以天然氧化膜保护的轻度磨损为特征；(2)稳定磨损（120-170小时），以氧化物击穿和衬底暴露为标志；(3)重度磨损（170 ~ 270 h），由基体介导的黏附驱动，富碳粘结剂积累形成突出物，诱发疲劳剪切断裂和深点蚀；(4)二次稳定磨损（270 ~ 360 h），表现为摩擦氧化再生和疲劳剥落之间的循环竞争。破坏机理是粘结剂驱动的粘结和硬氧化碎屑造成的第三体磨损共同作用的结果。这些发现强调，在电池制造中，保持表面Cr2O3层的完整性对于抑制胶粘剂磨损和优化轧辊耐久性至关重要。

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