Pub Date : 2024-09-14DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2024.205576
The article presents a study of tribocorrosion resistance of AISI 420 steel in extracts of allium cepa (onion juice). The tests were conducted for 3 variants of heat treatment and two ball pressures of 4.5 and 14 N on a ball-on-plate test stand. For all AISI 420 martensitic steel specimens tested in tribocorrosion tests, a clear friction-corrosion synergy effect was found, ranging from 30 to 60 % of total tribocorrosion wear. The lowest mechanical wear was found for samples after low-temperature tempering at 200 °C (54 HRC). Under tribocorrosion conditions, samples after medium-temperature tempering at 400 °C (51 HRC) were more resistant to wear. The results of the tests were used to make an onion-cutting blade, which found industrial application in one of the food industry factories.
{"title":"Tribocorrosion behavior of 420 martensitic stainless steel in extracts of allium cepa","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The article presents a study of tribocorrosion resistance of AISI 420 steel in extracts of allium cepa (onion juice). The tests were conducted for 3 variants of heat treatment and two ball pressures of 4.5 and 14 N on a ball-on-plate test stand. For all AISI 420 martensitic steel specimens tested in tribocorrosion tests, a clear friction-corrosion synergy effect was found, ranging from 30 to 60 % of total tribocorrosion wear. The lowest mechanical wear was found for samples after low-temperature tempering at 200 °C (54 HRC). Under tribocorrosion conditions, samples after medium-temperature tempering at 400 °C (51 HRC) were more resistant to wear. The results of the tests were used to make an onion-cutting blade, which found industrial application in one of the food industry factories.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142243454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2024.205571
Ni-W composite coatings that are applied using electrodeposition exhibit excellent mechanical strength, corrosion resistance and wear resistance and are a substitute for hard chrome because they involve fewer environmental hazards than regular chromium plating processes. This study determines the effect of process parameters, such as current density (5, 10 and 15 A/dm2) and SiC concentration (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/L), on the chemical composition, structure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of electrodeposited Ni-W/SiC composite coatings and determines the interaction between the mechanical behavior and the electrochemical reactions that occur during corrosion and friction. The experimental results show that there are no cracks on the surface of the coating and that the surface roughness increases as current density increases. As the content of W and SiC particles in the composite coating increases, the hardness and corrosion resistance of the coating increase because of solid solution strengthening and nano-ceramic particle dispersion strengthening.
In order to verify the protective performance of the coating in complex environments, a ball-on-disk abrasion tester and a potentiostat are used to determine the tribocorrosion behavior of the Ni-W/SiC composite coating against the sliding of the Al2O3 counter-body. In 3.5 wt%NaCl solution and at +600 mV, the corrosion and wear characteristics of composite coatings that are produce using different process parameters are determined. Analysis of the synergistic effects of corrosion and friction shows that the wear component (△Wwear) is 3–5 times greater than the corrosion component (△Wcorr), which is the main cause of coating damage. The greater the hardness of the coating, the less mass is lost for the wear component (△Wwear). The results show that the operating parameters for producing ideal Ni-W/SiC composite coatings are a SiC particle concentration 1.0 g/L and a current density of 10A/dm2. These settings give the best wear resistance in corrosive environments.
{"title":"Preparation and tribocorrosion behavior of electrodeposited Ni–W/ SiC composite coatings","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ni-W composite coatings that are applied using electrodeposition exhibit excellent mechanical strength, corrosion resistance and wear resistance and are a substitute for hard chrome because they involve fewer environmental hazards than regular chromium plating processes. This study determines the effect of process parameters, such as current density (5, 10 and 15 A/dm<sup>2</sup>) and SiC concentration (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/L), on the chemical composition, structure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of electrodeposited Ni-W/SiC composite coatings and determines the interaction between the mechanical behavior and the electrochemical reactions that occur during corrosion and friction. The experimental results show that there are no cracks on the surface of the coating and that the surface roughness increases as current density increases. As the content of W and SiC particles in the composite coating increases, the hardness and corrosion resistance of the coating increase because of solid solution strengthening and nano-ceramic particle dispersion strengthening.</p><p>In order to verify the protective performance of the coating in complex environments, a ball-on-disk abrasion tester and a potentiostat are used to determine the tribocorrosion behavior of the Ni-W/SiC composite coating against the sliding of the Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> counter-body. In 3.5 wt%NaCl solution and at +600 mV, the corrosion and wear characteristics of composite coatings that are produce using different process parameters are determined. Analysis of the synergistic effects of corrosion and friction shows that the wear component (△W<sub>wear</sub>) is 3–5 times greater than the corrosion component (△<sub>Wcorr</sub>), which is the main cause of coating damage. The greater the hardness of the coating, the less mass is lost for the wear component (△W<sub>wear</sub>). The results show that the operating parameters for producing ideal Ni-W/SiC composite coatings are a SiC particle concentration 1.0 g/L and a current density of 10A/dm<sup>2</sup>. These settings give the best wear resistance in corrosive environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142229426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2024.205565
Sulfur-free green lubricant additives have received more attention in industrial production. In this study, tri-octyldodecyl phosphonium diisooctyl phosphate (P/P)with UiO-66 composite environmentally friendly lubricating additives were synthesized. The tribological properties of P/P with UiO-66 composite additive in polyalphaolefin-6 (PAO-6) heavy were systematically conducted. The outcomes showed that 1 % P/P@3000 UiO-66 additive had excellent friction reduction and antiwear properties. This was mainly due to the adsorption of oil-soluble P/P on the surface and within the pores of UiO-66, which effectively reduced the tendency of agglomeration of UiO-66 formed a good synergistic effect. Consequently, a favorable and stable balling effect was achieved, thereby preserving the integrity of the lubricant film, resulting in significantly reducing wear from shear and abrasive.
{"title":"Tribological mechanisms of the synergistic effect between phosphate based ionic liquids and metal-organic frameworks","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sulfur-free green lubricant additives have received more attention in industrial production. In this study, tri-octyldodecyl phosphonium diisooctyl phosphate (P/P)with UiO-66 composite environmentally friendly lubricating additives were synthesized. The tribological properties of P/P with UiO-66 composite additive in polyalphaolefin-6 (PAO-6) heavy were systematically conducted. The outcomes showed that 1 % P/P@3000 UiO-66 additive had excellent friction reduction and antiwear properties. This was mainly due to the adsorption of oil-soluble P/P on the surface and within the pores of UiO-66, which effectively reduced the tendency of agglomeration of UiO-66 formed a good synergistic effect. Consequently, a favorable and stable balling effect was achieved, thereby preserving the integrity of the lubricant film, resulting in significantly reducing wear from shear and abrasive.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142242962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2024.205573
The sliding wear properties of newly developed HB500 and HB550 low alloy high strength martensitic wear-resistant steels under different loads were investigated. The corresponding friction coefficients under varied loads were measured and the contact stress was discussed. The results show that the tensile property and wear performance between the developed HB500 steel with lower composition cost and the commercial wear-resistant steel of a similar grade were comparable, indicating that the HB500 steel can replace the widely used commercial steel. In addition, the hardness and tensile strength of HB550 steel reached 559HB and 1874 MPa with impact toughness at −40 °C of 44.5 J/cm2 and excellent wear resistance. Moreover, the mass loss increased with increasing load from 10 N to 50 N, while it decreased when further increasing the load from 50 N to 90 N, which was different from the reported result that the mass loss monotonically increased with the load. The wear mechanism was mainly abrasive wear with a certain degree of buffering effect at lower loads, while it changed to mainly adhesive wear and oxidative wear with buffering, lubrication, and protection effects at the high load. Furthermore, the mass loss and the friction coefficient of the two developed steels were more sensitive to the load rather than the material hardness. Lastly, it was the first time to analyze and compare the changes of absolute stress of and relative stress of under varied wear conditions. It is interesting to find that the absolute stress of was more suitable and sensitive to the wear parameters, and the influences of the applied load and the friction coefficient on the contact stress were competitive.
研究了新开发的 HB500 和 HB550 低合金高强度马氏体耐磨钢在不同载荷下的滑动磨损特性。测量了不同载荷下相应的摩擦系数,并讨论了接触应力。结果表明,所开发的成分成本较低的 HB500 钢与类似牌号的商用耐磨钢的拉伸性能和磨损性能相当,表明 HB500 钢可以替代广泛使用的商用钢。此外,HB550 钢的硬度和抗拉强度分别达到 559HB 和 1874 MPa,在 -40 °C 时的冲击韧性为 44.5 J/cm2,具有优异的耐磨性。此外,随着载荷从 10 N 增加到 50 N,质量损失增加,而当载荷从 50 N 进一步增加到 90 N 时,质量损失减少,这与所报道的质量损失随载荷单调增加的结果不同。磨损机理在低载荷时主要是磨料磨损,并具有一定的缓冲作用,而在高载荷时则转变为主要是粘着磨损和氧化磨损,并具有缓冲、润滑和保护作用。此外,这两种钢材的质量损失和摩擦系数对载荷比对材料硬度更敏感。最后,这是首次分析和比较不同磨损条件下 J2 的绝对应力和相对应力的变化。有趣的是,J2 的绝对应力对磨损参数更为合适和敏感,而施加载荷和摩擦系数对接触应力的影响是竞争性的。
{"title":"Sliding wear behaviors of low alloy high strength martensite wear-resistant steels","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205573","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205573","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sliding wear properties of newly developed HB500 and HB550 low alloy high strength martensitic wear-resistant steels under different loads were investigated. The corresponding friction coefficients under varied loads were measured and the contact stress was discussed. The results show that the tensile property and wear performance between the developed HB500 steel with lower composition cost and the commercial wear-resistant steel of a similar grade were comparable, indicating that the HB500 steel can replace the widely used commercial steel. In addition, the hardness and tensile strength of HB550 steel reached 559HB and 1874 MPa with impact toughness at −40 °C of 44.5 J/cm<sup>2</sup> and excellent wear resistance. Moreover, the mass loss increased with increasing load from 10 N to 50 N, while it decreased when further increasing the load from 50 N to 90 N, which was different from the reported result that the mass loss monotonically increased with the load. The wear mechanism was mainly abrasive wear with a certain degree of buffering effect at lower loads, while it changed to mainly adhesive wear and oxidative wear with buffering, lubrication, and protection effects at the high load. Furthermore, the mass loss and the friction coefficient of the two developed steels were more sensitive to the load rather than the material hardness. Lastly, it was the first time to analyze and compare the changes of absolute stress of <span><math><mrow><msqrt><msub><mi>J</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></msqrt></mrow></math></span> and relative stress of <span><math><mrow><msqrt><msub><mi>J</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></msqrt></mrow></math></span> under varied wear conditions. It is interesting to find that the absolute stress of <span><math><mrow><msqrt><msub><mi>J</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></msqrt></mrow></math></span> was more suitable and sensitive to the wear parameters, and the influences of the applied load and the friction coefficient on the contact stress were competitive.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142312674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2024.205567
Thermal expansion mismatch stresses may be a reason for premature failure of sealing and bearing components made of polymer composites that are rubbed against metallic surfaces at elevated temperatures. It is of particular importance for polymer matrix composites loaded with anti-friction inclusions of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) that possesses high coefficient of thermal expansion. In this regard, a study was undertaken to elucidate the effect of the thermal mismatch on wear and friction of amorphous polyetherimide (PEI) matrix loaded with either polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) particles (i) or PTFE particles covered with negative thermal expansion zirconium tungstate (ZT) α-ZrW2O8 (ii) at temperatures 23 °C, 120 °C and 180 °C. The ball-on-disk testing scheme was used according to standard with AISI 52100 steel balls rubbed against a polymer composite disks at normal force P = 5 N and sliding velocity V = 0.3 m/s. The PEI/PTFE/ZT composite demonstrated a tendency for wear rate (WR) reduction in sliding at 120 °C and 180 °C as compared to corresponding WR enhancement on the PEI/PTFE. The rationale is provided that the ZT additive effectively reduced thermal expansion of the PTFE in the PEI matrix and thus improved wear resistance of the composite. New thermal expansion-controlled wear and friction instability mechanism has been proposed and discussed.
热膨胀失配应力可能是聚合物复合材料制成的密封和轴承部件在高温下与金属表面摩擦而过早失效的原因。这对于装载了具有高热膨胀系数的聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)抗摩擦夹杂物的聚合物基复合材料尤为重要。为此,我们进行了一项研究,以阐明在 23 ℃、120 ℃ 和 180 ℃ 温度条件下,热失配对装有聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)颗粒(i)或覆盖有负热膨胀锆钨酸盐(ZT)α-ZrW2O8 的 PTFE 颗粒(ii)的无定形聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)基体的磨损和摩擦的影响。根据标准,采用球对盘测试方案,用 AISI 52100 钢球与聚合物复合盘摩擦,法向力 P = 5 N,滑动速度 V = 0.3 m/s。PEI/PTFE/ZT 复合材料在 120 °C 和 180 °C 时的滑动磨损率(WR)呈下降趋势,而 PEI/PTFE 的磨损率则相应提高。理由是 ZT 添加剂有效降低了 PEI 基体中 PTFE 的热膨胀,从而提高了复合材料的耐磨性。提出并讨论了新的热膨胀控制磨损和摩擦不稳定机制。
{"title":"Structure and tribological behavior of a polyetherimide/polytetrafluoroethylene matrix filled with negative thermal expansion zirconium tungstate particles","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Thermal expansion mismatch stresses may be a reason for premature failure of sealing and bearing components made of polymer composites that are rubbed against metallic surfaces at elevated temperatures. It is of particular importance for polymer matrix composites loaded with anti-friction inclusions of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) that possesses high coefficient of thermal expansion. In this regard, a study was undertaken to elucidate the effect of the thermal mismatch on wear and friction of amorphous polyetherimide (PEI) matrix loaded with either polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) particles (i) or PTFE particles covered with negative thermal expansion zirconium tungstate (ZT) α-ZrW<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub> (ii) at temperatures 23 °C, 120 °C and 180 °C. The ball-on-disk testing scheme was used according to standard with AISI 52100 steel balls rubbed against a polymer composite disks at normal force <em>P</em> = 5 N and sliding velocity <em>V</em> = 0.3 m/s. The PEI/PTFE/ZT composite demonstrated a tendency for wear rate (WR) reduction in sliding at 120 °C and 180 °C as compared to corresponding WR enhancement on the PEI/PTFE. The rationale is provided that the ZT additive effectively reduced thermal expansion of the PTFE in the PEI matrix and thus improved wear resistance of the composite. New thermal expansion-controlled wear and friction instability mechanism has been proposed and discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142242733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2024.205564
The galling mechanism of Tristelle 5183, an Fe-based hardfacing alloy, was investigated at elevated temperature. The test was performed using a bespoke galling rig. Adhesive transfer and galling were found to occur, as a result of shear at the adhesion boundary and the activation of an internal shear plane within one of the tribosurfaces. During deformation, carbides were observed to have fractured, as a result of the shear train they were exposed to and their lack of ductility. In the case of niobium carbides, their fracture resulted in the formation of voids, which were found to coalesce and led to cracking and adhesive transfer. A tribologically affected zone (TAZ) was found to form, which contained nanocrystalline austenite, as a result of the shear exerted within 30 μm of the adhesion boundaries. The galling of Tristelle 5183 initiated from the formation of an adhesive boundary, followed by sub-surface shear in only one tribosurface, Following further sub-surface shear, an internal shear plane is activated. internal shear and shear at the adhesion boundary continues until fracture occur, resulting in adhesive transfer.
{"title":"Mechanisms of elevated temperature galling in hardfacings","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The galling mechanism of Tristelle 5183, an Fe-based hardfacing alloy, was investigated at elevated temperature. The test was performed using a bespoke galling rig. Adhesive transfer and galling were found to occur, as a result of shear at the adhesion boundary and the activation of an internal shear plane within one of the tribosurfaces. During deformation, carbides were observed to have fractured, as a result of the shear train they were exposed to and their lack of ductility. In the case of niobium carbides, their fracture resulted in the formation of voids, which were found to coalesce and led to cracking and adhesive transfer. A tribologically affected zone (TAZ) was found to form, which contained nanocrystalline austenite, as a result of the shear exerted within 30<!--> <!-->μm of the adhesion boundaries. The galling of Tristelle 5183 initiated from the formation of an adhesive boundary, followed by sub-surface shear in only one tribosurface, Following further sub-surface shear, an internal shear plane is activated. internal shear and shear at the adhesion boundary continues until fracture occur, resulting in adhesive transfer.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164824003296/pdfft?md5=fd67df9921626deabf08646b409223c1&pid=1-s2.0-S0043164824003296-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142274161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2024.205572
The refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) exhibit great potential as structural components for aerospace equipment. However, their lack of wear resistance and increased coefficient of friction at room temperature (RT) impose limitations on their practical applications. Therefore, further enhancements are required to improve their friction and wear properties under RT. In this context, the development of NbMoWTa(h-BN)x RHEA ceramic composites in this work offers a viable solution to address this issue. Experimental results demonstrate that the addition of h-BN leads to the in-situ generation of (Nb,Ta)N/(Nb,Ta)2N and (Nb,Ta)B2 ceramic phases, significantly enhancing the hardness and wear resistance of the composites. The wear rate of NbMoWTa(h-BN)0.5 reaching as low as 1.32 × 10−8 mm3/Nm, which is four orders of magnitude lower than that of the RHEA. The NbMoWTa RHEA exhibits significant adhesive wear, which can be effectively mitigated in composites through the uniform dispersion of ceramic phase particles with lower mean free path. The abrasive particles primarily interact with the hard strengthening phase, effectively inhibiting plastic deformation in their vicinity. Consequently, the reduced mean free path between the ceramic phases limits the likelihood of metal matrix removal. Subsequently, aided by the presence of ceramic phases, the spontaneous formation of protective third bodies further inhibit surface material removal and ultimately ensures exceptional wear resistance.
{"title":"Attaining exceptional wear resistance in an in-situ ceramic phase reinforced NbMoWTa refractory high entropy alloy composite by Spark plasma sintering","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205572","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205572","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) exhibit great potential as structural components for aerospace equipment. However, their lack of wear resistance and increased coefficient of friction at room temperature (RT) impose limitations on their practical applications. Therefore, further enhancements are required to improve their friction and wear properties under RT. In this context, the development of NbMoWTa(h-BN)<sub><em>x</em></sub> RHEA ceramic composites in this work offers a viable solution to address this issue. Experimental results demonstrate that the addition of <em>h</em>-BN leads to the in-situ generation of (Nb,Ta)N/(Nb,Ta)<sub>2</sub>N and (Nb,Ta)B<sub>2</sub> ceramic phases, significantly enhancing the hardness and wear resistance of the composites. The wear rate of NbMoWTa(<em>h</em>-BN)<sub>0.5</sub> reaching as low as 1.32 × 10<sup>−8</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/Nm, which is four orders of magnitude lower than that of the RHEA. The NbMoWTa RHEA exhibits significant adhesive wear, which can be effectively mitigated in composites through the uniform dispersion of ceramic phase particles with lower mean free path. The abrasive particles primarily interact with the hard strengthening phase, effectively inhibiting plastic deformation in their vicinity. Consequently, the reduced mean free path between the ceramic phases limits the likelihood of metal matrix removal. Subsequently, aided by the presence of ceramic phases, the spontaneous formation of protective third bodies further inhibit surface material removal and ultimately ensures exceptional wear resistance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142173482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2024.205568
The damage caused by rain droplet erosion to the leading edge of wind turbine blades is extremely severe. To reduce this issue, in this study, hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) were used as the polyurethane (PU) polyol and curing agent, respectively, to prepare a PU coating with a high resistance to water droplet erosion (WDE) for the protection of the leading edge of wind turbine blades. The effect of n (–NCO):n (–OH) (R-value, n is the molar ratio) on the mechanical properties and WDE resistance of PU coatings, the relationship between the two performances, and the influence of the erosion conditions on the WDE behavior were investigated for the first time. The results show the existence of a correlation between the mechanical properties (hardness, impact, flexibility, and tensile strength) and WDE resistance of the coating. While, a better abrasion resistance is found not to result in a better WDE resistance. The PU coating with an R-value of 1.2 shows an optimal WDE resistance in both atomization and jet erosion experiments. In atomized droplet erosion (ADE) experiments, the change in erosion velocity accelerates the incubation period of coating erosion damage and increases the erosion rate. In jet droplet erosion (JDE) experiments, the damage to the coating is closely related to the erosion angle, reaching a maximum at an impact angle of 60°. Furthermore, in the ADE experiments, various erosion morphologies, such as pits, grooves, cracks, and stepped texture, are observed on the damaged coating surface. While, regarding the JDE experiments, holes, grooves, and cracks are observed. Such damage is caused by the combined effects of water hammer pressure, lateral jets, and local permeation.
{"title":"Preparation of protective coatings for the leading edge of wind turbine blades and investigation of their water droplet erosion behavior","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The damage caused by rain droplet erosion to the leading edge of wind turbine blades is extremely severe. To reduce this issue, in this study, hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) were used as the polyurethane (PU) polyol and curing agent, respectively, to prepare a PU coating with a high resistance to water droplet erosion (WDE) for the protection of the leading edge of wind turbine blades. The effect of <em>n</em> (–NCO):<em>n</em> (–OH) (<em>R</em>-value, <em>n</em> is the molar ratio) on the mechanical properties and WDE resistance of PU coatings, the relationship between the two performances, and the influence of the erosion conditions on the WDE behavior were investigated for the first time. The results show the existence of a correlation between the mechanical properties (hardness, impact, flexibility, and tensile strength) and WDE resistance of the coating. While, a better abrasion resistance is found not to result in a better WDE resistance. The PU coating with an <em>R</em>-value of 1.2 shows an optimal WDE resistance in both atomization and jet erosion experiments. In atomized droplet erosion (ADE) experiments, the change in erosion velocity accelerates the incubation period of coating erosion damage and increases the erosion rate. In jet droplet erosion (JDE) experiments, the damage to the coating is closely related to the erosion angle, reaching a maximum at an impact angle of 60°. Furthermore, in the ADE experiments, various erosion morphologies, such as pits, grooves, cracks, and stepped texture, are observed on the damaged coating surface. While, regarding the JDE experiments, holes, grooves, and cracks are observed. Such damage is caused by the combined effects of water hammer pressure, lateral jets, and local permeation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142229425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2024.205570
Abrasive wear is a common failure mode of rolling bearings. To enhance the resistance of traditional all-steel bearings to abrasive wear, the structure of traditional all-steel cylindrical thrust roller bearings has been appropriately adjusted, and hybrid roller bearings have been formed by replacing some of the steel rollers in the traditional bearings with ceramic rollers. The frictional performance of hybrid roller bearings under lubricant contamination conditions was analyzed, and the wear reduction mechanism was discussed. The results show that under the condition of lubricant contamination, replacing the appropriate amount of ceramic rollers not only helps reduce friction and decrease wear but also contributes to improving the overall temperature rise of the bearing. Furthermore, when the total amount of contaminants is constant, a specific threshold exists for the impact of replacing the number of rolling elements on reducing mass loss. For a substantial reduction in wear with hybrid roller bearings, the replacement rollers should constitute at least one-fifth of the total number of rollers. The wear reduction observed in hybrid roller bearings results from a combination of crushing and refinement, grinding and finishing, and self-healing mechanisms.
{"title":"Evaluation and analysis of abrasive wear resistance of hybrid roller bearings under lubricant contamination","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Abrasive wear is a common failure mode of rolling bearings. To enhance the resistance of traditional all-steel bearings to abrasive wear, the structure of traditional all-steel cylindrical thrust roller bearings has been appropriately adjusted, and hybrid roller bearings have been formed by replacing some of the steel rollers in the traditional bearings with ceramic rollers. The frictional performance of hybrid roller bearings under lubricant contamination conditions was analyzed, and the wear reduction mechanism was discussed. The results show that under the condition of lubricant contamination, replacing the appropriate amount of ceramic rollers not only helps reduce friction and decrease wear but also contributes to improving the overall temperature rise of the bearing. Furthermore, when the total amount of contaminants is constant, a specific threshold exists for the impact of replacing the number of rolling elements on reducing mass loss. For a substantial reduction in wear with hybrid roller bearings, the replacement rollers should constitute at least one-fifth of the total number of rollers. The wear reduction observed in hybrid roller bearings results from a combination of crushing and refinement, grinding and finishing, and self-healing mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142312675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-07DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2024.205566
For effective implementation of smart machine technology, there is a great demand for real-time monitoring of the wear progression of machine components. In this work, the effectiveness of assessing wear by monitoring the airborne wear particles was investigated. Sliding wear tests were performed using different combinations of stainless steel (SUS304) and alumina material pairs while monitoring the size distribution and the number of particles using a particle counter. The results showed that particles less than 2 μm in size accounted for more than 83 % of the total number of airborne particles. However, particles greater than 2 μm account for 95 % of the volume of airborne particles. Additionally, in the case of wear volume, the total wear volume, which is the sum of the plate and the ball wear volumes, should be similar to that of the total airborne particle volume. For the SUS304/SUS304 pair, the total wear volume and the total airborne particle volume were very similar. However, in the case of alumina/SUS304 and alumina/alumina, the total wear volume and total airborne particle volume were not similar, and the total wear volume was significantly higher than the total airborne particle volume. The effectiveness of the airborne particle monitoring technique depended strongly on the material pairs. This was due to the fact that particle dispersion behavior varied with respect to the wear mechanisms of the materials.
{"title":"Effectiveness of airborne particle monitoring technique for assessment of wear progression of mechanical components","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2024.205566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>For effective implementation of smart machine technology, there is a great demand for real-time monitoring of the wear progression of machine components. In this work, the effectiveness of assessing wear by monitoring the airborne wear particles was investigated. Sliding wear tests were performed using different combinations of stainless steel (SUS304) and alumina material pairs while monitoring the size distribution and the number of particles using a particle counter. The results showed that particles less than 2 μm in size accounted for more than 83 % of the total number of airborne particles. However, particles greater than 2 μm account for 95 % of the volume of airborne particles. Additionally, in the case of wear volume, the total wear volume, which is the sum of the plate and the ball wear volumes, should be similar to that of the total airborne particle volume. For the SUS304/SUS304 pair, the total wear volume and the total airborne particle volume were very similar. However, in the case of alumina/SUS304 and alumina/alumina, the total wear volume and total airborne particle volume were not similar, and the total wear volume was significantly higher than the total airborne particle volume. The effectiveness of the airborne particle monitoring technique depended strongly on the material pairs. This was due to the fact that particle dispersion behavior varied with respect to the wear mechanisms of the materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142162074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}