IF 5.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-01-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.205765

Weiming Liu , Tao Jiang , Shizhong Wei , Liujie Xu , Chong Chen , Hua Yu , Xin Jin , Huiling Ding , Chao Zhang , Kunming Pan

A mill liner is a critical wear-resistant component in mineral crushing equipment, and its main failure mode is impact abrasive wear. This study examined carbide-free bainitic steel and pearlitic steel, which are commonly utilized in commercial liners. The wear behavior and wear mechanism of the two wear-resistant steels under different impact loads were revealed through characterization and testing of their microstructure, mechanical properties, and impact abrasive wear performance. The results indicated that under impact loads of 1, 3, and 5 J, the impact abrasive wear resistance of the carbide-free bainitic steel was superior to that of the pearlitic steel. The wear resistance of the pearlitic steel increased nearly linearly with increasing impact load, whereas the wear resistance of the carbide-free bainitic steel exhibited a nonlinear trend, initially decreasing and then increasing with higher impact loads. Under an impact load of 1 J, both samples primarily exhibited micro-cutting as the main wear mechanism, whereas the pearlitic steel demonstrated additional features such as micro-indentation and spalling. Under impact loads of 3 and 5 J, the main wear mechanisms for both samples were micro-cracking and micro-fatigue caused by abrasive impact. Compared with pearlitic steel, carbide-free bainitic steel demonstrated better resistance to delamination, especially under higher impact loads. This study provides guidance for designing tailored liner materials for different impact loads and lays theoretical foundation for extensive application of bainitic steel liners.

{"title":"A comparative analysis of abrasive wear behaviors and mechanisms of pearlitic and carbide-free bainitic steels for grinding mill liners under varied impact loads","authors":"Weiming Liu , Tao Jiang , Shizhong Wei , Liujie Xu , Chong Chen , Hua Yu , Xin Jin , Huiling Ding , Chao Zhang , Kunming Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205765","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205765","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A mill liner is a critical wear-resistant component in mineral crushing equipment, and its main failure mode is impact abrasive wear. This study examined carbide-free bainitic steel and pearlitic steel, which are commonly utilized in commercial liners. The wear behavior and wear mechanism of the two wear-resistant steels under different impact loads were revealed through characterization and testing of their microstructure, mechanical properties, and impact abrasive wear performance. The results indicated that under impact loads of 1, 3, and 5 J, the impact abrasive wear resistance of the carbide-free bainitic steel was superior to that of the pearlitic steel. The wear resistance of the pearlitic steel increased nearly linearly with increasing impact load, whereas the wear resistance of the carbide-free bainitic steel exhibited a nonlinear trend, initially decreasing and then increasing with higher impact loads. Under an impact load of 1 J, both samples primarily exhibited micro-cutting as the main wear mechanism, whereas the pearlitic steel demonstrated additional features such as micro-indentation and spalling. Under impact loads of 3 and 5 J, the main wear mechanisms for both samples were micro-cracking and micro-fatigue caused by abrasive impact. Compared with pearlitic steel, carbide-free bainitic steel demonstrated better resistance to delamination, especially under higher impact loads. This study provides guidance for designing tailored liner materials for different impact loads and lays theoretical foundation for extensive application of bainitic steel liners.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"566 ","pages":"Article 205765"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Coating material loss and surface roughening due to leading edge erosion of wind turbine blades: Probabilistic analysis

IF 5.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-01-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.205755

Antonios Tempelis, Leon Mishnaevsky Jr.

This study presents a novel approach for the prediction of random erosion roughness patterns of leading edge protection coatings for wind turbine blades. The predictions can be used for determining the effect on aerodynamic performance and provide decision support for repairs. The model removes coating material fragments from the surface of the blade based on a Weibull failure probability function. Input from rain erosion tests of a coating material are used to fit the parameters of the failure probability function and the predictions are validated with data from available literature. Predictions for the time required to reach full breakthrough of the coating layer are made for tip speeds between 90–120 m/s. For tip speeds larger than 100 m/s, the examined coating is predicted to experience significant damage within a few months after installation. The sequence of rain events with different rain intensities was also found to have a significant effect on the amount of surface damage. Using droplet size distributions based on measurements was predicted to lead to different coating lifetimes than when using Best’s droplet size distribution. Measurements of erosion craters from rain erosion test samples were used to define a size distribution for failed coating fragments. A machine learning approach for automatic parameter fitting based on erosion depth data from tests is also presented.

{"title":"Coating material loss and surface roughening due to leading edge erosion of wind turbine blades: Probabilistic analysis","authors":"Antonios Tempelis, Leon Mishnaevsky Jr.","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205755","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205755","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a novel approach for the prediction of random erosion roughness patterns of leading edge protection coatings for wind turbine blades. The predictions can be used for determining the effect on aerodynamic performance and provide decision support for repairs. The model removes coating material fragments from the surface of the blade based on a Weibull failure probability function. Input from rain erosion tests of a coating material are used to fit the parameters of the failure probability function and the predictions are validated with data from available literature. Predictions for the time required to reach full breakthrough of the coating layer are made for tip speeds between 90–120 m/s. For tip speeds larger than 100 m/s, the examined coating is predicted to experience significant damage within a few months after installation. The sequence of rain events with different rain intensities was also found to have a significant effect on the amount of surface damage. Using droplet size distributions based on measurements was predicted to lead to different coating lifetimes than when using Best’s droplet size distribution. Measurements of erosion craters from rain erosion test samples were used to define a size distribution for failed coating fragments. A machine learning approach for automatic parameter fitting based on erosion depth data from tests is also presented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"566 ","pages":"Article 205755"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Characterization of oxidative processes associated to low-severity tire tread wear

IF 5.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.205753

C. Chanal , J. Galipaud , B. Moreaux , J.-L. Loubet , P. Sotta

As the tire tread wears throughout its lifetime, particles are generated due to small-scale fracture processes. Friction and wear may also involve physico-chemical degradation of the material. In this paper, the chemical effects associated to low-severity wear of filled Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR)/cis-Butadiene Rubber (BR) materials were investigated. Laboratory wear tests were performed using a home-made rotary tribometer in which intermittent sliding contacts on a slightly rough granite surface are applied. This enables imitating real conditions in terms of kinematics and dynamics of the contact for tire treads. The resulting wear patterns were analyzed through X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results show that sulfur oxidation occurs concomitantly to wear. Besides, thermal measurements reveal no significant temperature increase at the sample surface during the wear tests. This suggests that the observed chemical changes are not thermally activated but are instead due to mechanical phenomena related to interface shear. Analysis of the wear debris indicates that their chemical composition is consistent with that of the wear patterns.

{"title":"Characterization of oxidative processes associated to low-severity tire tread wear","authors":"C. Chanal , J. Galipaud , B. Moreaux , J.-L. Loubet , P. Sotta","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205753","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205753","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the tire tread wears throughout its lifetime, particles are generated due to small-scale fracture processes. Friction and wear may also involve physico-chemical degradation of the material. In this paper, the chemical effects associated to low-severity wear of filled Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR)/cis-Butadiene Rubber (BR) materials were investigated. Laboratory wear tests were performed using a home-made rotary tribometer in which intermittent sliding contacts on a slightly rough granite surface are applied. This enables imitating real conditions in terms of kinematics and dynamics of the contact for tire treads. The resulting wear patterns were analyzed through X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results show that sulfur oxidation occurs concomitantly to wear. Besides, thermal measurements reveal no significant temperature increase at the sample surface during the wear tests. This suggests that the observed chemical changes are not thermally activated but are instead due to mechanical phenomena related to interface shear. Analysis of the wear debris indicates that their chemical composition is consistent with that of the wear patterns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"566 ","pages":"Article 205753"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Integrated approach to machinability and optimization of nitronic-50 with uncoated carbides

IF 5.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.205750

Ayan Banerjee, Kalipada Maity

Nitronic-50 has been dry-turned with uncoated carbides at three distinct levels of cutting velocities, feeds and cutting depths following a face-centered central composite design. Responses in the form of tangential cutting force, tool-tip temperature, flank wear, material removal rate and surface roughness have been thoroughly studied. Wear characteristics showed prevalence of attrition, abrasion, micro-pitting, grooving and spalling as the major forms. Simulated wear was studied using Usui's tool wear criteria. Depth of cut and cutting velocity significantly influenced tangential cutting force, tool-tip temperature and MRR, while feed rate was the prime factor affecting surface roughness. Experimental outcomes showed strong agreement with predictive models, bearing low error percentages and high R-squared values validating their reliability. Further process parameters have been optimized using MCDM and hybridized MCDM integrated metaheuristic techniques. Optimization results advocate of 66.8297 m/min as cutting velocity, 0.08 mm/rev as feed and 0.1 mm as cutting depth obtained with TLBO. Least surface roughness was recorded with MOORA-based Taguchi optimized set, consisting of 100 m/min as cutting velocity, 0.08 mm/rev as feed and 0.5 mm as cutting depth, while highest material removal rate was obtained under optimized sets of MOORA or MOORA-based TLBO, both of which consisted of higher levels of parametric settings. The TLBO-optimized conditions offered reductions of up to 51.94 % in tangential cutting force, 66.67 % in tool-tip temperature, and 57.41 % in flank wear as compared to alternative optimal setups. Surface roughness was 19.64 % lower than MOORA optimization, while MRR was marginally lower, indicating productivity-tool wear trade-offs.

{"title":"Integrated approach to machinability and optimization of nitronic-50 with uncoated carbides","authors":"Ayan Banerjee, Kalipada Maity","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205750","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205750","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitronic-50 has been dry-turned with uncoated carbides at three distinct levels of cutting velocities, feeds and cutting depths following a face-centered central composite design. Responses in the form of tangential cutting force, tool-tip temperature, flank wear, material removal rate and surface roughness have been thoroughly studied. Wear characteristics showed prevalence of attrition, abrasion, micro-pitting, grooving and spalling as the major forms. Simulated wear was studied using Usui's tool wear criteria. Depth of cut and cutting velocity significantly influenced tangential cutting force, tool-tip temperature and MRR, while feed rate was the prime factor affecting surface roughness. Experimental outcomes showed strong agreement with predictive models, bearing low error percentages and high R-squared values validating their reliability. Further process parameters have been optimized using MCDM and hybridized MCDM integrated metaheuristic techniques. Optimization results advocate of 66.8297 m/min as cutting velocity, 0.08 mm/rev as feed and 0.1 mm as cutting depth obtained with TLBO. Least surface roughness was recorded with MOORA-based Taguchi optimized set, consisting of 100 m/min as cutting velocity, 0.08 mm/rev as feed and 0.5 mm as cutting depth, while highest material removal rate was obtained under optimized sets of MOORA or MOORA-based TLBO, both of which consisted of higher levels of parametric settings. The TLBO-optimized conditions offered reductions of up to 51.94 % in tangential cutting force, 66.67 % in tool-tip temperature, and 57.41 % in flank wear as compared to alternative optimal setups. Surface roughness was 19.64 % lower than MOORA optimization, while MRR was marginally lower, indicating productivity-tool wear trade-offs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"564 ","pages":"Article 205750"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Low-alloyed steel with superior dry abrasive wear resistance and mechanical properties processed via steel mold casting

IF 5.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.205756

Anne V. Boehm , Mark A. Bader , Fabian Kochta , Clemens Kunz , Uta Kühn , Kai Neufeld , Lars Giebeler , Julia K. Hufenbach

Wear parts, such as tools, need to possess a combination of hardness, strength, and toughness along with high wear resistance. This study introduces a lean Fe94.2Cr0.3Mo0.4Mn1.5Ni3.0C0.6 (wt%) alloy specifically designed for cast wear parts. The research evaluates its microstructure, mechanical properties, and abrasive wear characteristics using various analysis methods. The chemical composition of the FeCrMoMnNiC alloy in combination with the applied steel mold casting lead to a microstructure composed of fine martensite (85 vol%) and austenite (15 vol%) as shown by quantitative analysis with X-ray diffraction. Quasi-static compression tests show pronounced work hardening from the compressive yield strength (σ_y0.2 = 1660 MPa) to the compressive strength (σ_cf = 5090 MPa) with good deformability (ε_max = 32%). For comparing the abrasive wear and mechanical performance, a commercially available martensitic steel was used as reference material. Abrasive wear studies using a SiC abrasive revealed a significantly lower wear rate for the novel alloy (5.9 ∙ 10⁻³ mm³(Nm)⁻¹) compared to the reference steel (14.2 ∙ 10⁻³ mm³(Nm)⁻¹), which is caused by the fine, multiphase microstructure. The predominant abrasive wear mechanism for the FeCrMoMnNiC was identified as micro ploughing. However, the wear traces also indicate micro cutting, and additional micro fatigue as consequence of repeated deformation. A friction-induced transformation from austenite to martensite was observed, evidenced by the reduced austenite content at the surface detected via grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and transmission-electron backscatter diffraction, which also showed surface deformation. These findings indicate, that the FeCrMoMnNiC alloy combining superior mechanical and wear properties, is a promising material for heavy industry wear applications.

{"title":"Low-alloyed steel with superior dry abrasive wear resistance and mechanical properties processed via steel mold casting","authors":"Anne V. Boehm , Mark A. Bader , Fabian Kochta , Clemens Kunz , Uta Kühn , Kai Neufeld , Lars Giebeler , Julia K. Hufenbach","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wear parts, such as tools, need to possess a combination of hardness, strength, and toughness along with high wear resistance. This study introduces a lean Fe94.2Cr0.3Mo0.4Mn1.5Ni3.0C0.6 (wt%) alloy specifically designed for cast wear parts. The research evaluates its microstructure, mechanical properties, and abrasive wear characteristics using various analysis methods. The chemical composition of the FeCrMoMnNiC alloy in combination with the applied steel mold casting lead to a microstructure composed of fine martensite (85 vol%) and austenite (15 vol%) as shown by quantitative analysis with X-ray diffraction. Quasi-static compression tests show pronounced work hardening from the compressive yield strength (σ<sub>y0.2</sub> = 1660 MPa) to the compressive strength (σ<sub>cf</sub> = 5090 MPa) with good deformability (ε<sub>max</sub> = 32%). For comparing the abrasive wear and mechanical performance, a commercially available martensitic steel was used as reference material. Abrasive wear studies using a SiC abrasive revealed a significantly lower wear rate for the novel alloy (5.9 ∙ 10<sup>−3</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>(Nm)<sup>−1</sup>) compared to the reference steel (14.2 ∙ 10<sup>−3</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>(Nm)<sup>−1</sup>), which is caused by the fine, multiphase microstructure. The predominant abrasive wear mechanism for the FeCrMoMnNiC was identified as micro ploughing. However, the wear traces also indicate micro cutting, and additional micro fatigue as consequence of repeated deformation. A friction-induced transformation from austenite to martensite was observed, evidenced by the reduced austenite content at the surface detected via grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and transmission-electron backscatter diffraction, which also showed surface deformation. These findings indicate, that the FeCrMoMnNiC alloy combining superior mechanical and wear properties, is a promising material for heavy industry wear applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"566 ","pages":"Article 205756"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The influence of plasma nitriding on the resistance of X20Cr13 steel to cavitation erosion

IF 5.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.205757

A.K. Krella , J. Ratajski

The effect of plasma nitriding on the cavitation erosion resistance of X20Cr13 steel was studied. Nitriding was performed using the active screen plasma nitriding method at a temperature of 400 °C, with a gas mixture of 60 % N₂ and 40 % H₂, and nitriding durations of 5 and 10 h. The nitriding time influenced the thickness of the nitrided layer, which measured 26 μm and 39 μm, respectively. X-ray diffraction revealed the presence of γ′-Fe₄N and ε-Fe_2-3N phases in the surface zone of the nitrided layer. The maximum hardness of the nitrided layer was similar for both durations (1352 HV for 5 h and 1362 HV for 10 h), more than tripling the hardness of the untreated steel (420 ± 6 HV), and was located 15 μm below the surface, irrespective of nitriding time. Cavitation erosion tests conducted in a cavitation tunnel showed that, despite the increase in surface hardness, nitriding reduced cavitation erosion resistance. A thicker nitrided layer resulted in lower resistance to cavitation erosion, primarily due to brittle fracture in the nitrided steel, with cracks propagating along cleavage planes. In contrast, the non-nitrided X20Cr13 steel exhibited ductile fracture behaviour. Roughness parameters of the surface profiles were similar for both nitriding durations, regardless of the erosion rate or testing time, indicating a consistent degradation mode, which differed from the untreated steel's degradation behaviour. Testing time had more impact on the size of the eroded area than mass loss.

{"title":"The influence of plasma nitriding on the resistance of X20Cr13 steel to cavitation erosion","authors":"A.K. Krella , J. Ratajski","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205757","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205757","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effect of plasma nitriding on the cavitation erosion resistance of X20Cr13 steel was studied. Nitriding was performed using the active screen plasma nitriding method at a temperature of 400 °C, with a gas mixture of 60 % N₂ and 40 % H₂, and nitriding durations of 5 and 10 h. The nitriding time influenced the thickness of the nitrided layer, which measured 26 μm and 39 μm, respectively. X-ray diffraction revealed the presence of γ′-Fe<sub>4</sub>N and ε-Fe<sub>2-3</sub>N phases in the surface zone of the nitrided layer. The maximum hardness of the nitrided layer was similar for both durations (1352 HV for 5 h and 1362 HV for 10 h), more than tripling the hardness of the untreated steel (420 ± 6 HV), and was located 15 μm below the surface, irrespective of nitriding time. Cavitation erosion tests conducted in a cavitation tunnel showed that, despite the increase in surface hardness, nitriding reduced cavitation erosion resistance. A thicker nitrided layer resulted in lower resistance to cavitation erosion, primarily due to brittle fracture in the nitrided steel, with cracks propagating along cleavage planes. In contrast, the non-nitrided X20Cr13 steel exhibited ductile fracture behaviour. Roughness parameters of the surface profiles were similar for both nitriding durations, regardless of the erosion rate or testing time, indicating a consistent degradation mode, which differed from the untreated steel's degradation behaviour. Testing time had more impact on the size of the eroded area than mass loss.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"564 ","pages":"Article 205757"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tribological performance of borided tool steel with minimum bio-lubrication for sheet metal forming applications

IF 5.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.205748

C.D. Reséndiz-Calderón , O. Soriano-Vargas , J.A. Cao-Romero-Gallegos , I. Campos-Silva , L.I. Farfan-Cabrera

AISI D2 steel is widely used in manufacturing dies for sheet forming operations, where lubricants are essential to prevent wear. With a growing focus on reducing the environmental impact of manufacturing, there is increasing interest in exploring alternative lubrication methods to minimize the environmental footprint. This study examines the tribological performance of borided AISI D2 tool steel lubricated with a minimal quantity of biodegradable oil. Pin-on-disk tests were conducted to evaluate the tribological performance of borided and unborided AISI D2 tool steel under lubricated conditions using a mineral base oil and Jatropha oil. Cylindrical pins of AA 6061 T6 aluminum alloy and AISI 304 stainless steel were used as counterparts. Surface damage analyses were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and optical profilometry. The results indicate that the boriding treatment reduced the mass loss of stainless steel pins by 18 % and aluminum pins by 30 % when lubricated with neat mineral oil. Furthermore, the biolubricant significantly lowered the coefficient of friction (CoF) between aluminum and borided AISI D2 steel, while reducing the mass loss of stainless steel and aluminum by 50 % and 70 %, respectively.

{"title":"Tribological performance of borided tool steel with minimum bio-lubrication for sheet metal forming applications","authors":"C.D. Reséndiz-Calderón , O. Soriano-Vargas , J.A. Cao-Romero-Gallegos , I. Campos-Silva , L.I. Farfan-Cabrera","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205748","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205748","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>AISI D2 steel is widely used in manufacturing dies for sheet forming operations, where lubricants are essential to prevent wear. With a growing focus on reducing the environmental impact of manufacturing, there is increasing interest in exploring alternative lubrication methods to minimize the environmental footprint. This study examines the tribological performance of borided AISI D2 tool steel lubricated with a minimal quantity of biodegradable oil. Pin-on-disk tests were conducted to evaluate the tribological performance of borided and unborided AISI D2 tool steel under lubricated conditions using a mineral base oil and Jatropha oil. Cylindrical pins of AA 6061 T6 aluminum alloy and AISI 304 stainless steel were used as counterparts. Surface damage analyses were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and optical profilometry. The results indicate that the boriding treatment reduced the mass loss of stainless steel pins by 18 % and aluminum pins by 30 % when lubricated with neat mineral oil. Furthermore, the biolubricant significantly lowered the coefficient of friction (CoF) between aluminum and borided AISI D2 steel, while reducing the mass loss of stainless steel and aluminum by 50 % and 70 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"566 ","pages":"Article 205748"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Co-Cr3C2 coating incorporating grain refinement and dislocation density gradient to enhance wear resistance of 24CrNiMo steel

IF 5.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.205752

Haobing Hu , Gongbin Tang , Zhitao Cheng , Yiting Pan , Zongbi Huang , Wenfeng Ding , Zhongwei Liang

High-speed train brake discs, crucial components of the braking system, predominantly fail due to high-temperature wear that critically affects their performance and lifespan. Here, we introduce a novel method that incorporates ultrasonic shot peening with Co-Cr₃C₂ particles to create a composite modified layer (referred to as UEG) on the surface of 24CrNiMo brake discs. Friction test results show that UEG-treated samples maintain a more stable coefficient of friction and exhibit lower wear rates across a temperature range of 25–600 °C compared to Untreated samples. Particularly at 600 °C, the wear rate of UEG-treated samples is reduced by 72 %. Detailed experiments and analyses have determined that the enhancements in high-temperature stability and wear resistance of UEG-treated samples are due to the presence of grain refinement and a gradient in dislocation density. These findings suggest that UEG treatment holds substantial potential for improving the high-temperature wear resistance of brake discs, providing innovative insights and approaches for their application.

{"title":"Co-Cr3C2 coating incorporating grain refinement and dislocation density gradient to enhance wear resistance of 24CrNiMo steel","authors":"Haobing Hu , Gongbin Tang , Zhitao Cheng , Yiting Pan , Zongbi Huang , Wenfeng Ding , Zhongwei Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205752","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205752","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-speed train brake discs, crucial components of the braking system, predominantly fail due to high-temperature wear that critically affects their performance and lifespan. Here, we introduce a novel method that incorporates ultrasonic shot peening with Co-Cr<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> particles to create a composite modified layer (referred to as UEG) on the surface of 24CrNiMo brake discs. Friction test results show that UEG-treated samples maintain a more stable coefficient of friction and exhibit lower wear rates across a temperature range of 25–600 °C compared to Untreated samples. Particularly at 600 °C, the wear rate of UEG-treated samples is reduced by 72 %. Detailed experiments and analyses have determined that the enhancements in high-temperature stability and wear resistance of UEG-treated samples are due to the presence of grain refinement and a gradient in dislocation density. These findings suggest that UEG treatment holds substantial potential for improving the high-temperature wear resistance of brake discs, providing innovative insights and approaches for their application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"564 ","pages":"Article 205752"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of deposition temperature on the phase transition of Ti, Al, C and related properties of the graphite-like carbon film

IF 5.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.205747

Ke Li , Yanxia Wu , Yanjie Xu , Shengwang Yu , Jie Gao , Ying Liu

The graphite-like carbon films contained Ti and Al elements were prepared by magnetron sputtering at different deposition temperatures and the structure, corrosive as well as tribological properties in different environments with ZrO₂ as counterpart balls were investigated. The results revealed that the sp³C content in the film first increased and then decreased, the Ti, Al elements in the films changed from TiC nanocrystals to Ti₃AlC with increasing temperature. Specially, there were totally Ti₃AlC with an ant-perovskite phase at 350 °C. Consequently, the film contained Ti₃AlC phase showed better corrosive resistance compared to that contained TiC phase, due to the TiC nanocrystal reduced the migration barrier and penetration energy of Cl ions in the corrosion medium, which accelerated the process of corrosion failure. It was noteworthy that the film prepared at 350 °C showed better corrosion resistance due to its higher sp³C content, higher hydrophobicity, higher adhesion strength, lower residual internal stresses, and lower film porosity. All the film exhibited better tribological properties in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution than in air related to the water lubrication. Especially, owing to the synthesis effect of TiC and Ti₃AlC phase, the film prepared at 300 °C showed better tribological properties.

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引用次数: 0

Insight into the self-lubricated performance of Lignum vitae-inspired composites manufactured by filament-winding against the brass ball

IF 5.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.205749

Qiren Huang , Zhiwei Guo , Zumin Wu , Yicong Yu , Enchi Xue , Chengqing Yuan

The self-lubricated performance of Lignum vitae makes it suitable for the construction of water-lubricated bearings, its performance lies in the internal vessel and oil content. Therefore, Lignum vitae's self-lubricated mechanism always inspired the design of novel materials to improve the lubrication capacity under harsh conditions such as heavy load or low speed. In this study, a Lignum vitae-inspired composite was fabricated by filament-winding with different winding angles. The parameters of the composite's internal fiber and lubricant were based on Lignum vitae's vessel characterization. The tribological tests were conducted between the composites and brass, which is the common building material of the propeller shaft of the ship to simulate the friction contact of water-lubricated bearing. After a series of reciprocating-sliding point-contact wear tests under un/water-lubricated conditions, the results showed the filament-winding angle has a significant effect on the tribological performance of the composite. Among these, the winding angle of 55° shows the best capacity of load distribution and advantages in lubrication secretion, resulting in excellent mechanical properties and self-lubricated performance in both lubrication conditions. This study combines the bionic and filament-winding manufacture to reproduce Lignum vitae's self-lubricated performance on the polymer composite, which provides a new reference for water-lubricated bearing material design.

{"title":"Insight into the self-lubricated performance of Lignum vitae-inspired composites manufactured by filament-winding against the brass ball","authors":"Qiren Huang , Zhiwei Guo , Zumin Wu , Yicong Yu , Enchi Xue , Chengqing Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205749","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205749","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The self-lubricated performance of Lignum vitae makes it suitable for the construction of water-lubricated bearings, its performance lies in the internal vessel and oil content. Therefore, Lignum vitae's self-lubricated mechanism always inspired the design of novel materials to improve the lubrication capacity under harsh conditions such as heavy load or low speed. In this study, a Lignum vitae-inspired composite was fabricated by filament-winding with different winding angles. The parameters of the composite's internal fiber and lubricant were based on Lignum vitae's vessel characterization. The tribological tests were conducted between the composites and brass, which is the common building material of the propeller shaft of the ship to simulate the friction contact of water-lubricated bearing. After a series of reciprocating-sliding point-contact wear tests under un/water-lubricated conditions, the results showed the filament-winding angle has a significant effect on the tribological performance of the composite. Among these, the winding angle of 55° shows the best capacity of load distribution and advantages in lubrication secretion, resulting in excellent mechanical properties and self-lubricated performance in both lubrication conditions. This study combines the bionic and filament-winding manufacture to reproduce Lignum vitae's self-lubricated performance on the polymer composite, which provides a new reference for water-lubricated bearing material design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"564 ","pages":"Article 205749"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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