IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206384

Arun Kumar , Rajdip Mukherjee , Manjesh K. Singh

This study explores how a combined thermomechanical processing route, including homogenisation, cold rolling with thickness reductions of 15%, 30%, and 60%, and subsequent double-aging heat treatment, influences the tribological performance of Inconel-718 superalloy, both at room and elevated temperature. Microstructural characterization using X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of

γ^{'}

and

γ^{''}

precipitate phases after aging, while electron backscatter diffraction revealed progressive grain refinement, increased kernel average misorientation, dominance of low-angle grain boundaries, and higher local lattice distortions with increasing rolling reductions. These microstructural changes collectively increased the alloy’s maximum hardness by

\sim 3.4 \times

compared to the homogenised state. Dry reciprocating tests, conducted against Si₃N₄ balls, at room temperature, demonstrated a reduction in the friction coefficient by up to 33% and in the specific wear rate by up to 65% compared to the homogenised state. At 450 °C, the friction coefficient dropped by up to 23% and the specific wear rate by up to 56% relative to the 15% cold-rolled and homogenised samples, respectively. Analysis of relative friction energy dissipation suggested that reduction in average friction coefficient did not fully translate to energy efficiency gains. Cold-rolled and heat-treated Inconel-718 demonstrated more energy-efficient performance than the homogenised. Worn surface examinations through scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy demonstrated the formation of protective Cr-Fe-Ni-rich composite tribo-oxide layers, with minor sacrificial wear observed from Si₃N₄ counterface. In summary, the combination of strain hardening from cold rolling and precipitation hardening from double-aging offers a simple, scalable, and industrially viable approach to enhance the wear resistance and friction behavior of Inconel-718.

本研究探讨了包括均质化、冷轧减薄15%、30%和60%以及随后的双时效热处理在内的综合热处理路线如何影响Inconel-718高温合金在室温和高温下的摩擦学性能。x射线衍射证实时效后存在γ′和γ′析出相，而电子背散射衍射显示随着轧制压下量的增加，晶粒逐渐细化，核平均取向偏差增加，低角度晶界占主导地位，局部晶格畸变增加。与均匀状态相比，这些微观组织变化共同使合金的最大硬度提高了约3.4倍。在室温下对氮化硅球进行的干往复试验表明，与均质状态相比，摩擦系数降低了33%，比磨损率降低了65%。在450°C时，相对于15%的冷轧和均质样品，摩擦系数下降了23%，比磨损率下降了56%。相对摩擦能量耗散分析表明，平均摩擦系数的降低并不能完全转化为能源效率的提高。冷轧和热处理的Inconel-718表现出比均质化的更节能的性能。通过扫描电镜和能量色散x射线光谱对磨损表面进行检查，发现形成了保护性的富cr - fe - ni复合氧化摩擦层，在Si3N4表面观察到轻微的牺牲磨损。总之，冷轧应变硬化和双时效析出硬化的结合为提高Inconel-718的耐磨性和摩擦性能提供了一种简单、可扩展且工业上可行的方法。

{"title":"Synergistic effect of cold rolling and heat treatment on tribological performance of Inconel-718 at room and high temperature","authors":"Arun Kumar , Rajdip Mukherjee , Manjesh K. Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206384","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206384","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores how a combined thermomechanical processing route, including homogenisation, cold rolling with thickness reductions of 15%, 30%, and 60%, and subsequent double-aging heat treatment, influences the tribological performance of Inconel-718 superalloy, both at room and elevated temperature. Microstructural characterization using X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>γ</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>′</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> and <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>γ</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>′</mo><mo>′</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> precipitate phases after aging, while electron backscatter diffraction revealed progressive grain refinement, increased kernel average misorientation, dominance of low-angle grain boundaries, and higher local lattice distortions with increasing rolling reductions. These microstructural changes collectively increased the alloy’s maximum hardness by <span><math><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>×</mo></mrow></math></span> compared to the homogenised state. Dry reciprocating tests, conducted against Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> balls, at room temperature, demonstrated a reduction in the friction coefficient by up to 33% and in the specific wear rate by up to 65% compared to the homogenised state. At 450 °C, the friction coefficient dropped by up to 23% and the specific wear rate by up to 56% relative to the 15% cold-rolled and homogenised samples, respectively. Analysis of relative friction energy dissipation suggested that reduction in average friction coefficient did not fully translate to energy efficiency gains. Cold-rolled and heat-treated Inconel-718 demonstrated more energy-efficient performance than the homogenised. Worn surface examinations through scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy demonstrated the formation of protective Cr-Fe-Ni-rich composite tribo-oxide layers, with minor sacrificial wear observed from Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> counterface. In summary, the combination of strain hardening from cold rolling and precipitation hardening from double-aging offers a simple, scalable, and industrially viable approach to enhance the wear resistance and friction behavior of Inconel-718.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"584 ","pages":"Article 206384"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145334281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhancing wear resistance of plasma-sprayed NiCr coatings through ZrB2 and Mo dual-phase reinforcement: Microstructure and tribological performance evaluation 通过ZrB2和Mo双相增强等离子喷涂NiCr涂层的耐磨性：显微组织和摩擦学性能评价

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-10-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206386

Xudong Nie , Jinyong Xu , Petr Rusinov , Sergi Dosta , Chao Zhang

ZrB₂-NiCr and Mo-ZrB₂-NiCr coatings were prepared through atmospheric plasma spraying, and the effects of varying ZrB₂ content as well as the addition of Mo on the microstructure and tribological properties of the coatings were analyzed. Both the hardness and porosity of the coatings increased with the addition of refractory hard phases. The dual-phase reinforced coating achieves its highest hardness of 577.86 HV_0.1 at a ZrB₂ content of 20 wt%. The heat-absorbing protective effect of Mo reduced the formation of oxides within the coating. Friction tests showed that the wear rate of both coatings first decreased and then increased with increasing ZrB₂ content. Coating with 10 wt% ZrB₂ and 5 wt% Mo exhibited optimal wear resistance, with a minimum wear rate of 1.93 × 10⁻⁶ mm³/N·m. Mo reduces friction by forming the laminar structure of MoO₃. It fully spreads out to protect loose debris from being scattered by grinding balls, thereby forming a complete lubricating film on the sliding surface. The wear mechanisms of both coatings are dominated by the hardness and toughness of the materials, transitioning from material removal caused by adhesion and micro-cutting at low hardness to layered fracture caused by brittle interface defects at high hardness.

采用大气等离子喷涂法制备了ZrB2- nicr和Mo-ZrB2- nicr涂层，分析了ZrB2含量和Mo添加量对涂层组织和摩擦学性能的影响。随着难熔硬相的加入，涂层的硬度和孔隙率均有所提高。当ZrB2含量为20%时，双相增强涂层的硬度最高，达到577.86 HV0.1。Mo的吸热保护作用减少了涂层内氧化物的形成。摩擦试验表明，随着ZrB2含量的增加，两种涂层的磨损率均先降低后升高。ZrB2含量为10 wt%、Mo含量为5 wt%的涂层耐磨性最佳，最小磨损率为1.93 × 10−6 mm3/N·m。Mo通过形成MoO3的层流结构来减少摩擦。充分展开，保护松散杂物不被磨球分散，从而在滑动表面形成完整的润滑膜。两种涂层的磨损机制均由材料的硬度和韧性主导，从低硬度时由粘附和微切削引起的材料去除，过渡到高硬度时由脆性界面缺陷引起的层状断裂。

{"title":"Enhancing wear resistance of plasma-sprayed NiCr coatings through ZrB2 and Mo dual-phase reinforcement: Microstructure and tribological performance evaluation","authors":"Xudong Nie , Jinyong Xu , Petr Rusinov , Sergi Dosta , Chao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>ZrB<sub>2</sub>-NiCr and Mo-ZrB<sub>2</sub>-NiCr coatings were prepared through atmospheric plasma spraying, and the effects of varying ZrB<sub>2</sub> content as well as the addition of Mo on the microstructure and tribological properties of the coatings were analyzed. Both the hardness and porosity of the coatings increased with the addition of refractory hard phases. The dual-phase reinforced coating achieves its highest hardness of 577.86 HV<sub>0.1</sub> at a ZrB<sub>2</sub> content of 20 wt%. The heat-absorbing protective effect of Mo reduced the formation of oxides within the coating. Friction tests showed that the wear rate of both coatings first decreased and then increased with increasing ZrB<sub>2</sub> content. Coating with 10 wt% ZrB<sub>2</sub> and 5 wt% Mo exhibited optimal wear resistance, with a minimum wear rate of 1.93 × 10<sup>−6</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/N·m. Mo reduces friction by forming the laminar structure of MoO<sub>3</sub>. It fully spreads out to protect loose debris from being scattered by grinding balls, thereby forming a complete lubricating film on the sliding surface. The wear mechanisms of both coatings are dominated by the hardness and toughness of the materials, transitioning from material removal caused by adhesion and micro-cutting at low hardness to layered fracture caused by brittle interface defects at high hardness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"584 ","pages":"Article 206386"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145334248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dry abrasion and sliding wear resistance of GFRP composites with synergistic reinforcement of platelet and tubular-type nanoclays 血小板和管状纳米粘土协同增强GFRP复合材料的干磨损和滑动磨损性能

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-10-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206389

Nitesh Kumar , Gautam Setia , Tarun Nanda , Vikrant Singh , Rajeev Mehta , Anuj Bansal

This study explores the dual-mode wear behaviour of GFRP nanocomposites reinforced simultaneously with two nanoclays, ‘PGV’ (platelet-type) and ‘HNT’ (halloysite nanotube-tubular-type), under dry abrasion and pin-on-disc sliding conditions. Eight formulations were developed by varying PGV:HNT weight ratios while maintaining a total nanoclay loading of 2 phr (parts per hundred resin) in any formulation. The sliding wear behavior and coefficient of friction were evaluated using a pin-on-disc tribometer (ASTM G99-17) with a hardened EN31 steel pin (HRC 60, 8 mm diameter) as the counterface. Abrasive wear was assessed through a dry sand abrasion test using a DUCOM TR-50-M7 rig, where a chlorobutyl rubber-coated steel wheel acted as the counterface in the presence of controlled silica sand particles (200–500 μm). Preliminary factorial screening was used to identify the most aggressive wear parameters for both tests, which were then applied to all the samples. The PGV only sample (P2) exhibited maximum wear in both conditions, confirming its poor resistance to abrasive and sliding forces. In contrast, ‘P5H3’ composite (PGV:HNT 1.25:0.75) showed the lowest mass loss in dry abrasion, while ‘P1H3’ formulation (PGV:HNT 0.5:1.50) exhibited the best wear performance in pin-on-disc testing. The hybrid two-clay formulations outperformed the single clay counterparts, attributed to synergistic effects viz. enhanced dispersion and interfacial reinforcement. SEM-EDS analysis revealed uniform nanoclay integration, and XRD and TEM analysis confirmed partial exfoliation. The transition from brittle wear in the ‘P2’ sample to stabilized wear tracks in hybrid systems highlights the efficacy of combining morphologically distinct nanoclays for enhancing wear durability in Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites under severe abrasive and sliding conditions.

本研究探讨了GFRP纳米复合材料同时与两种纳米粘土“PGV”（血小板型）和“HNT”（高岭土纳米管-管型）增强，在干磨损和销盘滑动条件下的双模磨损行为。通过不同的PGV:HNT重量比，开发了8种配方，同时在任何配方中保持2 phr（百份树脂）的总纳米粘土负载。滑动磨损性能和摩擦系数使用针盘式摩擦计（ASTM G99-17），使用硬化的EN31钢销（HRC 60，直径8 mm）作为面。通过使用DUCOM TR-50-M7钻机进行干砂磨损测试来评估磨料磨损，其中在控制二氧化硅砂颗粒（200-500 μm）存在的情况下，氯丁基橡胶涂层钢轮作为对抗面。初步的析因筛选用于确定两个测试中最激进的磨损参数，然后将其应用于所有样品。PGV样品（P2）在两种条件下都表现出最大的磨损，证实了其对磨料和滑动力的抵抗力较差。相比之下，“P5H3”复合材料（PGV:HNT 1.25:0.75）的干磨损质量损失最小，而“P1H3”复合材料（PGV:HNT 0.5:1.50）的销盘磨损性能最好。由于协同效应，即分散性增强和界面增强，混合双粘土配方优于单一粘土配方。SEM-EDS分析显示纳米粘土均匀整合，XRD和TEM分析证实部分剥落。从“P2”样品的脆性磨损到混合系统中稳定磨损轨迹的转变，突出了结合形态不同的纳米粘土在严重磨损和滑动条件下提高玻璃纤维增强聚合物（GFRP）复合材料耐磨性的有效性。

{"title":"Dry abrasion and sliding wear resistance of GFRP composites with synergistic reinforcement of platelet and tubular-type nanoclays","authors":"Nitesh Kumar , Gautam Setia , Tarun Nanda , Vikrant Singh , Rajeev Mehta , Anuj Bansal","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the dual-mode wear behaviour of GFRP nanocomposites reinforced simultaneously with two nanoclays, ‘PGV’ (platelet-type) and ‘HNT’ (halloysite nanotube-tubular-type), under dry abrasion and pin-on-disc sliding conditions. Eight formulations were developed by varying PGV:HNT weight ratios while maintaining a total nanoclay loading of 2 phr (parts per hundred resin) in any formulation. The sliding wear behavior and coefficient of friction were evaluated using a pin-on-disc tribometer (ASTM <span><span>G99-17</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>) with a hardened EN31 steel pin (HRC 60, 8 mm diameter) as the counterface. Abrasive wear was assessed through a dry sand abrasion test using a DUCOM TR-50-M7 rig, where a chlorobutyl rubber-coated steel wheel acted as the counterface in the presence of controlled silica sand particles (200–500 μm). Preliminary factorial screening was used to identify the most aggressive wear parameters for both tests, which were then applied to all the samples. The PGV only sample (P2) exhibited maximum wear in both conditions, confirming its poor resistance to abrasive and sliding forces. In contrast, ‘P5H3’ composite (PGV:HNT 1.25:0.75) showed the lowest mass loss in dry abrasion, while ‘P1H3’ formulation (PGV:HNT 0.5:1.50) exhibited the best wear performance in pin-on-disc testing. The hybrid two-clay formulations outperformed the single clay counterparts, attributed to synergistic effects viz. enhanced dispersion and interfacial reinforcement. SEM-EDS analysis revealed uniform nanoclay integration, and XRD and TEM analysis confirmed partial exfoliation. The transition from brittle wear in the ‘P2’ sample to stabilized wear tracks in hybrid systems highlights the efficacy of combining morphologically distinct nanoclays for enhancing wear durability in Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites under severe abrasive and sliding conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"584 ","pages":"Article 206389"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145364803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tribological behaviour of surface textured Polycrystalline diamond compact cutters under dry friction conditions 干摩擦条件下表面织构聚晶金刚石紧凑刀具的摩擦学行为

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206387

Yanbo Ding , Tan Lei , Baochang Liu

To investigate the tribological behaviour of surface textured polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutters under dry friction, a nanosecond laser was employed to create grooves on the PDC surface with dimensions of 50 μm in width and 100 μm in depth. The groove spacings were 1000, 500 and 100 μm. Subsequently, dry friction experiments were carried out on an MUU-10 friction and wear testing device, using PDC and silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) balls as the frictional pairs. Characterisation of the PDC cutters and Si₃N₄ balls was conducted using scanning electron microscopy, stereomicroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Results showed that both the coefficient of friction and wear rate decreased with reduced groove spacing, in comparison to untextured PDC cutters. Surface texturing facilitated the formation of a transfer film during friction, and no pores were observed. Furthermore, the diamond phase was enhanced, while the brittle η phase was suppressed. The best wear resistance was observed in PDC cutters textured with a groove spacing of 100 μm.

为了研究表面纹理化聚晶金刚石（PDC）切割机在干摩擦条件下的摩擦学行为，采用纳秒激光在PDC表面形成宽度为50 μm、深度为100 μm的沟槽。凹槽间距分别为1000、500和100 μm。随后，在MUU-10摩擦磨损试验装置上，以PDC和氮化硅（Si3N4）球作为摩擦副，进行干摩擦试验。利用扫描电镜、体视显微镜、x射线衍射和拉曼光谱对PDC切削齿和氮化硅球进行了表征。结果表明，与无织构的PDC切削齿相比，随着沟槽间距的减小，摩擦系数和磨损率均有所降低。表面纹理化有利于摩擦过程中转移膜的形成，并且没有观察到孔隙。金刚石相得到增强，脆性η相得到抑制。槽距为100 μm的PDC切削齿的耐磨性最好。

{"title":"Tribological behaviour of surface textured Polycrystalline diamond compact cutters under dry friction conditions","authors":"Yanbo Ding , Tan Lei , Baochang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206387","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206387","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the tribological behaviour of surface textured polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutters under dry friction, a nanosecond laser was employed to create grooves on the PDC surface with dimensions of 50 μm in width and 100 μm in depth. The groove spacings were 1000, 500 and 100 μm. Subsequently, dry friction experiments were carried out on an MUU-10 friction and wear testing device, using PDC and silicon nitride (Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) balls as the frictional pairs. Characterisation of the PDC cutters and Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> balls was conducted using scanning electron microscopy, stereomicroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Results showed that both the coefficient of friction and wear rate decreased with reduced groove spacing, in comparison to untextured PDC cutters. Surface texturing facilitated the formation of a transfer film during friction, and no pores were observed. Furthermore, the diamond phase was enhanced, while the brittle η phase was suppressed. The best wear resistance was observed in PDC cutters textured with a groove spacing of 100 μm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"584 ","pages":"Article 206387"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145334311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of third-body patches on the tribological performance of a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) hybrid composite and steel sliding system 第三体贴片对聚醚醚酮复合材料与钢滑动系统摩擦学性能的影响

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206388

Yuxiao Zhao , Xianqiang Pei , Leyu Lin

The formation mechanisms and the effect of third-body patches wrapped carbon fibers on the tribological performance of a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) hybrid composite with submicron-sized ZnS and TiO₂ particles and steel sliding system were quantitatively studied under various load conditions based on microstructural analysis. Tribological investigations were conducted on a pin-on-disc (PoD) tribometer with a sample geometry of 4 mm × 4 mm x 4 mm, which is slid against a 100Cr6 steel ring. Optical analyses, including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Focused-Ion-Beam (FIB) and Laser Scanning Microscopy (LSM), revealed that third-body patches primarily formed on the entering side of carbon fibers and within grooves generated by fiber displacement under load. These patches were predominantly composed of submicron particles and acted as protective layers, reducing direct fiber contact with the counterbody. Quantitative analyses demonstrated a strong correlation between third-body patch area, load-induced height differences, and tribological performance. Notably, the specific wear rate decreased significantly with the increasing area of third-body patches, highlighting their protective role against wear. This work provides a comprehensive understanding of the load-dependent formation and behavior of third-body patches in submicron particle-modified PEEK composites, offering new perspectives on the design of high-performance polymer-based tribomaterials.

基于显微组织分析，定量研究了三体贴片缠绕碳纤维在不同载荷条件下的形成机理以及对聚醚醚酮（PEEK）亚微米级ZnS和TiO2颗粒与钢滑动体系复合材料摩擦学性能的影响。摩擦学研究是在一个销盘式（PoD）摩擦计上进行的，样品几何形状为4mm × 4mm × 4mm，滑动到100Cr6钢环上。光学分析，包括扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能量色散x射线分析（EDX）、聚焦离子束（FIB）和激光扫描显微镜（LSM），显示第三体斑块主要形成在碳纤维的进入侧和纤维在载荷下位移产生的凹槽内。这些贴片主要由亚微米颗粒组成，作为保护层，减少了纤维与基体的直接接触。定量分析表明，第三体贴片面积、载荷引起的高度差异和摩擦学性能之间存在很强的相关性。值得注意的是，随着第三体贴片面积的增加，比磨损率显著降低，凸显了其抗磨损的保护作用。这项工作提供了对亚微米颗粒改性PEEK复合材料中第三体贴片的负载依赖性形成和行为的全面理解，为高性能聚合物基摩擦材料的设计提供了新的视角。

{"title":"Effect of third-body patches on the tribological performance of a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) hybrid composite and steel sliding system","authors":"Yuxiao Zhao , Xianqiang Pei , Leyu Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206388","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The formation mechanisms and the effect of third-body patches wrapped carbon fibers on the tribological performance of a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) hybrid composite with submicron-sized ZnS and TiO<sub>2</sub> particles and steel sliding system were quantitatively studied under various load conditions based on microstructural analysis. Tribological investigations were conducted on a pin-on-disc (PoD) tribometer with a sample geometry of 4 mm × 4 mm x 4 mm, which is slid against a 100Cr6 steel ring. Optical analyses, including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Focused-Ion-Beam (FIB) and Laser Scanning Microscopy (LSM), revealed that third-body patches primarily formed on the entering side of carbon fibers and within grooves generated by fiber displacement under load. These patches were predominantly composed of submicron particles and acted as protective layers, reducing direct fiber contact with the counterbody. Quantitative analyses demonstrated a strong correlation between third-body patch area, load-induced height differences, and tribological performance. Notably, the specific wear rate decreased significantly with the increasing area of third-body patches, highlighting their protective role against wear. This work provides a comprehensive understanding of the load-dependent formation and behavior of third-body patches in submicron particle-modified PEEK composites, offering new perspectives on the design of high-performance polymer-based tribomaterials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"584 ","pages":"Article 206388"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145334313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Doping B or C to improve the wear resistance of (Ti42.5Zr42.5Nb10Ta5)93Mo7 refractory high-entropy alloy via grain boundary plasticization 掺杂B或C通过晶界塑化提高（Ti42.5Zr42.5Nb10Ta5）93Mo7耐火高熵合金的耐磨性

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206385

Juan Han , Naiyi Lei , Dakui Zhou , Shaolei Long , Zhentao Yu , Yanliang Yi

RHEAs exhibit low room-temperature ductility, which severely restricts their processing and industrial applications. In this work, the high strength (Ti_42.5Zr_42.5Nb₁₀Ta₅)₉₃Mo₇ was selected as the base alloy and grain boundary engineering through doping B and C was utilized to achieve an optimal balance between mechanical properties and wear resistance. The tensile strength and plasticity of the (Ti_42.5Zr_42.5Nb₁₀Ta₅)₉₃Mo₇ refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) are simultaneously enhanced with the addition of 0.05 at.% B or 0.05 at.% C. The effects of doping B or C on tribological properties of the (Ti_42.5Zr_42.5Nb₁₀Ta₅)₉₃Mo₇ RHEAs sliding against Si₃N₄ balls under different sliding distance were systematically investigated. The results show that B or C segregates at grain boundaries (GBs) and enhance the GB cohesion, thus significantly improving the strength and plasticity of RHEAs. After doping 0.05 at.% B, the yield strength increases from 956 MPa to 983 MPa and the elongation increases from 1.81 % to 4.97 %. Specifically, the yield strength is 1047 MPa for the alloy doped with 0.05 at.% C, and the elongation skyrockets to 26.51 %. The RHEA-C alloy exhibits the lowest wear rate under different sliding distance due to its highest strength and optimal plasticity. Additionally, the wear rates of the three RHEAs decrease firstly and then increase with increasing sliding distance from 18 m to 144 m. After 18 m sliding, the wear mechanism is severe abrasive wear, adhesive wear and slight oxidation wear. As the sliding distance increased to 108 m, the wear mechanism of the alloy is mainly dominated by oxidative wear, resulting in the best wear resistance, but the cracks and spalling pits occur in the oxide layer as the sliding distance further increased. The RHEAs designed in this work are applicable to numerous industries, including defense, transportation, and aerospace due to its good mechanical properties and wear resistance.

RHEAs具有较低的室温延展性，这严重限制了其加工和工业应用。本研究选择高强度（Ti42.5Zr42.5Nb10Ta5）93Mo7作为基体合金，通过掺杂B和C进行晶界工程，达到力学性能和耐磨性的最佳平衡。添加0.05 at时，（Ti42.5Zr42.5Nb10Ta5）93Mo7耐火高熵合金（RHEAs）的抗拉强度和塑性同时增强。% B或0.05 at。系统研究了B和C对（Ti42.5Zr42.5Nb10Ta5）93Mo7 RHEAs在不同滑动距离下与Si3N4球摩擦性能的影响。结果表明：B或C在晶界处偏析，增强了晶界内聚，显著提高了合金的强度和塑性；在掺杂0.05 at后。% B时，屈服强度由956 MPa提高到983 MPa，伸长率由1.81%提高到4.97%。其中，掺0.05 at的合金屈服强度为1047 MPa。% C，伸长率达到26.51%。RHEA-C合金具有最高的强度和最佳的塑性，在不同滑动距离下的磨损率最低。从18 m到144 m，随着滑动距离的增加，3种合金的磨损率先减小后增大。滑动18m后，磨损机理为严重的磨粒磨损、黏着磨损和轻微的氧化磨损。当滑动距离增加到108 m时，合金的磨损机制以氧化磨损为主，耐磨性最佳，但随着滑动距离的进一步增加，氧化层出现裂纹和剥落坑。由于其良好的机械性能和耐磨性，本工作中设计的rhea适用于许多行业，包括国防，运输和航空航天。

{"title":"Doping B or C to improve the wear resistance of (Ti42.5Zr42.5Nb10Ta5)93Mo7 refractory high-entropy alloy via grain boundary plasticization","authors":"Juan Han , Naiyi Lei , Dakui Zhou , Shaolei Long , Zhentao Yu , Yanliang Yi","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206385","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206385","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>RHEAs exhibit low room-temperature ductility, which severely restricts their processing and industrial applications. In this work, the high strength (Ti<sub>42.5</sub>Zr<sub>42.5</sub>Nb<sub>10</sub>Ta<sub>5</sub>)<sub>93</sub>Mo<sub>7</sub> was selected as the base alloy and grain boundary engineering through doping B and C was utilized to achieve an optimal balance between mechanical properties and wear resistance. The tensile strength and plasticity of the (Ti<sub>42.5</sub>Zr<sub>42.5</sub>Nb<sub>10</sub>Ta<sub>5</sub>)<sub>93</sub>Mo<sub>7</sub> refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) are simultaneously enhanced with the addition of 0.05 at.% B or 0.05 at.% C. The effects of doping B or C on tribological properties of the (Ti<sub>42.5</sub>Zr<sub>42.5</sub>Nb<sub>10</sub>Ta<sub>5</sub>)<sub>93</sub>Mo<sub>7</sub> RHEAs sliding against Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> balls under different sliding distance were systematically investigated. The results show that B or C segregates at grain boundaries (GBs) and enhance the GB cohesion, thus significantly improving the strength and plasticity of RHEAs. After doping 0.05 at.% B, the yield strength increases from 956 MPa to 983 MPa and the elongation increases from 1.81 % to 4.97 %. Specifically, the yield strength is 1047 MPa for the alloy doped with 0.05 at.% C, and the elongation skyrockets to 26.51 %. The RHEA-C alloy exhibits the lowest wear rate under different sliding distance due to its highest strength and optimal plasticity. Additionally, the wear rates of the three RHEAs decrease firstly and then increase with increasing sliding distance from 18 m to 144 m. After 18 m sliding, the wear mechanism is severe abrasive wear, adhesive wear and slight oxidation wear. As the sliding distance increased to 108 m, the wear mechanism of the alloy is mainly dominated by oxidative wear, resulting in the best wear resistance, but the cracks and spalling pits occur in the oxide layer as the sliding distance further increased. The RHEAs designed in this work are applicable to numerous industries, including defense, transportation, and aerospace due to its good mechanical properties and wear resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"584 ","pages":"Article 206385"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145334312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sand erosion mechanism of Ti/TiAlN multilayer coatings deposited on aluminum matrix composite at low temperature 铝基复合材料低温沉积Ti/TiAlN多层涂层的砂蚀机理

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206374

Tianyu Ma , Li Xin , Yunfei Jia , Chengcheng Zhang , Zebin Bao , Fuhui Wang , Shenglong Zhu

To improve solid particle erosion resistance of 5 %TiB₂/AlSi10Mg composite, hard and adhesive Ti/TiAlN multilayer coatings with different number of layers were deposited on its surface at low temperature by multi-arc ion plating. When impacted by high-speed alumina particles at 90° and 30°, erosion resistance of the composite was significantly improved by the application of multilayer coatings. The Ti/TiAlN multilayer coating with 8 layers performed the best in all erosion condition. At 30°, detachment of surface macroparticles and intersection of cracks produced by Al₂O₃ particle flow accounted for material removal of the multilayer coatings. At 90°, intersection of the cracks including ring cracks, lateral cracks, median cracks and radial cracks developed in the multilayer coatings during impact loading and unloading accounted for erosion removal of the material. The more the number of layers in the multilayer coatings, the greater the contribution of the ring and radial cracks to the material removal. Finite element modeling showed large tensile stresses developed at both the surfaces and the undersurfaces of TiAlN layers in the multilayer coatings and also along the direction of coating thickness during impact loading and unloading, which were probably responsible for the generation of ring cracks on the surface of the top TiAlN layer, radial cracks at the undersurfaces of the TiAlN layers, and the lateral cracks inside the TiAlN layer and along the TiAlN/Ti interface. The best erosion resistance of the multilayer coating with 8 layers at 90° may be due to its architecture is beneficial for reduction of the material removal.

为了提高5% TiB2/AlSi10Mg复合材料的抗固体颗粒侵蚀性能，采用低温多弧离子镀的方法在其表面沉积了不同层数的硬质粘接Ti/TiAlN多层涂层。当高速氧化铝颗粒在90°和30°处冲击时，多层涂层的应用显著提高了复合材料的抗冲蚀性能。8层Ti/TiAlN多层涂层在所有侵蚀条件下均表现最佳。在30°时，Al2O3颗粒流产生的表面大颗粒脱落和裂纹相交是多层涂层材料去除的主要原因。在90°处，多层涂层在冲击加载和卸载过程中产生的裂纹相交，包括环形裂纹、横向裂纹、中间裂纹和径向裂纹，导致了材料的侵蚀去除。多层涂层中层数越多，环形裂纹和径向裂纹对材料去除的贡献越大。有限元模拟结果表明，在冲击加载和卸载过程中，多层涂层中TiAlN层的表面和下表面以及沿涂层厚度方向都产生了较大的拉应力，这可能是TiAlN层顶部表面产生环状裂纹、TiAlN层下表面产生径向裂纹、TiAlN层内部和TiAlN/Ti界面产生横向裂纹的原因。在90°温度下，8层多层涂层的耐蚀性最好可能是由于其结构有利于减少材料的去除。

{"title":"Sand erosion mechanism of Ti/TiAlN multilayer coatings deposited on aluminum matrix composite at low temperature","authors":"Tianyu Ma , Li Xin , Yunfei Jia , Chengcheng Zhang , Zebin Bao , Fuhui Wang , Shenglong Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206374","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206374","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To improve solid particle erosion resistance of 5 %TiB<sub>2</sub>/AlSi10Mg composite, hard and adhesive Ti/TiAlN multilayer coatings with different number of layers were deposited on its surface at low temperature by multi-arc ion plating. When impacted by high-speed alumina particles at 90° and 30°, erosion resistance of the composite was significantly improved by the application of multilayer coatings. The Ti/TiAlN multilayer coating with 8 layers performed the best in all erosion condition. At 30°, detachment of surface macroparticles and intersection of cracks produced by Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> particle flow accounted for material removal of the multilayer coatings. At 90°, intersection of the cracks including ring cracks, lateral cracks, median cracks and radial cracks developed in the multilayer coatings during impact loading and unloading accounted for erosion removal of the material. The more the number of layers in the multilayer coatings, the greater the contribution of the ring and radial cracks to the material removal. Finite element modeling showed large tensile stresses developed at both the surfaces and the undersurfaces of TiAlN layers in the multilayer coatings and also along the direction of coating thickness during impact loading and unloading, which were probably responsible for the generation of ring cracks on the surface of the top TiAlN layer, radial cracks at the undersurfaces of the TiAlN layers, and the lateral cracks inside the TiAlN layer and along the TiAlN/Ti interface. The best erosion resistance of the multilayer coating with 8 layers at 90° may be due to its architecture is beneficial for reduction of the material removal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"584 ","pages":"Article 206374"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145334247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tribological characteristics of phosphonium-based ionic liquids: the role of adsorption layer and tribofilms 磷基离子液体的摩擦学特性：吸附层和摩擦膜的作用

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206382

Shaoli Jiang , Debashis Puhan , Kazuya Kuriyagawa , Théo Yamana , Jean Michel Martin , Liyuan Zhang , Shutian Liu , Koshi Adachi , Motoyuki Murashima

Phosphonium-based ionic liquids (ILs) are increasingly recognized as promising lubricant additives, yet their performance under realistic automotive conditions remains poorly understood. This study evaluates three ILs [P₄₄₄₂][DEP], [P₄₄₄₄][C₂C₂PO₂S₂], and [P₆₆₆₁₄][NTf₂], as 1 wt% additives in polyalphaolefin (PAO4), benchmarked against the widely used anti-wear agent zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDP). Tribological performance was assessed via macroscopic ball-on-disc tests across λ ratios under boundary lubrication at 18 °C, 60 °C, and 80 °C, alongside nanoscale in-lubro AFM experiments to visualize tribofilm formation. SEM/EDX and Raman spectroscopy characterized the wear tracks.

Results show that [P₄₄₄₂][DEP] provides the lowest friction and wear at 18 °C, forming a thin, adsorbed, phosphate-rich tribofilm, whereas all ILs lose anti-wear efficacy at elevated temperatures, sometimes performing worse than neat PAO. AFM analyses reveal that mild sliding is insufficient to trigger tribofilm growth, suggesting that surface wear generates active sites critical for IL effectiveness. High adsorption kinetics of [P₄₄₄₂][DEP] appear fundamental in forming a nanoscale thick, solid-like film, explaining its superior performance.

This work highlights the limitations and potential of phosphonium-based ILs, emphasizing the need for tailored formulations to withstand automotive operating conditions. By linking macroscopic tribology with nanoscale film formation, it provides actionable insights for the design of next-generation additives for automotive and electric vehicle lubricants, bridging a critical gap in the field.

磷基离子液体（ILs）作为一种很有前景的润滑油添加剂越来越受到人们的认可，但人们对其在实际汽车工况下的性能仍知之甚少。本研究对三种il [P4442][DEP]， [P4444][C2C2PO2S2]和[P66614][NTf2]作为1 wt%的聚α -烯烃（PAO4）添加剂进行了评价，以广泛使用的抗磨剂二烷基二硫代磷酸锌（ZDDP）为基准。在18°C、60°C和80°C的边界润滑条件下，通过λ比的宏观球盘摩擦性能测试，以及纳米尺度的AFM实验来观察摩擦膜的形成。SEM/EDX和拉曼光谱表征了磨损痕迹。结果表明，[P4442][DEP]在18°C时提供最低的摩擦和磨损，形成一层薄的、吸附的、富含磷酸盐的摩擦膜，而所有il在高温下都失去抗磨效果，有时表现不如纯PAO。AFM分析显示，轻微的滑动不足以触发摩擦膜的生长，这表明表面磨损会产生对IL有效性至关重要的活性位点。[P4442][DEP]的高吸附动力学似乎是形成纳米级厚的固体状薄膜的基础，解释了其优越的性能。这项工作强调了磷基il的局限性和潜力，强调了定制配方以承受汽车操作条件的必要性。通过将宏观摩擦学与纳米级薄膜形成联系起来，该研究为下一代汽车和电动汽车润滑油添加剂的设计提供了可行的见解，填补了该领域的关键空白。

{"title":"Tribological characteristics of phosphonium-based ionic liquids: the role of adsorption layer and tribofilms","authors":"Shaoli Jiang , Debashis Puhan , Kazuya Kuriyagawa , Théo Yamana , Jean Michel Martin , Liyuan Zhang , Shutian Liu , Koshi Adachi , Motoyuki Murashima","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206382","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206382","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phosphonium-based ionic liquids (ILs) are increasingly recognized as promising lubricant additives, yet their performance under realistic automotive conditions remains poorly understood. This study evaluates three ILs [P<sub>4442</sub>][DEP], [P<sub>4444</sub>][C<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>], and [P<sub>66614</sub>][NTf<sub>2</sub>], as 1 wt% additives in polyalphaolefin (PAO4), benchmarked against the widely used anti-wear agent zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDP). Tribological performance was assessed via macroscopic ball-on-disc tests across λ ratios under boundary lubrication at 18 °C, 60 °C, and 80 °C, alongside nanoscale in-lubro AFM experiments to visualize tribofilm formation. SEM/EDX and Raman spectroscopy characterized the wear tracks.</div><div>Results show that [P<sub>4442</sub>][DEP] provides the lowest friction and wear at 18 °C, forming a thin, adsorbed, phosphate-rich tribofilm, whereas all ILs lose anti-wear efficacy at elevated temperatures, sometimes performing worse than neat PAO. AFM analyses reveal that mild sliding is insufficient to trigger tribofilm growth, suggesting that surface wear generates active sites critical for IL effectiveness. High adsorption kinetics of [P<sub>4442</sub>][DEP] appear fundamental in forming a nanoscale thick, solid-like film, explaining its superior performance.</div><div>This work highlights the limitations and potential of phosphonium-based ILs, emphasizing the need for tailored formulations to withstand automotive operating conditions. By linking macroscopic tribology with nanoscale film formation, it provides actionable insights for the design of next-generation additives for automotive and electric vehicle lubricants, bridging a critical gap in the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"584 ","pages":"Article 206382"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Microstructure and unlubricated sliding wear behavior of active screen plasma nitrided FeAl40 alloy against WC-6Co under ambient conditions 主动屏等离子体氮化FeAl40合金对WC-6Co的微观组织及无润滑滑动磨损行为

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206350

Minh Ngoc Le , Anke Dalke , Horst Biermann

This study examines the microstructure of the nitride layer formed on FeAl40 alloy during active screen plasma nitriding (ASPN) at 575 °C for 4 h in a nitrogen-hydrogen mixture (30 vol% nitrogen) and its effect on the tribological behavior under severe wear conditions. The resulting tribological properties are evaluated using unlubricated linear-reciprocating sliding ball-on-disc wear tests against WC-6Co ball-counterbodies (ϕ6 mm) applying various normal loads F_N (10 N, 30 N, 50 N) and sliding distances s (100 m, 1000 m) under ambient conditions. During ASPN a complex-structured nitride layer forms, consisting of a compound bilayer and a diffusion layer. Notably, the microstructure of the compound bilayer consists of an outer sublayer with mainly iron nitrides and an inner sublayer with additional aluminum nitride, which differs significantly from the “white” compound layer formed by gas nitriding or conventional plasma nitriding, respectively, on FeAl40 alloy. The diffusion layer contains a very high nitrogen content up to 38 at.% nitrogen forming nitride phases of Fe and Al within the layer, resulting in an increase in surface hardness up to 1550 HV0.05. The presence of the nitride layer causes a change in the wear mechanism of the FeAl40 alloy, where the two-body abrasive wear is dominant. As a result, the nitrided samples exhibit excellent wear resistance with a reduction of the specific wear coefficient (k) with increasing F_N, in contrast to the base material.

研究了FeAl40合金在575°C的氮气-氢混合物（30vol %的氮气）中活性屏蔽等离子体氮化（ASPN） 4小时后形成的氮层微观结构及其对严重磨损条件下摩擦学行为的影响。在各种正常载荷FN（10牛、30牛、50牛）和滑动距离s（100米、1000米）的环境条件下，使用无润滑的线性往复滑动球-盘面磨损试验对WC-6Co球-counterbodies（6毫米）进行摩擦性能评估。在ASPN过程中形成结构复杂的氮化物层，由复合双分子层和扩散层组成。值得注意的是，复合双层的微观结构由以氮化铁为主的外亚层和以氮化铝为主的内亚层组成，这与FeAl40合金气体渗氮和传统等离子体渗氮形成的“白色”复合层有明显区别。扩散层含有非常高的氮含量，高达38 at。%的氮在层内形成Fe和Al的氮化相，使表面硬度提高到1550 HV0.05。氮化层的存在改变了FeAl40合金的磨损机理，以双体磨粒磨损为主。结果，与基材相比，氮化样品表现出优异的耐磨性，比磨损系数(k)随着FN的增加而降低。

{"title":"Microstructure and unlubricated sliding wear behavior of active screen plasma nitrided FeAl40 alloy against WC-6Co under ambient conditions","authors":"Minh Ngoc Le , Anke Dalke , Horst Biermann","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the microstructure of the nitride layer formed on FeAl40 alloy during active screen plasma nitriding (ASPN) at 575 °C for 4 h in a nitrogen-hydrogen mixture (30 vol% nitrogen) and its effect on the tribological behavior under severe wear conditions. The resulting tribological properties are evaluated using unlubricated linear-reciprocating sliding ball-on-disc wear tests against WC-6Co ball-counterbodies (ϕ6 mm) applying various normal loads <em>F</em><sub>N</sub> (10 N, 30 N, 50 N) and sliding distances <em>s</em> (100 m, 1000 m) under ambient conditions. During ASPN a complex-structured nitride layer forms, consisting of a compound bilayer and a diffusion layer. Notably, the microstructure of the compound bilayer consists of an outer sublayer with mainly iron nitrides and an inner sublayer with additional aluminum nitride, which differs significantly from the “white” compound layer formed by gas nitriding or conventional plasma nitriding, respectively, on FeAl40 alloy. The diffusion layer contains a very high nitrogen content up to 38 at.% nitrogen forming nitride phases of Fe and Al within the layer, resulting in an increase in surface hardness up to 1550 HV0.05. The presence of the nitride layer causes a change in the wear mechanism of the FeAl40 alloy, where the two-body abrasive wear is dominant. As a result, the nitrided samples exhibit excellent wear resistance with a reduction of the specific wear coefficient (<em>k</em>) with increasing <em>F</em><sub>N</sub>, in contrast to the base material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"584 ","pages":"Article 206350"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145334314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Post-processing of material extrusion additively manufactured 17-4 PH stainless steel via aging and multi-step shot peening: surface integrity and wear response 17-4 PH不锈钢经时效和多步喷丸强化后的材料后处理：表面完整性和磨损响应

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206383

Aphichat Sakkaeo , Chanun Suwanpreecha , Prathompoom Newyawong , Visittapong Yordsri , Sukrit Songkuea , Tuksadon Wutikhun , Anchalee Manonukul

This study investigates the influence of aging, single and double shot peening treatments on 17-4 PH stainless steel fabricated via material extrusion additive manufacturing (MEX). The focus is on improving surface integrities—specifically mitigating surface imperfections inherent to MEX parts, such as printing-related strip patterns and sintering-induced roughness—and enhancing linear reciprocating wear performance using a WC-Co counterpart. The results show that both single and double shot peening treatments significantly reduce surface imperfections, leading to a notable decrease in the coefficient of friction (COF). Aging also contributes to COF reduction. Surface grain refinement is observed after shot peening, with nanocrystalline structures (grain size <100 nm) forming in the as-sintered specimen subjected to double shot peening, while other specimens exhibit larger grains or earlier stages of grain refinement. Aging enhances overall hardness, while the single and double shot peening further increases surface hardness, which gradually diminishes at depths beyond 80 μm from the surface. In addition, the wear rate decreases progressively with the application of aging and subsequent shot peening treatments. These improvements are attributed to a combination of surface grain refinement, the formation of a work-hardened layer, compressive residual stress from shot peening, and precipitation hardening from aging. As a result, the dominant wear mechanisms shift from oxidation-induced delamination and low cycle fatigue—most severe in untreated, as-sintered specimen—to predominantly abrasive wear in aged and peened condition. Overall, the synergistic effects of aging and double shot peening markedly enhance the wear resistance and surface integrity of MEX-fabricated 17-4 PH stainless steel components.

研究了时效、单喷丸和双喷丸处理对材料挤压增材制造（MEX）工艺制备的17-4 PH不锈钢的影响。重点是改善表面完整性，特别是减轻MEX零件固有的表面缺陷，例如打印相关的条形图案和烧结引起的粗糙度，并使用WC-Co对口材料提高线性往复磨损性能。结果表明，单次和双次喷丸处理均能显著降低表面缺陷，摩擦系数（COF）显著降低。老化也有助于减少COF。喷丸强化后，表面晶粒细化，经两次喷丸强化的烧结试样中形成纳米晶结构（晶粒尺寸为100 nm），而其他试样则呈现较大晶粒或较早阶段的晶粒细化。时效处理提高了整体硬度，而单次和双次喷丸处理进一步提高了表面硬度，在距表面80 μm以上的深度处，表面硬度逐渐降低。随着时效处理和后续喷丸强化处理的进行，磨损率逐渐降低。这些改进是由于表面晶粒细化、加工硬化层的形成、喷丸强化产生的压缩残余应力和时效产生的沉淀硬化的综合作用。因此，主要的磨损机制从氧化引起的脱层和低周疲劳（在未处理的烧结样品中最严重）转变为老化和强化状态下的主要磨粒磨损。总体而言，时效和双喷丸强化的协同作用显著提高了mex制造的17-4 PH不锈钢部件的耐磨性和表面完整性。

{"title":"Post-processing of material extrusion additively manufactured 17-4 PH stainless steel via aging and multi-step shot peening: surface integrity and wear response","authors":"Aphichat Sakkaeo , Chanun Suwanpreecha , Prathompoom Newyawong , Visittapong Yordsri , Sukrit Songkuea , Tuksadon Wutikhun , Anchalee Manonukul","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206383","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206383","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the influence of aging, single and double shot peening treatments on 17-4 PH stainless steel fabricated via material extrusion additive manufacturing (MEX). The focus is on improving surface integrities—specifically mitigating surface imperfections inherent to MEX parts, such as printing-related strip patterns and sintering-induced roughness—and enhancing linear reciprocating wear performance using a WC-Co counterpart. The results show that both single and double shot peening treatments significantly reduce surface imperfections, leading to a notable decrease in the coefficient of friction (COF). Aging also contributes to COF reduction. Surface grain refinement is observed after shot peening, with nanocrystalline structures (grain size <100 nm) forming in the as-sintered specimen subjected to double shot peening, while other specimens exhibit larger grains or earlier stages of grain refinement. Aging enhances overall hardness, while the single and double shot peening further increases surface hardness, which gradually diminishes at depths beyond 80 μm from the surface. In addition, the wear rate decreases progressively with the application of aging and subsequent shot peening treatments. These improvements are attributed to a combination of surface grain refinement, the formation of a work-hardened layer, compressive residual stress from shot peening, and precipitation hardening from aging. As a result, the dominant wear mechanisms shift from oxidation-induced delamination and low cycle fatigue—most severe in untreated, as-sintered specimen—to predominantly abrasive wear in aged and peened condition. Overall, the synergistic effects of aging and double shot peening markedly enhance the wear resistance and surface integrity of MEX-fabricated 17-4 PH stainless steel components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"584 ","pages":"Article 206383"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145334284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Wear最新文献