Wear最新文献

{"title":"Enhancing the wear resistance of a light-weight TiAlCrNb-based medium-entropy alloy by matrix strengthening and hard Ti3Al precipitates","authors":"Xia Li ,&nbsp;Jiang Ju ,&nbsp;Bo Xiao ,&nbsp;Weicheng Xiao ,&nbsp;Jixun Zhang ,&nbsp;Jie Gan ,&nbsp;Tzuhsiu Chou ,&nbsp;Junhua Luan ,&nbsp;Haibo Ke ,&nbsp;Weihua Wang ,&nbsp;Tao Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving enhanced wear resistance in light-weight alloys is crucial for aerospace and automotive applications. Simultaneously strengthening the matrix and introducing hard precipitates is fundamentally required. Here, we have designed an innovative strategy to enhance the wear resistance of the light-weight TiAlCrNb-based medium-entropy alloy (MEA) through strengthened matrix and hard Ti₃Al precipitates synergistically. Compared with the TiAlCrNb, the TiAlCrNb-1.5(ZrO₂) MEA exhibits a 39 % reduction in wear volume to <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>2.02</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>‐</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> mm³, a 16 % reduction in the maximum wear depth to 2.0 μm, and a 39 % reduction in wear rate to <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mn>2.02</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>‐</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> mm³/(N·m), which is primarily attributed to the hardness increment of the β matrix and the formation of the hard Ti₃Al precipitates. Our quantitative analyses indicate that the hardness increment mainly comes from grain refinement strengthening, solid-solution strengthening facilitated by integrating dissolved oxygen in the β phase, and the dislocation strengthening from the substructures and unrecrystallized structures. Additionally, introducing Ti₃Al precipitates into the TiAlCrNb matrix shows a 78 % reduction in the thickness of the deformation layer. Then, it impedes the dislocation movement, which significantly improves the wear resistance of the TiAlCrNb-1.5(ZrO₂) MEA. Our research presents novel findings on the engineering of advanced wear-resistant alloys, highlighting innovative design strategies that enhance their performance and durability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"586 ","pages":"Article 206470"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the tribological behavior of high-speed train braking interfaces and suppressing stick-slip vibration via the stacking of disc springs","authors":"Jin Peng ,&nbsp;Zaiyu Xiang ,&nbsp;Jiakun Zhang ,&nbsp;Shaohao Deng ,&nbsp;Xiaoqin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206475","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During low-speed braking of high-speed trains, the frictional interaction at the braking interface often triggers severe stick-slip instability, manifesting as friction-induced stick-slip vibration (FISSV). This generates sharp frictional noise and accelerates wear, causes block detachment, and compromises system stability, posing risks to operational safety. Thus, effective strategies are urgently needed to improve tribological behavior and suppress FISSV. Floating brake blocks based on disc spring structures have shown promise; however, the theoretical basis for optimizing spring number and stiffness remains insufficient. In this work, a floating friction block design with stacked disc springs is proposed to enhance tribological performance and vibration suppression. Comparative experiments were performed on a multifunctional friction test rig, evaluating a fixed connection and three disc spring configurations (2, 4, and 6 springs). Surface morphology characterization and finite element simulations were conducted to further reveal suppression mechanisms. Results show that floating structures consistently outperform fixed ones, yet suppression exhibits a nonlinear dependence on spring number. Among the tested configurations, the four-spring (SPR4) design delivered the most favorable performance: displacement, acceleration, and noise RMS values decreased by 35.68 %, 54.37 %, and 49.14 %, respectively, while friction force RMS increased by 41.5 %. SPR2 generated unstable adhesion-slip cycles, whereas SPR6 showed noise amplification at later stages. Mechanistic analysis demonstrated that suppression is achieved through a cooperative “moderate - compliance - hysteresis - uniform - redistribution” effect, with SPR4 forming stable contact plateaus and uniform stress distribution. These findings identify medium-stiffness floating structures as the optimal solution, offering theoretical and engineering guidance for the design of high-speed train brake pads.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"586 ","pages":"Article 206475"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fretting Wear of a 304L stainless steel in 200-bar pressurized hydrogen: A typical nodular third body structure","authors":"Mohammed Fartas ,&nbsp;Siegfried Fouvry ,&nbsp;Pierre Arnaud ,&nbsp;Maria Isabel De Barros ,&nbsp;Louis Cornet ,&nbsp;Yazid Madi","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this study is to investigate the friction and fretting wear behavior of 304L austenitic stainless steel under high hydrogen gas pressure. Fretting tests were performed using a novel sphere-on-flat test setup in ambient air, pressurized hydrogen (200 bar), and helium (200 bar). Analysis of wear volume, frictional response, and interface morphology revealed a distinctive tribological behavior under high hydrogen pressure. At the beginning of the test, seizure phenomena occurred, leading to high coefficients of friction and severe plastic deformation inducing tribologically transformed structures (TTS). The hydrogen-embrittled ferritic TTS layer facilitated the generation of large amounts of flat wear debris. These debris particles, entrapped within the fretted interface, progressively agglomerated into nodule-like structures. Acting through a ball-bearing mechanism, these nodular debris accommodated the interface, thereby reducing both the coefficient of friction and the wear rate. Overall, while the early fretting response in hydrogen resembled that in helium, the rapid formation of a stable nodular debris layer ultimately produced friction and wear levels similar to those in air, though governed by fundamentally different mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"586 ","pages":"Article 206435"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation of contact bounce and arc behavior for Ag-based contact materials under resistive and inductive load","authors":"Lingling Liu ,&nbsp;Xianhui Wang ,&nbsp;Hangyu Li ,&nbsp;Yuan Fei ,&nbsp;Hang Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhiren Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206447","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206447","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To unveil the effect of intrinsic material properties, eroded morphology evolution, and electric load characteristics on the bouncing arc behavior of Ag-based contact materials, electrical contact tests were performed on Ag-8wt.%Ni, Ag-8wt.%SnO₂, and Ag-4wt.%SnO₂-4wt.%Ni contact materials under resistive and inductive loads of 18, 24, and 30 V. The arc duration, eroded morphology, and bounce characteristics were analyzed, and the correlation between contact bounce and arc behavior for the Ag-based contact materials was established. It is found that different arc states are present during each bouncing process and thus exert a profound impact on the make-arc duration. A larger bounce height is observed for the Ag-8wt.%Ni contact material because of its high elastic limit. However, for the Ag-8wt.%SnO₂ contact material, greater bouncing energy loss arises from the stress concentration on SnO₂ particles. Moreover, good bonding between the Ag matrix and the eroded layer is beneficial to bounce, whereas separation of the eroded layer gives rise to bouncing energy loss, thereby decreasing the bounce. Additionally, because temperature rise and stress release occur at the contact spots due to the rapid response to current, a small bounce height is observed under the resistive load and at higher voltage. In contrast, a large bounce height occurs under the inductive load without the presence of a sharply increased current.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"586 ","pages":"Article 206447"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145658705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Particle erosion wear in a high-pressure homogenizer – insights from DPM-CFD-erosion modelling","authors":"Eva Ransmark ,&nbsp;Andreas Håkansson","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206445","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206445","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-pressure homogenizers (HPHs) are used extensively in food-, pharma-, and biotech processing. Erosion wear is a serious concern leading to high maintenance costs and downtime. Despite this, very little is known about how operating conditions and HPH design influence wear. Guidelines for optimizing design and operation are in great need. This contribution develops a relatively simple CFD-based approach to predict erosion wear in HPHs, with the long-term ambition of enabling model-based design and optimization. Comparison to previously published experimental data show that the model captures initial forcer wear. Moreover, the model is used to conclude on the effect of HPH seat inlet angle, particle properties, and operating conditions. The results suggest that erosion wear is reduced by using a lower seat inlet angle. Erosion wear also increases in proportion to the homogenizing pressure, which implies that care should be taken to design HPHs to reduce the utilized homogenizing pressure. The effects of (spherical) particle diameter and density on erosion are described in terms of a Stokes number; erosion wear is negligible if <em>St</em> &lt; 1. Implications for the optimal design and operation of HPHs are discussed. As the first systematic investigation on erosion wear in HPH valves, the present numerical approach opens for improved design and operation of a unit operation with wide industrial application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"586 ","pages":"Article 206445"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145658772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wear mechanism and wear particles characterization of Zr-2.5Nb, ZTA, and CoCrMo articulating with UHMWPE in multidirectional motion","authors":"Ruijuan Liu ,&nbsp;Yali Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinle Li ,&nbsp;Xiaogang Zhang ,&nbsp;Jian Pu ,&nbsp;Qin Xiong ,&nbsp;Wen Shi ,&nbsp;Zhongmin Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In traditional metal-on-polyethylene (MoP) implants, especially cobalt chrome molybdenum-ultra high molecular polyethylene (CoCrMo-UHMWPE) pairing, wear primarily occurs in the PE component. The wear particles from PE are considered a major cause of implant loosening and artificial joint failure. The development of oxidized zirconium-2.5 % niobium (Zr-2.5Nb) and zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) has shown promise in reducing wear and osteolysis risks. However, comparative studies on the wear mechanisms and wear particle characteristics of Zr-2.5Nb-UHMWPE, ZTA-UHMWPE, and CoCrMo-UHMWPE remain limited. In this study, Zr-2.5Nb, ZTA, and CoCrMo were selected and paired with UHMWPE as pairing materials. The wear mechanism was studied from the aspects of wear behavior and wear particle characterization at different contact pressures from 2 MPa to 4 MPa under multidirectional motion. The UHMWPE wear loss from Zr-2.5Nb-UHMWPE was 48 %, 27 %, and 18 % lower than that of CoCrMo-UHMWPE bearings at 2, 3, and 4 MPa. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the wear loss of UHMWPE from Zr-2.5Nb-UHMWPE and ZTA-UHMWPE at 2 MPa, but 34.5 % higher than that of ZTA-UHMWPE at 4 MPa. Zr-2.5Nb-UHMWPE exhibited a similar wear performance to ZTA-UHMWPE with no visible scratches on the surface of Zr-2.5Nb and ZTA, while multidirectional scratches appeared on the surface of CoCrMo. Moreover, the UHMWPE wear particles were consistent in size range and morphology, but different in quantity and size distribution at all loading conditions. The number of UHMWPE wear particles produced by the Zr-2.5Nb-UHMWPE pairing was 44 %–60 % lower than that of the CoCrMo-UHMWPE at 2, 3, and 4 MPa. However, the UHMWPE wear particles produced by Zr-2.5Nb-UHMWPE and ZTA-UHMWPE were very similar, which were 153 and 157 at 4 MPa, respectively. With increasing load, size distribution results revealed that the proportion of large-sized wear particles gradually increased for the three pairings. Notably, the UHMWPE wear particle from the Zr-2.5Nb-UHMWPE pairing exhibited the largest average particle size. Shape distribution analysis further indicated that the UHMWPE wear particle generated by the Zr-2.5Nb-UHMWPE pairing was predominantly fibrous in morphology, whereas that from the CoCrMo-UHMWPE pairing displayed the highest proportion of round and oval shapes. Based on the analysis of wear morphology and wear particle characteristics, the results showed that the wear mainly occurred in UHMWPE. Plastic deformation was the main cause of wear particle formation, and the wear mechanisms were adhesive wear and abrasive wear. This study compared the tribological behaviors of three typical pairings, providing a valuable understanding of artificial hip joint materials, which will contribute to optimizing orthopedic implant materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"586 ","pages":"Article 206459"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Al-Si coating quantity on the wear behavior of 22MnB5 steel in hot stamping","authors":"Hee Geon Lee ,&nbsp;Min-Ki Ji ,&nbsp;Hyun-Hak Kang ,&nbsp;Hyun-sung Son ,&nbsp;Tea-Sung Jun","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the wear behavior of Al-Si-coated 22MnB5 steel, with respect to coating quantity, during a simulated hot-stamping process. A strip-drawing tribometer was used to replicate the process. Specimens were prepared with three distinct coating quantities (AS40, AS80, and AS140) and were subjected to an identical heat treatment at 900 °C for 5 min. Under the specific contact pressure and sliding velocity conditions tested in this study, tribological tests revealed that specimens with higher coating quantities exhibited lower friction coefficients and increased tool weight. In contrast, specimens with lower coating quantities exhibited the opposite trend. The level of oxidation varied inversely with coating quantity, with lower coating quantities promoting greater iron oxide formation. As the coating quantity increased, the amount of residual aluminum (Al) available for alloying also increased. This variation in residual Al was a critical factor that dictated the reaction pathways of the diffused iron (Fe), which either formed intermetallic compounds or oxides. Our findings demonstrate that variations in the Al-Si coating quantity, followed by heat treatment, significantly influence the friction behavior, tool wear, Fe reaction pathways, and oxidation characteristics during the hot-stamping process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"586 ","pages":"Article 206471"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145798144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of chemical and structural defects on the tribological performance of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel: Micro-to-macroscale characterization","authors":"Erfan Salehi ,&nbsp;Cagatay Yelkarasi ,&nbsp;Puskar Pathak ,&nbsp;Venkat Selvamanickam ,&nbsp;Amrutha Dinesh ,&nbsp;Mathew Kuttolamadom ,&nbsp;Ali Erdemir","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206450","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a transformative engineering discipline, additive manufacturing has greatly improved rapid prototyping by dramatically reducing lead times, enabling mass production of complex material types and shapes, and offering unparalleled functionalities in intended applications. In this study, the material and tribological properties of 316L austenitic stainless steel produced through the laser-directed energy deposition (LDED) method are examined at multiple length scales. These analyses include material and tribological characterization, particularly on LDED-induced defects such as cavities containing unfused powders, porosities at micro-to-macro scales, and oxide-rich inclusions. Extensive wear tests using a linear reciprocating wear machine were carried out to evaluate how these defects influence the wear behavior of LDED-printed 316L against hardened 52100 steel balls under dry sliding conditions, specifically targeting the defective regions. The results revealed that oxide-rich inclusions, with a high average Vickers hardness of 855 HV, substantially impair the wear performance of steel balls used, increasing the volumetric wear loss of balls by approximately 130 %. This emphasizes the need to minimize such defects during LDED for superior tribological performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"586 ","pages":"Article 206450"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of entropy to estimate the course of abrasive wear","authors":"Vrublevskyi Oleksandr,&nbsp;Ligier Krzysztof,&nbsp;Lemecha Magdalena","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The article discusses the application of information entropy to the quantitative assessment of abrasive particle distribution in the friction zone. Using discrete element modelling (DEM) and in-situ experiments, the interaction modes between sand particles moving between the surface of a rubber roller and a flat steel surface inclined at different angles were investigated. Shannon entropy was calculated based on visual analysis of the distribution of active particles in the friction zone and compared with the amount of abrasive wear. A stable correlation was found between the uniformity of distribution and the wear rate. It was demonstrated that as entropy increases, the system tends towards a steady state with a limit entropy value of <em>H</em>_<em>∞</em> ≈ 3.4. The method showed high sensitivity and suitability for assessing and predicting wear in tribological systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"586 ","pages":"Article 206444"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure and third-body behavior of Cu-MoS2-TiC composite coatings deposited by cold spray","authors":"Aosong Li ,&nbsp;Wendong Fang ,&nbsp;Tongyue Liang ,&nbsp;Sima A. Alidokht ,&nbsp;Phuong Vo ,&nbsp;Bertrand Jodoin ,&nbsp;Richard R. Chromik","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.206464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the effect of ceramic particle addition on the properties of cold sprayed MoS₂-based metal matrix composite coatings, Cu-MoS₂ and Cu-MoS₂-TiC coatings were deposited using feedstocks containing 0 (CM), 15 (CM-15T), 30 (CM-30T) and 50 (CM-50T) wt% TiC, respectively, while maintaining a constant MoS₂ ratio of 5.5 wt% relative to the combined Cu and MoS₂ powders. The influence of TiC content on the coatings microstructure and mechanical properties was systematically evaluated. TiC addition led to a tamping effect that densified the coatings and enhanced plastic deformation of the Cu matrix, thereby improving cohesion strength as well as nano- and micro-hardness. However, MoS₂ retention decreased in CM-30T and CM-50T. Polished coating surfaces were tested for reciprocating sliding wear using a ball-on-plate tribometer in dry air and nitrogen, with Al₂O₃ spheres as counterbodies. CM showed low coefficients of friction but the highest wear rate in both environments because of its inferior mechanical properties. In dry air, CM-15T demonstrated the lowest friction and superior wear resistance, attributed to its high MoS₂ retention and improved mechanical properties. Mild abrasive wear in CM-15T suggested a significant reduction in adhesive wear which was dominant for the other coatings. In nitrogen, adhesive wear was minimal for all coatings. The high MoS₂ content in CM-15T contributed to low coefficients of friction. CM-50T exhibited the lowest wear rate, benefiting from its high hardness, enhanced cohesion strength, and more retained TiC particles that facilitated the fast formation of hard tribo-layers. These findings highlight the interplay between tribological behavior, mechanical properties, tribo-oxidation, and third-body effects in metal matrix composite coatings incorporating solid lubricants and hard phases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"586 ","pages":"Article 206464"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}