Pub Date : 2008-12-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781060
F. Felder
Numerous energy policy proposals are being articulated and advanced that vary along many dimensions, including problem definition, disciplinary origination and focus, scope, scale, and comprehensiveness. This paper provides a framework that evaluates the wide range of energy proposals and transcends the particular approach used in a specific proposal. Proposals, if they are to be successful, must be examined within the context of the world energy system (WES), which is a complex, large-scale, integrated, open, sociotechnical system with sunk assets subject to uncertainty and the response to incentives of consumers and producers. Several categories are proposed in order to classify energy policies. Using this categorization scheme and the concept of a WES, generic limitations of various energy policies can be identified. They are the comprehensiveness, boundary, and feedback problems. The result is that policymakers have a tool to classify, understand, and critique energy proposals, enhancing their ability to evaluate them, and analysts have a framework to guide their work.
{"title":"A Framework for Evaluation of Energy Policy Proposals","authors":"F. Felder","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781060","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous energy policy proposals are being articulated and advanced that vary along many dimensions, including problem definition, disciplinary origination and focus, scope, scale, and comprehensiveness. This paper provides a framework that evaluates the wide range of energy proposals and transcends the particular approach used in a specific proposal. Proposals, if they are to be successful, must be examined within the context of the world energy system (WES), which is a complex, large-scale, integrated, open, sociotechnical system with sunk assets subject to uncertainty and the response to incentives of consumers and producers. Several categories are proposed in order to classify energy policies. Using this categorization scheme and the concept of a WES, generic limitations of various energy policies can be identified. They are the comprehensiveness, boundary, and feedback problems. The result is that policymakers have a tool to classify, understand, and critique energy proposals, enhancing their ability to evaluate them, and analysts have a framework to guide their work.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129477964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-17DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781024
M. Drouineau, V. Mazauric, E. Assoumou, N. Maizi
Long term planning models provide plausible options to meet the upcoming energy consumption. Focusing on the electrical sector, we argue that a suitable representation of dynamic dissipative processes over the electrical network is central to a relevant evaluation of supply structures. We introduce the notions of conveying and reliability losses and their qualitative impacts on power transmission. In order to assess network reliability, we propose a methodology to exhibit the level of losses associated with a given level of reliability, whether generation capacities are centralized or decentralized. Our methodology is based on a thermodynamic description of the electric system and lumps it as a "one-loop grid". It provides the amount of reactive power and kinetic reserve needed to ensure network reliability and to face admissible load fluctuations. These synthetic results and their theoretical background are an important step toward including reliability requirements in long term planning models.
{"title":"Network reliability assessment towards long term planning","authors":"M. Drouineau, V. Mazauric, E. Assoumou, N. Maizi","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781024","url":null,"abstract":"Long term planning models provide plausible options to meet the upcoming energy consumption. Focusing on the electrical sector, we argue that a suitable representation of dynamic dissipative processes over the electrical network is central to a relevant evaluation of supply structures. We introduce the notions of conveying and reliability losses and their qualitative impacts on power transmission. In order to assess network reliability, we propose a methodology to exhibit the level of losses associated with a given level of reliability, whether generation capacities are centralized or decentralized. Our methodology is based on a thermodynamic description of the electric system and lumps it as a \"one-loop grid\". It provides the amount of reactive power and kinetic reserve needed to ensure network reliability and to face admissible load fluctuations. These synthetic results and their theoretical background are an important step toward including reliability requirements in long term planning models.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127375096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781018
J. A. Kumar, C. Radhakrishna
This paper analyzes India's progress towards a sustainable energy future by AD2030. The India energy scenario is analyzed, taking into account governmental plans, and using the latest planning tools. The importance of hydro, nuclear and renewable sources in the integrated energy system is brought out in the India case study. The study highlights strategies and policy requirements for a sustainable energy infrastructure for India. These findings could be quite relevant, especially to other developing countries, in their quest for sustainable development.
{"title":"Sustainable Energy Future by AD2030 - India Case Study","authors":"J. A. Kumar, C. Radhakrishna","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781018","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes India's progress towards a sustainable energy future by AD2030. The India energy scenario is analyzed, taking into account governmental plans, and using the latest planning tools. The importance of hydro, nuclear and renewable sources in the integrated energy system is brought out in the India case study. The study highlights strategies and policy requirements for a sustainable energy infrastructure for India. These findings could be quite relevant, especially to other developing countries, in their quest for sustainable development.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122553446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781069
Y. Liu, J. Bebic, B. Kroposki, J. de Bedout, W. Ren
Distributed generation can have an impact on distribution feeder voltage regulation, and distributed solar photovoltaics (PV) are no exception. As the penetration level of solar PV rises over the coming decades, reverse power flow on the distribution feeder will happen more frequently and the associated voltage rise might lead to violations of voltage boundaries defined by ANSI C84.1. The severity of possible voltage problems depends on the relative size and location of distributed PV generation and loads, distribution feeder topology, and method of voltage regulation. In this paper, an illustrative distribution system feeder is assumed, and various case studies are conducted. The performance of the commonly used distribution voltage regulation methods under reverse power flow are investigated and presented. Voltage performance of the feeder, and the flow of active and reactive power are studied under different loading assumptions, and different assumptions of PV inverters' participation. The paper also explores the system performance using coordinated controls of inverters and utility equipment.
{"title":"Distribution System Voltage Performance Analysis for High-Penetration PV","authors":"Y. Liu, J. Bebic, B. Kroposki, J. de Bedout, W. Ren","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781069","url":null,"abstract":"Distributed generation can have an impact on distribution feeder voltage regulation, and distributed solar photovoltaics (PV) are no exception. As the penetration level of solar PV rises over the coming decades, reverse power flow on the distribution feeder will happen more frequently and the associated voltage rise might lead to violations of voltage boundaries defined by ANSI C84.1. The severity of possible voltage problems depends on the relative size and location of distributed PV generation and loads, distribution feeder topology, and method of voltage regulation. In this paper, an illustrative distribution system feeder is assumed, and various case studies are conducted. The performance of the commonly used distribution voltage regulation methods under reverse power flow are investigated and presented. Voltage performance of the feeder, and the flow of active and reactive power are studied under different loading assumptions, and different assumptions of PV inverters' participation. The paper also explores the system performance using coordinated controls of inverters and utility equipment.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129519634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781010
E. O’Neill-Carrillo, A. Irizarry-Rivera, J. A. Colucci-Ríos, M. Pérez-Lugo, C. Ortiz-García
Many of the problems the World faces are managed from a mostly technical or economical perspective, even though problems also have social and environmental dimensions and could be better managed with a more integrative, global perspective. A common trait of these global issues is their interdisciplinary nature, which makes them complex problems difficult to address from one particular discipline. Energy is an example of a global, interdisciplinary problem which is usually approached from a narrow technical or economical perspective. This paper will approach the energy dilemma from the broader perspective of sustainability, striving to achieve a balance among the economic, environmental and social dimensions of energy. Such a balance can benefit the energy policy process by providing a framework that account for many of the interests involved in developing future energy directions and policies.
{"title":"Sustainable Energy: Balancing the Economic, Environmental and Social Dimensions of Energy","authors":"E. O’Neill-Carrillo, A. Irizarry-Rivera, J. A. Colucci-Ríos, M. Pérez-Lugo, C. Ortiz-García","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781010","url":null,"abstract":"Many of the problems the World faces are managed from a mostly technical or economical perspective, even though problems also have social and environmental dimensions and could be better managed with a more integrative, global perspective. A common trait of these global issues is their interdisciplinary nature, which makes them complex problems difficult to address from one particular discipline. Energy is an example of a global, interdisciplinary problem which is usually approached from a narrow technical or economical perspective. This paper will approach the energy dilemma from the broader perspective of sustainability, striving to achieve a balance among the economic, environmental and social dimensions of energy. Such a balance can benefit the energy policy process by providing a framework that account for many of the interests involved in developing future energy directions and policies.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129870166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781007
P. Jansson, R. A. Michelfelder, V. Udo, G. Sheehan, S. Hetznecker, M. Freeman
The electric power industry in the U. S. will undergo radical change unlike any it has seen in its history as the renewable portfolio standards [RPS] of over 26 States are implemented during the next decade. The application queues of the largest RTO's in the U.S. are dominated by dispersed, intermittent renewable power generators such as wind and photovoltaics [PV]. Now that over half the States in the U.S. have adopted aggressive RPS, with some like Maine calling for as much as 40% renewables in the next decade, the issues of how a large penetration of dispersed renewables can be reliably integrated into the grid must come to the forefront of the technology discussion. The authors contend that the major challenge facing the U.S. electric power industry of the 21st century is fulfilling its societal obligations to be simultaneously reliable, economically priced and environmentally responsible as this most pervasive technological system grows into a new level of complexity under RPS requirements, deregulation and industry restructuring. This paper discusses as an example the origin and construction of a key grid scale PV power plant in Pennsylvania (the first on PJM) as well as how the free market forces have responded to federal tax incentives and regulatory-based incentives to integrate photovoltaics into the PJM grid. We describe how aggressive public policy has played an important role in that transition.
{"title":"Integrating Large-Scale Photovoltaic Power Plants into the Grid","authors":"P. Jansson, R. A. Michelfelder, V. Udo, G. Sheehan, S. Hetznecker, M. Freeman","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781007","url":null,"abstract":"The electric power industry in the U. S. will undergo radical change unlike any it has seen in its history as the renewable portfolio standards [RPS] of over 26 States are implemented during the next decade. The application queues of the largest RTO's in the U.S. are dominated by dispersed, intermittent renewable power generators such as wind and photovoltaics [PV]. Now that over half the States in the U.S. have adopted aggressive RPS, with some like Maine calling for as much as 40% renewables in the next decade, the issues of how a large penetration of dispersed renewables can be reliably integrated into the grid must come to the forefront of the technology discussion. The authors contend that the major challenge facing the U.S. electric power industry of the 21st century is fulfilling its societal obligations to be simultaneously reliable, economically priced and environmentally responsible as this most pervasive technological system grows into a new level of complexity under RPS requirements, deregulation and industry restructuring. This paper discusses as an example the origin and construction of a key grid scale PV power plant in Pennsylvania (the first on PJM) as well as how the free market forces have responded to federal tax incentives and regulatory-based incentives to integrate photovoltaics into the PJM grid. We describe how aggressive public policy has played an important role in that transition.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129842957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781028
Mike He, E. Reutzel, Xiaofan Jiang, R. Katz, S. Sanders, D. Culler, Ken Lutz
The United States electricity grid faces significant problems resulting from fundamental design principles that limit its ability to handle the key energy challenges of the 21st century. We propose an innovative electric power architecture, rooted in lessons learned from the Internet and microgrids, which addresses these problems while interfacing gracefully into the current grid to allow for non-disruptive incremental adoption. Such a system, which we term a "Local" grid, is controlled by intelligent power switches (IPS), and can consist of loads, energy sources, and energy storage. The desired result of the proposed architecture is to produce a grid network designed for distributed renewable energy, prevalent energy storage, and stable autonomous systems. We will describe organizing principles of such a system that ensure well-behaved operation, such as requirements for communication and energy transfer protocols, regulation and control schemes, and market-based rules of operation.
{"title":"An Architecture for Local Energy Generation, Distribution, and Sharing","authors":"Mike He, E. Reutzel, Xiaofan Jiang, R. Katz, S. Sanders, D. Culler, Ken Lutz","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781028","url":null,"abstract":"The United States electricity grid faces significant problems resulting from fundamental design principles that limit its ability to handle the key energy challenges of the 21st century. We propose an innovative electric power architecture, rooted in lessons learned from the Internet and microgrids, which addresses these problems while interfacing gracefully into the current grid to allow for non-disruptive incremental adoption. Such a system, which we term a \"Local\" grid, is controlled by intelligent power switches (IPS), and can consist of loads, energy sources, and energy storage. The desired result of the proposed architecture is to produce a grid network designed for distributed renewable energy, prevalent energy storage, and stable autonomous systems. We will describe organizing principles of such a system that ensure well-behaved operation, such as requirements for communication and energy transfer protocols, regulation and control schemes, and market-based rules of operation.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130528653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781037
S. Mazumder, K. Acharya, M. Tahir
Smart grids in near future will be expected to provide high fidelity power-flow control, self healing, and energy surety and energy security anytime and anywhere. This will require a ubiquitous framework of distributed control-communication supported by pervasive computation and sensing technologies. However, effective operation of such an integrated control-communication framework will need i) a "joint" optimization strategy that ensures an optimal balance between performance of the control system under stability bound and the dynamic network capacity of the communication network; and ii) a mechanism for partitioning the functionality to achieve a distributed or pseudo-decentralized implementation. In this paper, some of these issues have been raised and an outine on the first-step approach has been provided along with case studies involving homogeneous inverter network and a scaled microgrid. A novel nodal architecture has been proposed as well to demonstrate a possible approach towards implementation of the control-communication framework.
{"title":"Towards Realization of a Control-Commnunication Framework for Interactive Power Networks","authors":"S. Mazumder, K. Acharya, M. Tahir","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781037","url":null,"abstract":"Smart grids in near future will be expected to provide high fidelity power-flow control, self healing, and energy surety and energy security anytime and anywhere. This will require a ubiquitous framework of distributed control-communication supported by pervasive computation and sensing technologies. However, effective operation of such an integrated control-communication framework will need i) a \"joint\" optimization strategy that ensures an optimal balance between performance of the control system under stability bound and the dynamic network capacity of the communication network; and ii) a mechanism for partitioning the functionality to achieve a distributed or pseudo-decentralized implementation. In this paper, some of these issues have been raised and an outine on the first-step approach has been provided along with case studies involving homogeneous inverter network and a scaled microgrid. A novel nodal architecture has been proposed as well to demonstrate a possible approach towards implementation of the control-communication framework.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127007790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781043
J. Carr, J. Balda, H. Mantooth
Renewable distributed energy resources (DERs) will play a large role in the future energy infrastructure because of advantages like lower carbon imprints, lower fuel costs, and reduced power flows on transmission lines. The unreliability of many renewable DERs due to the intermittent nature of their supply, especially in the case of solar and wind generators, can be mitigated with energy storage that brings a host of additional benefits including load leveling, frequency control, and power quality compensation. One barrier to adoption of these technologies is the need for interfaces between the different voltage levels and waveforms produced by the various systems. This paper, which is tutorial in nature, examines several possible interfaces presented in the literature and provides a comparison between their advantages and disadvantages.
{"title":"A Survey of Systems to Integrate Distributed Energy Resources and Energy Storage on the Utility Grid","authors":"J. Carr, J. Balda, H. Mantooth","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781043","url":null,"abstract":"Renewable distributed energy resources (DERs) will play a large role in the future energy infrastructure because of advantages like lower carbon imprints, lower fuel costs, and reduced power flows on transmission lines. The unreliability of many renewable DERs due to the intermittent nature of their supply, especially in the case of solar and wind generators, can be mitigated with energy storage that brings a host of additional benefits including load leveling, frequency control, and power quality compensation. One barrier to adoption of these technologies is the need for interfaces between the different voltage levels and waveforms produced by the various systems. This paper, which is tutorial in nature, examines several possible interfaces presented in the literature and provides a comparison between their advantages and disadvantages.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129234201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781025
E. Fisher, E. Schoenberger
In this paper we examine the inevitable interconnection between engineering, economics and environmental impact in the electricity industry, and how they shape the roles engineers can and should play in designing the energy systems of the future. Involvement of engineers needs to happen in two ways: engineers can bring a technological awareness to the policy debate; and engineers need to be able to identify and re-think their own assumptions about engineering problems, particularly during times of economic and regulatory change. In other words, engineers must help others re-think their assumptions, and engineers must allow others to help them re-think their own. But how do we know which assumptions are valid or invalid in times of change? Often qualitative methods and interdisciplinary collaboration can help.
{"title":"Who's Driving the Bus: The Importance of Interdisciplinary Awareness on the Road to Sustainability","authors":"E. Fisher, E. Schoenberger","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781025","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we examine the inevitable interconnection between engineering, economics and environmental impact in the electricity industry, and how they shape the roles engineers can and should play in designing the energy systems of the future. Involvement of engineers needs to happen in two ways: engineers can bring a technological awareness to the policy debate; and engineers need to be able to identify and re-think their own assumptions about engineering problems, particularly during times of economic and regulatory change. In other words, engineers must help others re-think their assumptions, and engineers must allow others to help them re-think their own. But how do we know which assumptions are valid or invalid in times of change? Often qualitative methods and interdisciplinary collaboration can help.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116282752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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