Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781054
A. Prasai, D. Divan
In the US, much of the wind resource is located a significant distance from population centers. Existing AC grids, if available, are weak and incapable of carrying large amounts of wind power. Use of proven HVDC technology using voltage source converters (VSC) to perform the long haul for wind energy offers significant advantages at the system level. If one maintains the existing architecture with 60 hertz AC machines (DFIG or PM) connected in parallel, with another VSC converter station at the wind-farm, then the approach appears to be very expensive. This paper proposes a cost effective approach that is based on a compact and light HVDC architecture where individual turbine output is directly converted to DC, using PM generators, medium frequency transformers and simple power converters.
{"title":"DC Collection for Wind Farms","authors":"A. Prasai, D. Divan","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781054","url":null,"abstract":"In the US, much of the wind resource is located a significant distance from population centers. Existing AC grids, if available, are weak and incapable of carrying large amounts of wind power. Use of proven HVDC technology using voltage source converters (VSC) to perform the long haul for wind energy offers significant advantages at the system level. If one maintains the existing architecture with 60 hertz AC machines (DFIG or PM) connected in parallel, with another VSC converter station at the wind-farm, then the approach appears to be very expensive. This paper proposes a cost effective approach that is based on a compact and light HVDC architecture where individual turbine output is directly converted to DC, using PM generators, medium frequency transformers and simple power converters.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128812940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781075
T. Esram, P. Krein, Brian T. Kuhn, Robert S. Balog, Patrick L. Chapman
Grid parity in the context of solar energy implies that photovoltaic resources become competitive with more conventional electrical resources. The paper explores various concepts of grid parity, with emphasis on power electronics aspects. The published Department of Energy goal of grid parity by 2015 implies large-scale shifts to solar energy by 2030. It IS shown that the power electronics subsystems of solar energy systems require substantial cost and reliability improvements to support grid parity. Inverters need to match the typical 25-year life of solar panels, support major simplifications to installation, and achieve lower manufacturing costs.
{"title":"Power Electronics Needs for Achieving Grid-Parity Solar Energy Costs","authors":"T. Esram, P. Krein, Brian T. Kuhn, Robert S. Balog, Patrick L. Chapman","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781075","url":null,"abstract":"Grid parity in the context of solar energy implies that photovoltaic resources become competitive with more conventional electrical resources. The paper explores various concepts of grid parity, with emphasis on power electronics aspects. The published Department of Energy goal of grid parity by 2015 implies large-scale shifts to solar energy by 2030. It IS shown that the power electronics subsystems of solar energy systems require substantial cost and reliability improvements to support grid parity. Inverters need to match the typical 25-year life of solar panels, support major simplifications to installation, and achieve lower manufacturing costs.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129161240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4780988
R. Deblasio, C. Tom
To get from today's electricity grid to tomorrow's smart grid with interconnection and full two way communications connection to distributed energy sources such as wind, solar, and plug-in electric vehicles requires an interoperability framework of protocols and standards.
{"title":"Standards for the Smart Grid","authors":"R. Deblasio, C. Tom","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4780988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4780988","url":null,"abstract":"To get from today's electricity grid to tomorrow's smart grid with interconnection and full two way communications connection to distributed energy sources such as wind, solar, and plug-in electric vehicles requires an interoperability framework of protocols and standards.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129802183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781027
S. Mazumder, T. Sarkar
Dynamic control of electromagnetic-emission, efficiency, and stress of switching power systems using optically-modulated and galvanically isolated gate control of power semiconductor devices (PSDs) is outlined and experimentally demonstrated at a scaled power level. This is achieved by modulating the switching dynamics of a PSD using an optically triggered power transistor (OTPT), which controls the gate excitation of the PSD. An important aspect regarding scalability of the same concept towards higher power application is the controllability of the PSD onset delay (which can be optically modulated, and as demonstrated, in the proposed device concept) particularly for series/parallel connected device configurations for high voltage and current applications.
{"title":"Optical Modulation for High Power Systems: Potential for Electromagnetic-Emission, Loss, and Stress Control by Switching Dynamics Variation of Power Semiconductor Devices","authors":"S. Mazumder, T. Sarkar","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781027","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamic control of electromagnetic-emission, efficiency, and stress of switching power systems using optically-modulated and galvanically isolated gate control of power semiconductor devices (PSDs) is outlined and experimentally demonstrated at a scaled power level. This is achieved by modulating the switching dynamics of a PSD using an optically triggered power transistor (OTPT), which controls the gate excitation of the PSD. An important aspect regarding scalability of the same concept towards higher power application is the controllability of the PSD onset delay (which can be optically modulated, and as demonstrated, in the proposed device concept) particularly for series/parallel connected device configurations for high voltage and current applications.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128017624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781003
Jonathan J Awerbuch, C. R. Sullivan, C. R. Sullivan
The energy storage system in electric vehicles (EV) must supply variable power levels and take regenerative power from braking. Ultracapacitors (UC) are more efficient than batteries for variable loads and recharging, but have a much lower energy density; the combination of these into a hybrid source can deliver better performance in an EV. We present several control systems, compare three active control schemes in-depth, and suggest a design. We describe a superior UC voltage control algorithm and a method of choosing optimal system parameters. Simulation validates the control approach of the complete system, and shows performance improvement of 48% by one metric. The test system includes a DC-to-DC converter with 97-98% typical efficiency.
{"title":"Control of Ultracapacitor-Battery Hybrid Power Source for Vehicular Applications","authors":"Jonathan J Awerbuch, C. R. Sullivan, C. R. Sullivan","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781003","url":null,"abstract":"The energy storage system in electric vehicles (EV) must supply variable power levels and take regenerative power from braking. Ultracapacitors (UC) are more efficient than batteries for variable loads and recharging, but have a much lower energy density; the combination of these into a hybrid source can deliver better performance in an EV. We present several control systems, compare three active control schemes in-depth, and suggest a design. We describe a superior UC voltage control algorithm and a method of choosing optimal system parameters. Simulation validates the control approach of the complete system, and shows performance improvement of 48% by one metric. The test system includes a DC-to-DC converter with 97-98% typical efficiency.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"275 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121261718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4780994
M. Murahara, K. Seki
The "Offshore Electrolysis Plant" has been proposed to prevent a fuel crisis and global warming simultaneously and to make a peace loving, sustainable society without resource wars. This on-site electrolysis plant is located on the raw material called "seawater" and is equipped with a windpower station. Utilizing offshore wind energy and seawater, sodium is produced as a solid fuel on site by molten-salt electrolysis and transported to a power consumption place on land, where the sodium will be made to react with water to produce hydrogen for power generation. Many by-products such as fresh water, magnesium, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and sodium hydroxide are prepared electrolytically; the sodium hydroxide is supplied to the soda industry as a raw material. Furthermore, the plant is designed to use all the by-products efficiently, to attain "Zero Waste", to decrease the energy loss in production, storage, and transportation, and to improve the efficiency of the whole system.
{"title":"On-Site Sodium Production with Seawater Electrolysis as Alternative Energy for Oil by Offshore Wind Power Generation","authors":"M. Murahara, K. Seki","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4780994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4780994","url":null,"abstract":"The \"Offshore Electrolysis Plant\" has been proposed to prevent a fuel crisis and global warming simultaneously and to make a peace loving, sustainable society without resource wars. This on-site electrolysis plant is located on the raw material called \"seawater\" and is equipped with a windpower station. Utilizing offshore wind energy and seawater, sodium is produced as a solid fuel on site by molten-salt electrolysis and transported to a power consumption place on land, where the sodium will be made to react with water to produce hydrogen for power generation. Many by-products such as fresh water, magnesium, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and sodium hydroxide are prepared electrolytically; the sodium hydroxide is supplied to the soda industry as a raw material. Furthermore, the plant is designed to use all the by-products efficiently, to attain \"Zero Waste\", to decrease the energy loss in production, storage, and transportation, and to improve the efficiency of the whole system.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121501189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781048
C. Roe, A. Meliopoulos, J. Meisel, T. Overbye
This paper presents an investigation into an aspect of how plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) could impact the electric power system. The investigation is focused on the impact of the additional electrical load PHEV charging will have on primary energy source utilization and subsequent environmental air pollution (EAP) as emissions are transferred from vehicle tailpipes to powerplants. A methodology is presented for evaluating the impact on primary energy source utilization, considering all the operating constraints of an electric power system, as well as, the realistic operation of PHEVs. Examples of energy source utilization impacts are presented for various levels of PHEV penetration on a specific power system. In general, PHEVs cause a shift of fuel utilization from gasoline to, a more diversified fuel source, utilized by electric power utilities. The results are particularly sensitive to the generation mix of the specific power system simulated.
{"title":"Power System Level Impacts of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using Simulation Data","authors":"C. Roe, A. Meliopoulos, J. Meisel, T. Overbye","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781048","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an investigation into an aspect of how plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) could impact the electric power system. The investigation is focused on the impact of the additional electrical load PHEV charging will have on primary energy source utilization and subsequent environmental air pollution (EAP) as emissions are transferred from vehicle tailpipes to powerplants. A methodology is presented for evaluating the impact on primary energy source utilization, considering all the operating constraints of an electric power system, as well as, the realistic operation of PHEVs. Examples of energy source utilization impacts are presented for various levels of PHEV penetration on a specific power system. In general, PHEVs cause a shift of fuel utilization from gasoline to, a more diversified fuel source, utilized by electric power utilities. The results are particularly sensitive to the generation mix of the specific power system simulated.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117173505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781045
F. Adamek
This paper presents a hierarchical multiple-level model approach for the examination of the optimal power supply strategy for a larger (geographical) region, such as a city, or a county. The multiple-level model consists of hierarchically ordered parts of the region, forming the levels. The levels exchange energy. Variations on load demand or technology infrastructure of one part of the region affect other parts. The aim of this paper is to develop a methodology to analyze the optimal power supply of the region for different scenarios. Bottom-up optimization is proposed to allow the comparison of different power supply scenarios with respect to their costs. The use of decentralized (renewable) energy plants can be compared to the operation of centralized plants. The performance of small and large storages can be analyzed and differentiated. The cost optimal positioning of storages and conversion technologies and the optimal assignment of a new technology to a level can be studied. Also, the demand for centralized conventional power plants can be minimized using the multiple-level model. The examination and comparison of different supply scenarios allows to elaborate recommendations for action and investment for the analyzed region.
{"title":"Optimal Multi Energy Supply for Regions with Increasing Use of Renewable Resources","authors":"F. Adamek","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781045","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a hierarchical multiple-level model approach for the examination of the optimal power supply strategy for a larger (geographical) region, such as a city, or a county. The multiple-level model consists of hierarchically ordered parts of the region, forming the levels. The levels exchange energy. Variations on load demand or technology infrastructure of one part of the region affect other parts. The aim of this paper is to develop a methodology to analyze the optimal power supply of the region for different scenarios. Bottom-up optimization is proposed to allow the comparison of different power supply scenarios with respect to their costs. The use of decentralized (renewable) energy plants can be compared to the operation of centralized plants. The performance of small and large storages can be analyzed and differentiated. The cost optimal positioning of storages and conversion technologies and the optimal assignment of a new technology to a level can be studied. Also, the demand for centralized conventional power plants can be minimized using the multiple-level model. The examination and comparison of different supply scenarios allows to elaborate recommendations for action and investment for the analyzed region.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132641403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4780992
J.J.S. Jimenez, M.D.Z. Izquierdo, J.S.B. Leon, A.M. del Sol, J. Valdés
In most sugar cane mills there are consumers of steam (process). They work with a very small pressure compared with the one obtained in the steam boilers, this pressure is increased even more if over heaters are used. In order to obtain this low operation pressure, it is necessary to pass the steam through a reducing valve. If this steam goes through a back-pressure turbine and electric power is thus generated, then the energy that would get lost in the reducing valve is instead used. This process constitutes a way of saving energy.
{"title":"Cost of the Electrical Energy Obtained by Cogeneration in the Sugar Cane Mills","authors":"J.J.S. Jimenez, M.D.Z. Izquierdo, J.S.B. Leon, A.M. del Sol, J. Valdés","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4780992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4780992","url":null,"abstract":"In most sugar cane mills there are consumers of steam (process). They work with a very small pressure compared with the one obtained in the steam boilers, this pressure is increased even more if over heaters are used. In order to obtain this low operation pressure, it is necessary to pass the steam through a reducing valve. If this steam goes through a back-pressure turbine and electric power is thus generated, then the energy that would get lost in the reducing valve is instead used. This process constitutes a way of saving energy.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116892682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781058
A. Papavasiliou, S. Oren
We explore the possibility of directly coupling deferrable loads with wind generators in order to mitigate the variability and randomness of wind power generation. Loads engage in a contractual agreement of deferring their demand for power by a fixed amount of time and wind generators optimally allocate available wind power with the objective of minimizing the cost of unscheduled and variable supply. We simulate the performance of the proposed coupling in a market environment and we demonstrate its compatibility with existing technology, grid operations and economic incentives. The results indicate that the combination of existing deregulated power markets and demand side flexibility could support large scale integration of wind power without significant impacts on grid operations and without the requirement for prohibitive investments in backup generation.
{"title":"Coupling Wind Generators with Deferrable Loads","authors":"A. Papavasiliou, S. Oren","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781058","url":null,"abstract":"We explore the possibility of directly coupling deferrable loads with wind generators in order to mitigate the variability and randomness of wind power generation. Loads engage in a contractual agreement of deferring their demand for power by a fixed amount of time and wind generators optimally allocate available wind power with the objective of minimizing the cost of unscheduled and variable supply. We simulate the performance of the proposed coupling in a market environment and we demonstrate its compatibility with existing technology, grid operations and economic incentives. The results indicate that the combination of existing deregulated power markets and demand side flexibility could support large scale integration of wind power without significant impacts on grid operations and without the requirement for prohibitive investments in backup generation.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114311709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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