Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781026
T.G.F. Prado, M. D. de Oliveira, I. M. de Toledo Camargo
The PROINFA is a Brazilian government policy which is divided into two phases and whose objective is to promote the expansion of power generation through renewable sources. This paper aims to assess the efficiency of the second phase with regard to long-term scenarios (2009-2030), identifying gaps and barriers, and proposing policy options to address them. In the first phase, the Program calls for the generation of 3,300 MW of renewable energy with a national business participation rate of 60%, aiming to maximize the countrys regional potentials, create jobs, reduce CO2 emissions through thermal (fossil) displacement, and promote energy contracts with differentiated conditions for conventional sources, as well as specific tariff/MWh for each source. The second phase fixes a 90% nationalization rate and a 15% Brazilian electrical energy annual consumption rate to be supplied by these sources. The goals of this phase are expected to be reached within twenty years, and the price will be a weighted average between competitive hydroelectric and thermoelectric (natural gas) prices.
{"title":"The Brazilian Renewable Energy Incentive Program - The Second Phase of the PROINFA: Assessing Policy Efficiency And Barriers in Long-term Scenarios","authors":"T.G.F. Prado, M. D. de Oliveira, I. M. de Toledo Camargo","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781026","url":null,"abstract":"The PROINFA is a Brazilian government policy which is divided into two phases and whose objective is to promote the expansion of power generation through renewable sources. This paper aims to assess the efficiency of the second phase with regard to long-term scenarios (2009-2030), identifying gaps and barriers, and proposing policy options to address them. In the first phase, the Program calls for the generation of 3,300 MW of renewable energy with a national business participation rate of 60%, aiming to maximize the countrys regional potentials, create jobs, reduce CO2 emissions through thermal (fossil) displacement, and promote energy contracts with differentiated conditions for conventional sources, as well as specific tariff/MWh for each source. The second phase fixes a 90% nationalization rate and a 15% Brazilian electrical energy annual consumption rate to be supplied by these sources. The goals of this phase are expected to be reached within twenty years, and the price will be a weighted average between competitive hydroelectric and thermoelectric (natural gas) prices.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130338621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781004
Yongqiang Zhu, Z. Yin, Jun Tian
After analyzing typical structure of microgrids with distributed energy sources, a new idea of microgrid based on "DC energy pool" is proposed in the paper, whose energy exchanging process is also discussed. The new idea lays stress on the skillfully control of energy stored in the energy-storage device. Since the power balance within the microgrid is realized in a way with the help of distributed regulating power source such as micro-gas turbine, the demand for large capacity energy-storage device is reduced.
{"title":"Microgrids Based on DC Energy Pool","authors":"Yongqiang Zhu, Z. Yin, Jun Tian","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781004","url":null,"abstract":"After analyzing typical structure of microgrids with distributed energy sources, a new idea of microgrid based on \"DC energy pool\" is proposed in the paper, whose energy exchanging process is also discussed. The new idea lays stress on the skillfully control of energy stored in the energy-storage device. Since the power balance within the microgrid is realized in a way with the help of distributed regulating power source such as micro-gas turbine, the demand for large capacity energy-storage device is reduced.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124914371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781042
Jiuping Pan, R. Nuqui, K. Srivastava, T. Jonsson, P. Holmberg, Ying-jiang Hafner
Increased bulk power transactions in competitive energy markets together with large scale integration of renewable energy sources are posing challenges to high-voltage transmission systems. Environmental constraints and energy efficiency requirements also have significant effects on future transmission infrastructure development. This paper reviews the recent development in HVDC technologies and discusses the needs of the hybrid AC/DC grid structure for future power systems with focus on VSC-HVDC applications in meshed AC grid. It has also been recognized that hybrid AC/DC transmission system together with the wide area measurement system (WAMS) could effectively manage the overall power grid operation security and efficiency under uncertain supply and demand conditions.
{"title":"AC Grid with Embedded VSC-HVDC for Secure and Efficient Power Delivery","authors":"Jiuping Pan, R. Nuqui, K. Srivastava, T. Jonsson, P. Holmberg, Ying-jiang Hafner","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781042","url":null,"abstract":"Increased bulk power transactions in competitive energy markets together with large scale integration of renewable energy sources are posing challenges to high-voltage transmission systems. Environmental constraints and energy efficiency requirements also have significant effects on future transmission infrastructure development. This paper reviews the recent development in HVDC technologies and discusses the needs of the hybrid AC/DC grid structure for future power systems with focus on VSC-HVDC applications in meshed AC grid. It has also been recognized that hybrid AC/DC transmission system together with the wide area measurement system (WAMS) could effectively manage the overall power grid operation security and efficiency under uncertain supply and demand conditions.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114056794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781016
Q. B. Dam
This paper presents a survey about the perception of achievable automobile fuel economies versus EPA ratings. The survey follows up of a driving experiment in which the fuel consumed was 30% lower than the rated consumption for the same distance. On one hand, the results of the survey suggest that for most people, the perception of the possible fuel economy of a particular car seems to be biased by its advertised fuel economy and present standards. On the other hand, the driving experiment confirms that fuel consumption is affected by the driving style of motorists. As a result, this paper constitutes a call to all drivers to be more optimistic about and take some responsibility for the fuel efficiency of their automobiles. Fuel economies that exceed the EPA ratings are easily obtained with a few driving adjustments. In the present energy and environment turmoil, such adjustments result in immediate and significant savings in terms of fuel, carbon footprint, and environmental impacts.
{"title":"The MPG Survey: Questioning the Biased Perception of Automobile Fuel Economy","authors":"Q. B. Dam","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781016","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a survey about the perception of achievable automobile fuel economies versus EPA ratings. The survey follows up of a driving experiment in which the fuel consumed was 30% lower than the rated consumption for the same distance. On one hand, the results of the survey suggest that for most people, the perception of the possible fuel economy of a particular car seems to be biased by its advertised fuel economy and present standards. On the other hand, the driving experiment confirms that fuel consumption is affected by the driving style of motorists. As a result, this paper constitutes a call to all drivers to be more optimistic about and take some responsibility for the fuel efficiency of their automobiles. Fuel economies that exceed the EPA ratings are easily obtained with a few driving adjustments. In the present energy and environment turmoil, such adjustments result in immediate and significant savings in terms of fuel, carbon footprint, and environmental impacts.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129213910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781022
P. Steimer
Power Electronics will play a key role in this paradigm shift to more renewable electrical energy and higher energy efficiency in multiple applications including transportation. In electrical energy generation a major shift to renewables as sources of future electrical energy will happen. The political institutions world-wide have the responsibility to create the boundary conditions to accelerate this needed change. Renewables (Wind, Solar, ..) are important future contributors and solar power (photovoltaic or thermal) needs to be taken serious. In regards of energy efficiency we need to focus on efficient bulk power generation including the mandatory use of waste heat for district heating or process industries. This all will ask for a substantial expansion and modernization of the electrical distribution and transmission system with more MVDC and HVDC systems. In industrial processes efficiency improvements can be achieved with a major focus on pump and fan applications. Another 30% of inefficient pump and fan applications need to be converted to variable speed drives to get an average of 40% energy saving in these applications. In regards of transportation up to 30-50% fuel/energy consumption reduction can be achieved with the DC-link based power system to enable efficient hybrid and in the longer term pure electrical solutions in transportation.
{"title":"Power Electronics, a Key Technology for Energy Efficiency and Renewables","authors":"P. Steimer","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781022","url":null,"abstract":"Power Electronics will play a key role in this paradigm shift to more renewable electrical energy and higher energy efficiency in multiple applications including transportation. In electrical energy generation a major shift to renewables as sources of future electrical energy will happen. The political institutions world-wide have the responsibility to create the boundary conditions to accelerate this needed change. Renewables (Wind, Solar, ..) are important future contributors and solar power (photovoltaic or thermal) needs to be taken serious. In regards of energy efficiency we need to focus on efficient bulk power generation including the mandatory use of waste heat for district heating or process industries. This all will ask for a substantial expansion and modernization of the electrical distribution and transmission system with more MVDC and HVDC systems. In industrial processes efficiency improvements can be achieved with a major focus on pump and fan applications. Another 30% of inefficient pump and fan applications need to be converted to variable speed drives to get an average of 40% energy saving in these applications. In regards of transportation up to 30-50% fuel/energy consumption reduction can be achieved with the DC-link based power system to enable efficient hybrid and in the longer term pure electrical solutions in transportation.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"2663 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114176989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781029
Zhenhua Jiang, X. Yu
This paper presents a microgrid paradigm with both DC and AC links, which may provide an effective way to integrate a heterogeneous set of small-size distributed energy resources into the existing electric power infrastructure. The collection of aggregated energy resource units at each level represents those distributed resources to the upper level as a single self-regulated entity (as a DC or AC, generator or load). At the top level, the collection of all distributed energy resources in the microgrid appears to the utility grid as indistinguishable from many other currently legitimate customer sites. Maintaining this profile relies on the flexibility of advanced power electronics that control the interfaces among distributed energy units, DC links, AC links, and the surrounding power system. This paper also discusses some major issues pertinent to behavioral functions and technical requirements of the power electronics interfaces and controls. A decoupled control framework is developed for the hybrid microgrid and the performances are evaluated.
{"title":"Hybrid DC- and AC-Linked Microgrids: Towards Integration of Distributed Energy Resources","authors":"Zhenhua Jiang, X. Yu","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781029","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a microgrid paradigm with both DC and AC links, which may provide an effective way to integrate a heterogeneous set of small-size distributed energy resources into the existing electric power infrastructure. The collection of aggregated energy resource units at each level represents those distributed resources to the upper level as a single self-regulated entity (as a DC or AC, generator or load). At the top level, the collection of all distributed energy resources in the microgrid appears to the utility grid as indistinguishable from many other currently legitimate customer sites. Maintaining this profile relies on the flexibility of advanced power electronics that control the interfaces among distributed energy units, DC links, AC links, and the surrounding power system. This paper also discusses some major issues pertinent to behavioral functions and technical requirements of the power electronics interfaces and controls. A decoupled control framework is developed for the hybrid microgrid and the performances are evaluated.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127152140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781012
A. Averberg, K. Meyer, C. Q. Nguyen, A. Mertens
In this paper, an overview of the, for a converter design most important, fuel cell characteristics is given. Different DC-DC converter topologies are presented. Their qualification for a low-input voltage, high-input current application is discussed. A comparison of the converters is given with regard to the power range they are appropriate for. The limiting factors for the transferable power are pointed out. For two topologies, a current-fed converter and a two-stage converter, experimental results are shown.
{"title":"A Survey of Converter Topologies for Fuel Cells in the kW Range","authors":"A. Averberg, K. Meyer, C. Q. Nguyen, A. Mertens","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781012","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an overview of the, for a converter design most important, fuel cell characteristics is given. Different DC-DC converter topologies are presented. Their qualification for a low-input voltage, high-input current application is discussed. A comparison of the converters is given with regard to the power range they are appropriate for. The limiting factors for the transferable power are pointed out. For two topologies, a current-fed converter and a two-stage converter, experimental results are shown.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123190685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4780998
J. Katz
The smart grid is entering the era of practical pilot projects and readiness to scale. This has been the result of a movement in technology, regulation, and a learning process for all involved. This paper discusses several areas of experience with the "intelligent utility network", IBM"s nomenclature for its smart grid concept. Topics addressed are the grid wise demonstration with the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest Lab and other research work related to the IUN, projects in progress with customers to create the foundations of a smart grid, technology and architecture, and aspects for the enablement of alternative and distributed energy and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. From a business perspective, the IBM IUN utility coalition and the IUN maturity model will be discussed.
{"title":"Educating the Smart Grid","authors":"J. Katz","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4780998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4780998","url":null,"abstract":"The smart grid is entering the era of practical pilot projects and readiness to scale. This has been the result of a movement in technology, regulation, and a learning process for all involved. This paper discusses several areas of experience with the \"intelligent utility network\", IBM\"s nomenclature for its smart grid concept. Topics addressed are the grid wise demonstration with the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest Lab and other research work related to the IUN, projects in progress with customers to create the foundations of a smart grid, technology and architecture, and aspects for the enablement of alternative and distributed energy and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. From a business perspective, the IBM IUN utility coalition and the IUN maturity model will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123334326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781013
Q. B. Dam, S. Mohagheghi, J. Stoupis
Demand response (DR) provides means for utilities to reduce the power consumption and save energy. Plus, it maximizes utilizing the current capacity of the distribution system infrastructure, reducing or eliminating the need for building new lines and expanding the system. A typical DR program requires two parties to cooperate: the utility and the customers. In this paper a novel intelligent demand response module is designed and proposed to be implemented at the customer side. The primary target of this design is large industrial sized customers that often have several manufacturing/production lines consisting of mostly large electric motors. The proposed DR module design is based on the expert systems theory. Different modules are designed that take the market rates as well as the local load management policy of the customer into account in order to make a decision for reducing the load. The validity of the proposed algorithm is tested on the IEEE 34-bus distribution test feeder in the real-time RT-Lab environment.
{"title":"Intelligent Demand Response Scheme for Customer Side Load Management","authors":"Q. B. Dam, S. Mohagheghi, J. Stoupis","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781013","url":null,"abstract":"Demand response (DR) provides means for utilities to reduce the power consumption and save energy. Plus, it maximizes utilizing the current capacity of the distribution system infrastructure, reducing or eliminating the need for building new lines and expanding the system. A typical DR program requires two parties to cooperate: the utility and the customers. In this paper a novel intelligent demand response module is designed and proposed to be implemented at the customer side. The primary target of this design is large industrial sized customers that often have several manufacturing/production lines consisting of mostly large electric motors. The proposed DR module design is based on the expert systems theory. Different modules are designed that take the market rates as well as the local load management policy of the customer into account in order to make a decision for reducing the load. The validity of the proposed algorithm is tested on the IEEE 34-bus distribution test feeder in the real-time RT-Lab environment.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"153 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116632016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781061
S. Chaudhary, R. Teodorescu, P. Rodríguez
The paper gives an overview of HVAC and HVDC connection of wind farm to the grid, with an emphasis on voltage source converter (VSC)-based HVDC for large wind farms requiring long distance cable connection. Flexible control capabilities of a VSC-based HVDC system enables smooth integration of wind farm into the power grid network while meeting the grid code requirements (GCR). Operation of a wind farm with VSC-based HVDC connection is described.
{"title":"Wind Farm Grid Integration Using VSC Based HVDC Transmission - An Overview","authors":"S. Chaudhary, R. Teodorescu, P. Rodríguez","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781061","url":null,"abstract":"The paper gives an overview of HVAC and HVDC connection of wind farm to the grid, with an emphasis on voltage source converter (VSC)-based HVDC for large wind farms requiring long distance cable connection. Flexible control capabilities of a VSC-based HVDC system enables smooth integration of wind farm into the power grid network while meeting the grid code requirements (GCR). Operation of a wind farm with VSC-based HVDC connection is described.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"42 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126115181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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