Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781059
S. Chanana, A. Kumar
In this paper we propose a new approach for handling intra-hour unscheduled interchanges in a deregulated market. This new balancing mechanism is similar to a tariff scheme working successfully in India since 2002 and is based on real-time price signals derived from frequency. The advantage of this approach in comparison to conventional balancing mechanisms is that it is simple, decentralized, economical and less prone to gaming. The generators and loads under this framework can self-schedule themselves based on real-time price signals maximizing their benefit. The price-frequency curve is designed in a manner that this mechanism results in automatic control of frequency within a specified range without any need for a centralized secondary control. This scheme does not require any additional control and communication infrastructure as price is communicated by means of frequency that can be sensed anywhere in the grid. This scheme will make it easier to incorporate distributed and renewable sources of energy in the grid. It would also facilitate demand management by automatic price based load control.
{"title":"Proposal for a Real-time Market based on the Indian Experience of Frequency Linked Prices","authors":"S. Chanana, A. Kumar","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781059","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we propose a new approach for handling intra-hour unscheduled interchanges in a deregulated market. This new balancing mechanism is similar to a tariff scheme working successfully in India since 2002 and is based on real-time price signals derived from frequency. The advantage of this approach in comparison to conventional balancing mechanisms is that it is simple, decentralized, economical and less prone to gaming. The generators and loads under this framework can self-schedule themselves based on real-time price signals maximizing their benefit. The price-frequency curve is designed in a manner that this mechanism results in automatic control of frequency within a specified range without any need for a centralized secondary control. This scheme does not require any additional control and communication infrastructure as price is communicated by means of frequency that can be sensed anywhere in the grid. This scheme will make it easier to incorporate distributed and renewable sources of energy in the grid. It would also facilitate demand management by automatic price based load control.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121370946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781008
E. O’Neill-Carrillo, W. Frey, C. Ortiz-García, A. Irizarry-Rivera, M. Pérez-Lugo, J. A. Colucci-Ríos
The World's dependence on fossil fuels and the need to move to more beneficial energy alternatives pose daunting challenges to humanity. Historically, economic and political rationality has driven the exploration, development and management of natural resources in the search for stable energy supplies. The insistence on continuing the unsustainable consumption patterns of developed countries has jeopardized human rights, political stability, environmental quality and sustainable improvement for vulnerable communities. This single-minded pursuit of economic rationality pushes to the side a more beneficial, holistic sustainability framework that integrates environmental, ethical and social value with economic and practical considerations. This paper will focus on responding to the challenge of energy sustainability by advancing a new energy ethics founded on the bedrock of solid environmental, social and ethical principles. It will also expand this baseline by presenting a new vision of ethical and practical excellence in energy, a vision that will translate readily into new and implementable energy policies.
{"title":"Advancing a Sustainable Energy Ethics Through Stakeholder Engagement","authors":"E. O’Neill-Carrillo, W. Frey, C. Ortiz-García, A. Irizarry-Rivera, M. Pérez-Lugo, J. A. Colucci-Ríos","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781008","url":null,"abstract":"The World's dependence on fossil fuels and the need to move to more beneficial energy alternatives pose daunting challenges to humanity. Historically, economic and political rationality has driven the exploration, development and management of natural resources in the search for stable energy supplies. The insistence on continuing the unsustainable consumption patterns of developed countries has jeopardized human rights, political stability, environmental quality and sustainable improvement for vulnerable communities. This single-minded pursuit of economic rationality pushes to the side a more beneficial, holistic sustainability framework that integrates environmental, ethical and social value with economic and practical considerations. This paper will focus on responding to the challenge of energy sustainability by advancing a new energy ethics founded on the bedrock of solid environmental, social and ethical principles. It will also expand this baseline by presenting a new vision of ethical and practical excellence in energy, a vision that will translate readily into new and implementable energy policies.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123029339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781030
X. Yu, Zhenhua Jiang, Yu Zhang
Due to the rapid increase in global energy consumption and the diminishing of fossil fuels, the customer demand for new generation capacities and efficient energy production, delivery and utilization keeps rising. Utilizing distributed generation, renewable energy and energy storage can potentially solve such problems as energy shortage and global warming. A promising structure to interconnect these distributed energy resources is the microgrid paradigm. A microgrid comprises a variety of inverter-interfaced distributed energy resources such as fuel cells, photovoltaic arrays, microturbines, wind-turbine generators, energy storage devices (i.e., batteries, supercapacitors, etc.) and controllable loads, offering considerable control flexibility. These systems can be connected with the power grid. They can be also operated isolated from the main grid in case of disturbances or faults, which are controlled by the microgrid central controller. The key point is to control the parallel inverters so that they can work well to achieve high performances in the microgrid. This paper presents a new control method for power sharing among the parallel inverter-interfaced distributed energy resources. The proposed control method is tested in four typical scenarios: (1) three inverters switch from grid-connected mode to isolated mode; (1) three inverters switch from isolated mode to grid-connected mode; (3) three-inverter operation switched to two inverter operation in the isolated mode; and (4) two inverter operation switches to three inverter operation in the isolated mode. Simulation results suggest that this control method can make the parallel-connected inverters work well and will increase the microgrid stability.
{"title":"Control of Parallel Inverter-Interfaced Distributed Energy Resources","authors":"X. Yu, Zhenhua Jiang, Yu Zhang","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781030","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the rapid increase in global energy consumption and the diminishing of fossil fuels, the customer demand for new generation capacities and efficient energy production, delivery and utilization keeps rising. Utilizing distributed generation, renewable energy and energy storage can potentially solve such problems as energy shortage and global warming. A promising structure to interconnect these distributed energy resources is the microgrid paradigm. A microgrid comprises a variety of inverter-interfaced distributed energy resources such as fuel cells, photovoltaic arrays, microturbines, wind-turbine generators, energy storage devices (i.e., batteries, supercapacitors, etc.) and controllable loads, offering considerable control flexibility. These systems can be connected with the power grid. They can be also operated isolated from the main grid in case of disturbances or faults, which are controlled by the microgrid central controller. The key point is to control the parallel inverters so that they can work well to achieve high performances in the microgrid. This paper presents a new control method for power sharing among the parallel inverter-interfaced distributed energy resources. The proposed control method is tested in four typical scenarios: (1) three inverters switch from grid-connected mode to isolated mode; (1) three inverters switch from isolated mode to grid-connected mode; (3) three-inverter operation switched to two inverter operation in the isolated mode; and (4) two inverter operation switches to three inverter operation in the isolated mode. Simulation results suggest that this control method can make the parallel-connected inverters work well and will increase the microgrid stability.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132675010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781046
J. Pearlman, T. Baumann
A sustainable energy future will be based on more efficient energy use, better energy infrastructure, alternative energy technologies, along with appropriate policies and market instruments. Negative implications of energy use can be managed cost-effectively using market instruments such as emission trading. Market efficiency and success depends on internationally accepted GHG standards that are compatible for both developed and developing countries. While standards are currently being developed at a regional level in the US, Europe and elsewhere, it is essential to have a uniform global framework. To help achieve a global sustainable energy infrastructure, GHG standards should support both "cap and trade" programs that manage GHG emissions as well as incentivize the development and uptake of technologies and projects with GHG credits. This paper will explain the status of international GHG standards including new IEEE standards activities and the implications for the design and achievement of a global sustainable energy infrastructure.
{"title":"International Greenhouse Gas Standards To Support Sustainable Global Energy","authors":"J. Pearlman, T. Baumann","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781046","url":null,"abstract":"A sustainable energy future will be based on more efficient energy use, better energy infrastructure, alternative energy technologies, along with appropriate policies and market instruments. Negative implications of energy use can be managed cost-effectively using market instruments such as emission trading. Market efficiency and success depends on internationally accepted GHG standards that are compatible for both developed and developing countries. While standards are currently being developed at a regional level in the US, Europe and elsewhere, it is essential to have a uniform global framework. To help achieve a global sustainable energy infrastructure, GHG standards should support both \"cap and trade\" programs that manage GHG emissions as well as incentivize the development and uptake of technologies and projects with GHG credits. This paper will explain the status of international GHG standards including new IEEE standards activities and the implications for the design and achievement of a global sustainable energy infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114729362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781004
Yongqiang Zhu, Z. Yin, Jun Tian
After analyzing typical structure of microgrids with distributed energy sources, a new idea of microgrid based on "DC energy pool" is proposed in the paper, whose energy exchanging process is also discussed. The new idea lays stress on the skillfully control of energy stored in the energy-storage device. Since the power balance within the microgrid is realized in a way with the help of distributed regulating power source such as micro-gas turbine, the demand for large capacity energy-storage device is reduced.
{"title":"Microgrids Based on DC Energy Pool","authors":"Yongqiang Zhu, Z. Yin, Jun Tian","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781004","url":null,"abstract":"After analyzing typical structure of microgrids with distributed energy sources, a new idea of microgrid based on \"DC energy pool\" is proposed in the paper, whose energy exchanging process is also discussed. The new idea lays stress on the skillfully control of energy stored in the energy-storage device. Since the power balance within the microgrid is realized in a way with the help of distributed regulating power source such as micro-gas turbine, the demand for large capacity energy-storage device is reduced.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124914371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781053
D. K. Chandrashekhara, Jacob Østergård
In a power system with a high share of wind energy the wind fluctuation causes a variation in the power generation, which must be compensated from other sources. The situation in Denmark with a penetration of more than 20% wind in yearly average is presented. The introduction of electric drive vehicles (EDV) as flexible loads can improve the system operation. Bidirectional power exchange through batteries (vehicle to grid) can be seen as a storage system in the grid. An analysis of possible economical incentives for the vehicle owners will be shown. By control of EDV charging through a price signal from the day ahead market the economical incentives for an EDV-owner will be small. If the EDV's can participate in the regulation of the grid through ancillary services the incentives will be increased to an attractive level.
{"title":"Electric Vehicles for Improved Operation of Power Systems with High Wind Power Penetration","authors":"D. K. Chandrashekhara, Jacob Østergård","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781053","url":null,"abstract":"In a power system with a high share of wind energy the wind fluctuation causes a variation in the power generation, which must be compensated from other sources. The situation in Denmark with a penetration of more than 20% wind in yearly average is presented. The introduction of electric drive vehicles (EDV) as flexible loads can improve the system operation. Bidirectional power exchange through batteries (vehicle to grid) can be seen as a storage system in the grid. An analysis of possible economical incentives for the vehicle owners will be shown. By control of EDV charging through a price signal from the day ahead market the economical incentives for an EDV-owner will be small. If the EDV's can participate in the regulation of the grid through ancillary services the incentives will be increased to an attractive level.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123856703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781047
L. Triola
Findings of multiple Department of Defense (DoD) studies and other sources indicate that the United States faces a cluster of significant security threats caused by how the country obtains, distributes, and uses energy. This paper explores the nature and magnitude of the security threats as related to energy some potential solutions, which include technical, political, and programmatic options; and some alternative futures the nation may face depending upon various choices of actions and assumptions. Specific emerging options addressed include Polywell fusion, renewable fuel from waste and algae cultivation, all-electric vehicle fleets, highly-efficient heat engines, and special military energy considerations.
{"title":"Energy & National Security: An Exploration of Threats, Solutions, and Alternative Futures","authors":"L. Triola","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781047","url":null,"abstract":"Findings of multiple Department of Defense (DoD) studies and other sources indicate that the United States faces a cluster of significant security threats caused by how the country obtains, distributes, and uses energy. This paper explores the nature and magnitude of the security threats as related to energy some potential solutions, which include technical, political, and programmatic options; and some alternative futures the nation may face depending upon various choices of actions and assumptions. Specific emerging options addressed include Polywell fusion, renewable fuel from waste and algae cultivation, all-electric vehicle fleets, highly-efficient heat engines, and special military energy considerations.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122256178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781052
A. Pyasi, S. Deng, V. Thomas
The potential for increased production of electricity and fuels from forest biomass, and the prospect of US limits on greenhouse gas emissions suggest that the demand for biomass may increase significantly. There is significant potential for volatility in the price of biomass leading to disruption of supply of biomass to plants. There are great opportunities for biomass power generation to offset and sell carbon credits especially after the success of European Emission trading scheme and sustenance of voluntary markets in US. But there are major risks too, with uncertainties about regulation, future of carbon markets and taxes, prices, and technologies. These risks dampen investor confidence in the biomass projects. We analyse the possible policy and market solutions to this problem and present a solution through development of a biomass futures market.
{"title":"Biomass Forwards and Futures Market to Support Bioenergy Development","authors":"A. Pyasi, S. Deng, V. Thomas","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781052","url":null,"abstract":"The potential for increased production of electricity and fuels from forest biomass, and the prospect of US limits on greenhouse gas emissions suggest that the demand for biomass may increase significantly. There is significant potential for volatility in the price of biomass leading to disruption of supply of biomass to plants. There are great opportunities for biomass power generation to offset and sell carbon credits especially after the success of European Emission trading scheme and sustenance of voluntary markets in US. But there are major risks too, with uncertainties about regulation, future of carbon markets and taxes, prices, and technologies. These risks dampen investor confidence in the biomass projects. We analyse the possible policy and market solutions to this problem and present a solution through development of a biomass futures market.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133718256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781026
T.G.F. Prado, M. D. de Oliveira, I. M. de Toledo Camargo
The PROINFA is a Brazilian government policy which is divided into two phases and whose objective is to promote the expansion of power generation through renewable sources. This paper aims to assess the efficiency of the second phase with regard to long-term scenarios (2009-2030), identifying gaps and barriers, and proposing policy options to address them. In the first phase, the Program calls for the generation of 3,300 MW of renewable energy with a national business participation rate of 60%, aiming to maximize the countrys regional potentials, create jobs, reduce CO2 emissions through thermal (fossil) displacement, and promote energy contracts with differentiated conditions for conventional sources, as well as specific tariff/MWh for each source. The second phase fixes a 90% nationalization rate and a 15% Brazilian electrical energy annual consumption rate to be supplied by these sources. The goals of this phase are expected to be reached within twenty years, and the price will be a weighted average between competitive hydroelectric and thermoelectric (natural gas) prices.
{"title":"The Brazilian Renewable Energy Incentive Program - The Second Phase of the PROINFA: Assessing Policy Efficiency And Barriers in Long-term Scenarios","authors":"T.G.F. Prado, M. D. de Oliveira, I. M. de Toledo Camargo","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781026","url":null,"abstract":"The PROINFA is a Brazilian government policy which is divided into two phases and whose objective is to promote the expansion of power generation through renewable sources. This paper aims to assess the efficiency of the second phase with regard to long-term scenarios (2009-2030), identifying gaps and barriers, and proposing policy options to address them. In the first phase, the Program calls for the generation of 3,300 MW of renewable energy with a national business participation rate of 60%, aiming to maximize the countrys regional potentials, create jobs, reduce CO2 emissions through thermal (fossil) displacement, and promote energy contracts with differentiated conditions for conventional sources, as well as specific tariff/MWh for each source. The second phase fixes a 90% nationalization rate and a 15% Brazilian electrical energy annual consumption rate to be supplied by these sources. The goals of this phase are expected to be reached within twenty years, and the price will be a weighted average between competitive hydroelectric and thermoelectric (natural gas) prices.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130338621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781006
M.A. Rodriguez-Otero, E. O’Neill-Carrillo
This paper focuses on the adaptation of residential home appliances to recent advances in power electronics technology and to a DC supply of power. This is motivated by the DC nature of most home appliances, and also the DC output of many renewable technologies. With the advances in power electronics technologies, the monthly power consumption of a residence can be greatly reduced, and as a result, system costs associated with the acquisition of a renewable system can be reduced by increasing the efficiency of each individual appliance through the use of a DC supply. Furthermore, completely operating a residence from renewable sources increases the reduction of CO2 emissions from the residential sectors.
{"title":"Efficient Home Appliances for a Future DC Residence","authors":"M.A. Rodriguez-Otero, E. O’Neill-Carrillo","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781006","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the adaptation of residential home appliances to recent advances in power electronics technology and to a DC supply of power. This is motivated by the DC nature of most home appliances, and also the DC output of many renewable technologies. With the advances in power electronics technologies, the monthly power consumption of a residence can be greatly reduced, and as a result, system costs associated with the acquisition of a renewable system can be reduced by increasing the efficiency of each individual appliance through the use of a DC supply. Furthermore, completely operating a residence from renewable sources increases the reduction of CO2 emissions from the residential sectors.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130411788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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