Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781067
C. Bennett, D. Highfill
There is a growing interest in 'smart grid' technologies in both industry and academic circles. Few attempts have been made to develop a written specification consummated with standards agreed upon by members of both coteries, due to lack of government support. Utilities in the state of California are obligated, by state legislature, to create a more: efficient, reliable, and intelligent electric power system. This initiative along with Florida Power & Lighting's 'Smart Grid' pilot program has created a sense of exigency within the industry regarding smart grid technologies and standardizations. Their accomplishments are beginning to shape the policies and standards with marginal input from academic societies, ushering in a very lopsided, and business acclimatized set of standards. We will present and analyze, a SCE 'Smart Grid' use case, in which the utilities back office applications interact with the customer's meter, and provide technical recommendations for system security improvements.
{"title":"Networking AMI Smart Meters","authors":"C. Bennett, D. Highfill","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781067","url":null,"abstract":"There is a growing interest in 'smart grid' technologies in both industry and academic circles. Few attempts have been made to develop a written specification consummated with standards agreed upon by members of both coteries, due to lack of government support. Utilities in the state of California are obligated, by state legislature, to create a more: efficient, reliable, and intelligent electric power system. This initiative along with Florida Power & Lighting's 'Smart Grid' pilot program has created a sense of exigency within the industry regarding smart grid technologies and standardizations. Their accomplishments are beginning to shape the policies and standards with marginal input from academic societies, ushering in a very lopsided, and business acclimatized set of standards. We will present and analyze, a SCE 'Smart Grid' use case, in which the utilities back office applications interact with the customer's meter, and provide technical recommendations for system security improvements.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115529363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4780991
M.D.Z. Izquierdo, J.J.S. Jimenez, A.M. del Sol
In this paper a software is described, which was made with the purpose to determines the systems behaviour in which many centrifugal pumps are involved operating in parallel. The software permits to determinate the flux distribution to give for each pump, for a total flow to supply, in order to obtain a minimum of total losses. For this purpose it is taken in consideration that each pump is driven for an induction motor, fed for a variable frequency voltage driver.
{"title":"Matlab Software to Determine the Saving in Parallel Pumps Optimal Operation Systems, by Using Variable Speed","authors":"M.D.Z. Izquierdo, J.J.S. Jimenez, A.M. del Sol","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4780991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4780991","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper a software is described, which was made with the purpose to determines the systems behaviour in which many centrifugal pumps are involved operating in parallel. The software permits to determinate the flux distribution to give for each pump, for a total flow to supply, in order to obtain a minimum of total losses. For this purpose it is taken in consideration that each pump is driven for an induction motor, fed for a variable frequency voltage driver.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"185 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114935914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781073
Ramzy R. Obaid, Anwar H. Mufti
Electricity consumption rates in Saudi Arabia have been steadily on the rise over the past three decades. While the population of about 26 million is growing at a high rate of 3%, the growth in total number of power utility customers is increasing at a higher rate of 5%. Between 2006 and 2007, the Saudi Electric Company, SEC reported an 11.9% growth in total peak loads, which reached 34,953 MW in 2007. Studies show that power demand in Saudi Arabia is expected to continue its rapid increase to reach 60,000 MW over the coming 15 years. In addition to the high rate of population growth, the expanding in industrialization and development plans is among the factors contributing to the rapid increase in power demand in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, major steps need be taken to prepare for the expected future increase in power demand. This paper addresses the actions already taken to increase power generation and availability in Saudi Arabia, and presents recommendations for other actions needed, including the importance of shifting towards renewable energy.
在过去的三十年里，沙特阿拉伯的用电量一直在稳步上升。在2600万人口以3%的高速增长的同时，电力客户总数以5%的高速增长。2006年至2007年间，沙特电力公司(Saudi Electric Company, SEC)报告总峰值负荷增长11.9%，2007年达到34,953兆瓦。研究表明，沙特阿拉伯的电力需求预计将在未来15年内继续快速增长，达到6万兆瓦。除了人口的高增长率之外，工业化和发展计划的扩大也是导致沙特阿拉伯电力需求迅速增长的因素之一。因此，需要采取重大措施，为预期的未来电力需求增长做好准备。本文阐述了沙特阿拉伯已经采取的增加发电量和可用性的行动，并提出了其他必要行动的建议，包括转向可再生能源的重要性。
{"title":"Present State, Challenges, and Future of Power Generation in Saudi Arabia","authors":"Ramzy R. Obaid, Anwar H. Mufti","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781073","url":null,"abstract":"Electricity consumption rates in Saudi Arabia have been steadily on the rise over the past three decades. While the population of about 26 million is growing at a high rate of 3%, the growth in total number of power utility customers is increasing at a higher rate of 5%. Between 2006 and 2007, the Saudi Electric Company, SEC reported an 11.9% growth in total peak loads, which reached 34,953 MW in 2007. Studies show that power demand in Saudi Arabia is expected to continue its rapid increase to reach 60,000 MW over the coming 15 years. In addition to the high rate of population growth, the expanding in industrialization and development plans is among the factors contributing to the rapid increase in power demand in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, major steps need be taken to prepare for the expected future increase in power demand. This paper addresses the actions already taken to increase power generation and availability in Saudi Arabia, and presents recommendations for other actions needed, including the importance of shifting towards renewable energy.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122576210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4780999
A. Oudalov, T. Buehler, D. Chartouni
Power system operating conditions that are on the verge of being unsafe have encouraged utilities and power consumers to look for bulk energy storage systems. Various energy storage systems (ESSs) have excellent records and have been used for decades. This paper provides an overview of different energy storage technologies and their possible applications in power systems. The purpose of this analysis is to highlight combinations of technologies and applications with the highest benefit for the owner of the ESS. The analysis shows that frequency regulation and integration of renewables are the applications that most likely will be asked for by utilities in the future. Technologies which are most suitable for these applications include thermo-electric energy storage and batteries. These are technologies which are not restricted by their geographic footprint and offer payback times of five to ten years.
{"title":"Utility Scale Applications of Energy Storage","authors":"A. Oudalov, T. Buehler, D. Chartouni","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4780999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4780999","url":null,"abstract":"Power system operating conditions that are on the verge of being unsafe have encouraged utilities and power consumers to look for bulk energy storage systems. Various energy storage systems (ESSs) have excellent records and have been used for decades. This paper provides an overview of different energy storage technologies and their possible applications in power systems. The purpose of this analysis is to highlight combinations of technologies and applications with the highest benefit for the owner of the ESS. The analysis shows that frequency regulation and integration of renewables are the applications that most likely will be asked for by utilities in the future. Technologies which are most suitable for these applications include thermo-electric energy storage and batteries. These are technologies which are not restricted by their geographic footprint and offer payback times of five to ten years.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123458852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781041
Zi-Ning Zhen, Q. Jia, Chen Song, X. Guan
Occupant's identity and location are important information for lighting control in order to reduce the energy consumption while increasing livelihood. While active RFID system provides occupant's identity, it is nontrivial to localize the occupant's location in an indoor environment due to the multipath effect, the changing environment, and the unreliable communication link. In this paper, we implement a system with multiple active RFID readers, and develop a localization algorithm based on support vector machine (SVM). The algorithm uses round-robin comparison to localize the occupant to one of the multiple regions in a floor. The geometric relationship among the rooms and the historical localization data are used to further improve the localization accuracy. Numerical results demonstrate a high localization accuracy of this algorithm. We hope this work sheds insight on lighting control for energy saving and an increased livelihood.
{"title":"An Indoor Localization Algorithm for Lighting Control using RFID","authors":"Zi-Ning Zhen, Q. Jia, Chen Song, X. Guan","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781041","url":null,"abstract":"Occupant's identity and location are important information for lighting control in order to reduce the energy consumption while increasing livelihood. While active RFID system provides occupant's identity, it is nontrivial to localize the occupant's location in an indoor environment due to the multipath effect, the changing environment, and the unreliable communication link. In this paper, we implement a system with multiple active RFID readers, and develop a localization algorithm based on support vector machine (SVM). The algorithm uses round-robin comparison to localize the occupant to one of the multiple regions in a floor. The geometric relationship among the rooms and the historical localization data are used to further improve the localization accuracy. Numerical results demonstrate a high localization accuracy of this algorithm. We hope this work sheds insight on lighting control for energy saving and an increased livelihood.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116856590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781015
W. Hornfeck, S. Shrestha
This paper provides insights into the feasibility of clean energy sources for light utility vehicles (LUVs). First, energy analysis for the fleet of LUVs for a small college are presented. Secondly, the energy implications for a larger (>100) fleet of LUVs, and finally for the whole of the United States are presented. The technologies discussed include producing pure hydrogen, leaving no carbon footprint and replacing the internal combustion engine or the battery powered drive system with fuel-cell engines. Except for the clean production of usable amounts of hydrogen, all other processes are developing, but proven technologies. The possibilities of the transition from fossil fuel to hydrogen powered LUVs is limited by hydrogen production technology and fuel cell costs. These limitations will be addressed. The paper will conclude by analyzing the fossil fuel savings associated with a transition to hydrogen fuel for small, intermediate and large scale fleets of LUVs.
{"title":"Green Fleet of Fuel Cell Powered Light Utility Vehicles: An Energy Analysis","authors":"W. Hornfeck, S. Shrestha","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781015","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides insights into the feasibility of clean energy sources for light utility vehicles (LUVs). First, energy analysis for the fleet of LUVs for a small college are presented. Secondly, the energy implications for a larger (>100) fleet of LUVs, and finally for the whole of the United States are presented. The technologies discussed include producing pure hydrogen, leaving no carbon footprint and replacing the internal combustion engine or the battery powered drive system with fuel-cell engines. Except for the clean production of usable amounts of hydrogen, all other processes are developing, but proven technologies. The possibilities of the transition from fossil fuel to hydrogen powered LUVs is limited by hydrogen production technology and fuel cell costs. These limitations will be addressed. The paper will conclude by analyzing the fossil fuel savings associated with a transition to hydrogen fuel for small, intermediate and large scale fleets of LUVs.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116290233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781050
Ricardo J. Castillo, D. Molina, M. S. Huertas, J. Balda, H. Mantooth
Testing of new technologies before field deployment is crucial to gain acceptance by electric utilities, in particular, of distributed generation based on high power electronic modules. The NCREPT 13.8 kV 6 MVA Test Facility at the University of Arkansas offers an advanced test platform designed to meet the needs of complex high power electronics testing for several distributed energy applications. NCREPT could be also employed as a test platform for compliance of IEEE 1547 and UL 1741 standards. This paper describes the center capabilities and some potential test applications such evaluation of grid-connected inverters supporting energy storage systems.
{"title":"Testing of Power Electronic Modules for Distributed Systems at the National Center for Reliable Electric Power Transmission","authors":"Ricardo J. Castillo, D. Molina, M. S. Huertas, J. Balda, H. Mantooth","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781050","url":null,"abstract":"Testing of new technologies before field deployment is crucial to gain acceptance by electric utilities, in particular, of distributed generation based on high power electronic modules. The NCREPT 13.8 kV 6 MVA Test Facility at the University of Arkansas offers an advanced test platform designed to meet the needs of complex high power electronics testing for several distributed energy applications. NCREPT could be also employed as a test platform for compliance of IEEE 1547 and UL 1741 standards. This paper describes the center capabilities and some potential test applications such evaluation of grid-connected inverters supporting energy storage systems.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122529743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781056
H. Corsair, D. Ley
Access to modern sources of energy provides opportunities for social and economic development to rural communities in the developing world. Solar electric systems are sometimes economically and environmentally preferable to fossil-fired generation for providing this access. Though a donor model is often used, market-based expansion of the use of solar electricity in these communities has also been successful. Key issues for market models, some of which are also pertinent to donor models, include: availability of both physical system components and the human capacity to install, use and maintain them in a market environment; acceptability and perception of value of the technology and its resulting impacts; affordability and financing; synergy with - rather than competition from - donors in the same geographic location; and government policies that support market environments.
{"title":"The Commercialization of Solar Energy as a Means for Rural Development","authors":"H. Corsair, D. Ley","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781056","url":null,"abstract":"Access to modern sources of energy provides opportunities for social and economic development to rural communities in the developing world. Solar electric systems are sometimes economically and environmentally preferable to fossil-fired generation for providing this access. Though a donor model is often used, market-based expansion of the use of solar electricity in these communities has also been successful. Key issues for market models, some of which are also pertinent to donor models, include: availability of both physical system components and the human capacity to install, use and maintain them in a market environment; acceptability and perception of value of the technology and its resulting impacts; affordability and financing; synergy with - rather than competition from - donors in the same geographic location; and government policies that support market environments.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125807387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781071
J. Black, J. de Bedout, R. Tyagi
This paper presents a methodology for integrating demand response into optimal dispatch algorithms for electric power systems. Current methods to dispatch demand do not typically account for the impact of load shifting to later time periods. A critical component to properly dispatch demand resources is the inclusion of the rebound effect. Since the time scales for many demand response implementations are on the order of hours, once a demand resource has been dispatched, it is likely unavailable for re-dispatch during the same day. It is also likely that dispatched demand will increase in subsequent time periods. Incorporating the limited number of daily dispatches and the rebound effect into the optimal dispatch of demand resources is therefore necessary. This paper first provides a framework for incorporating demand resources into optimal dispatch and then presents a numeric example that compares optimal demand dispatch programs with and without the rebound effect. This comparison demonstrates the inefficiencies associated with a large-scale demand response program that does not take the rebound effect into account.
{"title":"Incorporating Demand Resources into Optimal Dispatch","authors":"J. Black, J. de Bedout, R. Tyagi","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781071","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a methodology for integrating demand response into optimal dispatch algorithms for electric power systems. Current methods to dispatch demand do not typically account for the impact of load shifting to later time periods. A critical component to properly dispatch demand resources is the inclusion of the rebound effect. Since the time scales for many demand response implementations are on the order of hours, once a demand resource has been dispatched, it is likely unavailable for re-dispatch during the same day. It is also likely that dispatched demand will increase in subsequent time periods. Incorporating the limited number of daily dispatches and the rebound effect into the optimal dispatch of demand resources is therefore necessary. This paper first provides a framework for incorporating demand resources into optimal dispatch and then presents a numeric example that compares optimal demand dispatch programs with and without the rebound effect. This comparison demonstrates the inefficiencies associated with a large-scale demand response program that does not take the rebound effect into account.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128156802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-11-01DOI: 10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781000
M. A. Choudhary, N. Khan, A. Ali, A. Abbas
Forecasting Pakistan's energy needs is imperative to develop adequate plans for addressing long term energy requirements. Despite the availability of variety of forecasting models and decision making tools, the forecasts and projections are frequently off by wide margins. The Medium Term Development Framework (MTDF) developed by Government of Pakistan forecasted that the electricity generation capacity will be increased from the existing 19540 MW to over 162,590 MW by 2030. Similar projections are made regarding the sectoral and cumulative consumption. Keeping in view the historical electricity generation capacities of 6444 MW Hydel, 12000 MW Thermal between 1950-2005 and only 460 MW Nuclear between 1980 and 2000, it seems very unlikely that these projections are achievable due to a variety of political, technical and financial barriers. Well established Time Series Models and Error Decomposition Technique were applied to assess the achievability of the projections made in the MTDF and it was found that the country is going to miss these projections by a wide margins. Suggestions have been made to make more realistic forecasts.
{"title":"Achievability of Pakistan's 2030 Electricity Generation Goals Established under Medium Term Development Framework (MTDF): Validation Using Time Series Models and Error Decomposition Technique","authors":"M. A. Choudhary, N. Khan, A. Ali, A. Abbas","doi":"10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ENERGY.2008.4781000","url":null,"abstract":"Forecasting Pakistan's energy needs is imperative to develop adequate plans for addressing long term energy requirements. Despite the availability of variety of forecasting models and decision making tools, the forecasts and projections are frequently off by wide margins. The Medium Term Development Framework (MTDF) developed by Government of Pakistan forecasted that the electricity generation capacity will be increased from the existing 19540 MW to over 162,590 MW by 2030. Similar projections are made regarding the sectoral and cumulative consumption. Keeping in view the historical electricity generation capacities of 6444 MW Hydel, 12000 MW Thermal between 1950-2005 and only 460 MW Nuclear between 1980 and 2000, it seems very unlikely that these projections are achievable due to a variety of political, technical and financial barriers. Well established Time Series Models and Error Decomposition Technique were applied to assess the achievability of the projections made in the MTDF and it was found that the country is going to miss these projections by a wide margins. Suggestions have been made to make more realistic forecasts.","PeriodicalId":240093,"journal":{"name":"2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference","volume":"143 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131824162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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