Raúl Cuadrado-Matías, Alberto Moraga-Fernández, Alfonso Peralbo-Moreno, Ana Isabel Negredo, María Paz Sánchez-Seco, Francisco Ruiz-Fons
Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) unexpectedly emerged in humans in Northwest Spain in 2021, and two additional cases were reported in the region in 2022. The 2021 case was associated with a tick bite on the outskirts of the city where the patient lived. PCR analysis of 95 questing ticks collected in the outskirts of that city in 2021, none of the genus Hyalomma, revealed a prevalence of confirmed CCHF virus (CCHFV) infection of 10.5%. Our results in this emerging scenario suggest the need to consider that CCHFV may be effectively spreading to Northwest Spain and to urgently understand any possible role of non-Hyalomma spp. ticks in the eco-epidemiological dynamics of CCHFV.
{"title":"Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in questing non-Hyalomma spp. ticks in Northwest Spain, 2021","authors":"Raúl Cuadrado-Matías, Alberto Moraga-Fernández, Alfonso Peralbo-Moreno, Ana Isabel Negredo, María Paz Sánchez-Seco, Francisco Ruiz-Fons","doi":"10.1111/zph.13130","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13130","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) unexpectedly emerged in humans in Northwest Spain in 2021, and two additional cases were reported in the region in 2022. The 2021 case was associated with a tick bite on the outskirts of the city where the patient lived. PCR analysis of 95 questing ticks collected in the outskirts of that city in 2021, none of the genus <i>Hyalomma</i>, revealed a prevalence of confirmed CCHF virus (CCHFV) infection of 10.5%. Our results in this emerging scenario suggest the need to consider that CCHFV may be effectively spreading to Northwest Spain and to urgently understand any possible role of non-<i>Hyalomma</i> spp. ticks in the eco-epidemiological dynamics of CCHFV.</p>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 5","pages":"578-583"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13130","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140584238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Awada Lina, Hamilton Keith, Hutchison Jenny, Marrana Mariana, Torres Gregorio, Weber-Vintzel Laure, Tizzani Paolo
Aims
Current data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) emerged from an animal source. However, to date, there is insufficient scientific evidence to identify the source of SARS-CoV-2 or to explain the original route of transmission to humans. A wide range of mammalian species have been shown to be susceptible to the virus through experimental infection, and in natural environments when in contact with infected humans. The main objective of this work was to provide a summary of the official data shared by countries on SARS-CoV-2 in animals with the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), to highlight the role of WOAH as an international organization in coordinating scientific information actions and to discuss the implications and impact of these activities.
Methods and Results
Between January 2020 and December 2022, 36 countries in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa officially reported SARS-CoV-2 identification in 26 animal species. Affected countries were generally responsive in confirming the pathogen (median of 5 days after onset) and reporting to WOAH (median of 7 days after confirmation).
Conclusions
During the pandemic, WOAH, supported by its network of experts, played a crucial role in collecting, analysing and disseminating veterinary scientific information, acting as the reference organization on these issues, thus avoiding misinformation and disinformation. Future perspectives to avoid new emerging threats are discussed.
{"title":"Facing SARS-CoV-2 emergence on the animal health perspective: The role of the World Organisation for Animal Health in preparedness and official reporting of disease occurrence","authors":"Awada Lina, Hamilton Keith, Hutchison Jenny, Marrana Mariana, Torres Gregorio, Weber-Vintzel Laure, Tizzani Paolo","doi":"10.1111/zph.13133","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13133","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Current data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) emerged from an animal source. However, to date, there is insufficient scientific evidence to identify the source of SARS-CoV-2 or to explain the original route of transmission to humans. A wide range of mammalian species have been shown to be susceptible to the virus through experimental infection, and in natural environments when in contact with infected humans. The main objective of this work was to provide a summary of the official data shared by countries on SARS-CoV-2 in animals with the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), to highlight the role of WOAH as an international organization in coordinating scientific information actions and to discuss the implications and impact of these activities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Between January 2020 and December 2022, 36 countries in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa officially reported SARS-CoV-2 identification in 26 animal species. Affected countries were generally responsive in confirming the pathogen (median of 5 days after onset) and reporting to WOAH (median of 7 days after confirmation).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>During the pandemic, WOAH, supported by its network of experts, played a crucial role in collecting, analysing and disseminating veterinary scientific information, acting as the reference organization on these issues, thus avoiding misinformation and disinformation. Future perspectives to avoid new emerging threats are discussed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 6","pages":"683-695"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study employed a network analysis approach to scrutinize a pig supply chain in a repeated outbreak province for human streptococcosis in Thailand and identified important actors that should be focused on for tailoring appropriate interventions.
Methods and Results
Nakhon Sawan province was chosen as the study site as the cases of human streptococcosis have been consecutively reported since 2014, with the number of cases ranging from 21 to 63. A questionnaire survey was used to collect data from actors along the pig supply chain, including pig farms, slaughterhouses, pork sellers, restaurants and customers. A one-mode-directed network was then constructed. Degree and betweenness centrality values were measured. We found that the supply chain of pork products comprised 314 nodes and 296 directed ties. A retailer got the highest overall degree, out-degree and betweenness centrality values at 35, 34, and 65.3, respectively. For in-degree centrality, the highest was identified in a customer at 9. Interestingly, this customer bought pork products from nine different mobile groceries.
Conclusions
Both public health and veterinary authorities should extend their surveillance activities to cover all actors in the supply chain to strengthen overall disease prevention and control for streptococcosis.
{"title":"A network analysis of the local pig supply chain in a repeated outbreak area of human streptococcosis in Thailand","authors":"Chanatda Tungwongjulaniam, Kitipong Klinman, Ratana Theerawat, Anuwat Wiratsudakul","doi":"10.1111/zph.13132","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13132","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The present study employed a network analysis approach to scrutinize a pig supply chain in a repeated outbreak province for human streptococcosis in Thailand and identified important actors that should be focused on for tailoring appropriate interventions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nakhon Sawan province was chosen as the study site as the cases of human streptococcosis have been consecutively reported since 2014, with the number of cases ranging from 21 to 63. A questionnaire survey was used to collect data from actors along the pig supply chain, including pig farms, slaughterhouses, pork sellers, restaurants and customers. A one-mode-directed network was then constructed. Degree and betweenness centrality values were measured. We found that the supply chain of pork products comprised 314 nodes and 296 directed ties. A retailer got the highest overall degree, out-degree and betweenness centrality values at 35, 34, and 65.3, respectively. For in-degree centrality, the highest was identified in a customer at 9. Interestingly, this customer bought pork products from nine different mobile groceries.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Both public health and veterinary authorities should extend their surveillance activities to cover all actors in the supply chain to strengthen overall disease prevention and control for streptococcosis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 6","pages":"673-682"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13132","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Màrius V. Fuentes, Mercedes Gomez-Samblas, Orly Richter, Sandra Sáez-Durán, Rubén Bueno-Marí, Antonio Osuna, María Teresa Galán-Puchades
Aim
The rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, has recently been found in the city of Valencia, parasitizing rats, Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus, its natural definitive hosts. This is the first finding of this zoonotic nematode in continental Europe. After informing local and national health authorities, the collection of local terrestrial snails took place with the aim of elucidating their potential role as intermediate hosts of A. cantonensis.
Methods and Results
A total of 145 terrestrial snails, belonging to the species Cernuella virgata, Cornu aspersum, Eobania vermiculata, Otala punctata, Pseudotachea splendida, Rumina decollata and Theba pisana, were randomly collected between May and December 2022 in public gardens, parks and orchards in six districts of Valencia, in five of which A. cantonensis had been reported previously in rats. Once collected and identified, the snails were frozen at −20°C. Subsequently, the DNA was isolated and screened by PCR using specific primers targeting the A. cantonensis COI gene. Seven individual snails, belonging to the species C. virgata, C. aspersum and T. pisana, were positive, for an overall prevalence of 4.8%. The PCR product from one of them was sequenced by Sanger sequencing.
Conclusions
The three positive terrestrial snail species are among the edible species that are frequently included in various dishes in Spain. C. virgata is reported as a previously unrecorded intermediate host and should be added to the list of more than 200 species of terrestrial snails that have been reported worldwide as intermediate hosts of the rat lungworm. Considering that these terrestrial snails may release infective larvae of A. cantonensis on leafy green vegetables on which they feed and during their handling and preparation for consumption, prophylactic measures to prevent human neuroangiostrongyliasis in Valencia and other regions to which this zoonotic parasite may spread are recommended.
目的：最近在巴伦西亚市发现了大鼠肺线虫（Angiostrongylus cantonensis），寄生于其天然宿主大鼠（Rattus norvegicus）和小鼠（Rattus rattus）身上。这是欧洲大陆首次发现这种人畜共患病线虫。在通知当地和国家卫生部门后，对当地的陆生蜗牛进行了采集，目的是阐明它们作为坎顿弧菌中间宿主的潜在作用：2022 年 5 月至 12 月期间，在巴伦西亚六个区的公共花园、公园和果园中随机采集了 145 只陆生蜗牛，分别属于 Cernuella virgata、Cornu aspersum、Eobania vermiculata、Otala punctata、Pseudotachea splendida、Rumina decollata 和 Theba pisana，其中五个区的老鼠曾感染过坎顿金氏蜗牛。蜗牛一经采集和鉴定，就被冷冻在零下 20 摄氏度的环境中。随后，使用针对 A. cantonensis COI 基因的特异引物对 DNA 进行分离和 PCR 检测。结果有 7 只蜗牛呈阳性，分别属于 C. virgata、C. aspersum 和 T. pisana，总感染率为 4.8%。对其中一只蜗牛的 PCR 产物进行了桑格测序：结论：三种呈阳性的陆生蜗牛是西班牙各种菜肴中经常出现的可食用物种。据报道，C. virgata 是一种以前从未记录过的中间宿主，应将其列入全球已报道的作为鼠肺吸虫中间宿主的 200 多种陆生蜗牛的名单中。考虑到这些陆生蜗牛可能会在它们取食的绿叶蔬菜上以及在处理和准备食用这些蔬菜的过程中释放出具有感染性的大肠杆菌幼虫，因此建议在巴伦西亚和这种人畜共患病寄生虫可能传播的其他地区采取预防措施，防止人类患上大肠杆菌病。
{"title":"Local terrestrial snails as natural intermediate hosts of the zoonotic parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the new European endemic area of Valencia, Spain","authors":"Màrius V. Fuentes, Mercedes Gomez-Samblas, Orly Richter, Sandra Sáez-Durán, Rubén Bueno-Marí, Antonio Osuna, María Teresa Galán-Puchades","doi":"10.1111/zph.13131","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13131","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The rat lungworm, <i>Angiostrongylus cantonensis</i>, has recently been found in the city of Valencia, parasitizing rats, <i>Rattus norvegicus</i> and <i>Rattus rattus</i>, its natural definitive hosts. This is the first finding of this zoonotic nematode in continental Europe. After informing local and national health authorities, the collection of local terrestrial snails took place with the aim of elucidating their potential role as intermediate hosts of <i>A. cantonensis</i>.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 145 terrestrial snails, belonging to the species <i>Cernuella virgata</i>, <i>Cornu aspersum</i>, <i>Eobania vermiculata</i>, <i>Otala punctata</i>, <i>Pseudotachea splendida</i>, <i>Rumina decollata</i> and <i>Theba pisana</i>, were randomly collected between May and December 2022 in public gardens, parks and orchards in six districts of Valencia, in five of which <i>A. cantonensis</i> had been reported previously in rats. Once collected and identified, the snails were frozen at −20°C. Subsequently, the DNA was isolated and screened by PCR using specific primers targeting the <i>A. cantonensis</i> COI gene. Seven individual snails, belonging to the species <i>C. virgata</i>, <i>C. aspersum</i> and <i>T. pisana</i>, were positive, for an overall prevalence of 4.8%. The PCR product from one of them was sequenced by Sanger sequencing.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The three positive terrestrial snail species are among the edible species that are frequently included in various dishes in Spain. <i>C. virgata</i> is reported as a previously unrecorded intermediate host and should be added to the list of more than 200 species of terrestrial snails that have been reported worldwide as intermediate hosts of the rat lungworm. Considering that these terrestrial snails may release infective larvae of <i>A. cantonensis</i> on leafy green vegetables on which they feed and during their handling and preparation for consumption, prophylactic measures to prevent human neuroangiostrongyliasis in Valencia and other regions to which this zoonotic parasite may spread are recommended.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 4","pages":"451-456"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13131","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140327212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olwen Golden, Montserrat Gutierrez, Joseph O'Flaherty, Kilian Unger, Bernadette Doyle, Tara Keogh, Joanne McLernon, Rachel Pearce, Tony O'Brien, William Byrne
Background
Campylobacter is the most common food-borne pathogen in the European Union. In 2018, the crude incidence rate in Ireland was 63.6 per 100,000 population. Chicken is considered an important source of infection for humans. In 2015, the Campylobacter Stakeholders' Group (CSG) was established to reduce Campylobacter contamination levels in Irish broiler flocks.
Aims
This work aimed to describe the Campylobacter monitoring programme that was established by the CSG, to analyse the results of this testing between 2019 and 2022, and to assess progress.
Methods and Results
This paper describes the monitoring programme that was established by the CSG, which harmonized Campylobacter enumeration testing across all Irish broiler processors and allowed comparability of results for trend analysis. An analysis of the 2019–2022 data is presented here and compared to previous studies of Campylobacter levels in Irish broilers. An analysis of the 2019–2022 data showed a significant reduction in levels in both caeca and neck skin when the results from 2022 were compared to those from 2019 to 2020. Campylobacter spp. were detected in 37% of caecal samples from first depopulation (pre-thin) broilers and 30% of neck skin samples in 2022, with just 4% of carcases (in neck skin samples) with ≥1000 colony-forming units per gram detected in 2022. Campylobacter levels detected in Irish broilers, in the present monitoring programme were less than those reported in previous studies in both caecal and carcase samples, although not directly comparable for statistical significance because of differences in study methods.
Conclusions
The cooperation between stakeholders and regulators of the Irish broiler chicken industry over the past decade has facilitated a coordinated approach to monitoring of Campylobacter levels in broilers, and implementation of control measures. This has enabled a steady reduction in the levels of Campylobacter in Irish chicken.
{"title":"Implementation of a national monitoring programme of Campylobacter in Irish broilers to measure progress of on-farm and primary processing control measures","authors":"Olwen Golden, Montserrat Gutierrez, Joseph O'Flaherty, Kilian Unger, Bernadette Doyle, Tara Keogh, Joanne McLernon, Rachel Pearce, Tony O'Brien, William Byrne","doi":"10.1111/zph.13129","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13129","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Campylobacter</i> is the most common food-borne pathogen in the European Union. In 2018, the crude incidence rate in Ireland was 63.6 per 100,000 population. Chicken is considered an important source of infection for humans. In 2015, the Campylobacter Stakeholders' Group (CSG) was established to reduce <i>Campylobacter</i> contamination levels in Irish broiler flocks.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This work aimed to describe the <i>Campylobacter</i> monitoring programme that was established by the CSG, to analyse the results of this testing between 2019 and 2022, and to assess progress.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper describes the monitoring programme that was established by the CSG, which harmonized <i>Campylobacter</i> enumeration testing across all Irish broiler processors and allowed comparability of results for trend analysis. An analysis of the 2019–2022 data is presented here and compared to previous studies of <i>Campylobacter</i> levels in Irish broilers. An analysis of the 2019–2022 data showed a significant reduction in levels in both caeca and neck skin when the results from 2022 were compared to those from 2019 to 2020. <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. were detected in 37% of caecal samples from first depopulation (pre-thin) broilers and 30% of neck skin samples in 2022, with just 4% of carcases (in neck skin samples) with ≥1000 colony-forming units per gram detected in 2022. <i>Campylobacter</i> levels detected in Irish broilers, in the present monitoring programme were less than those reported in previous studies in both caecal and carcase samples, although not directly comparable for statistical significance because of differences in study methods.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The cooperation between stakeholders and regulators of the Irish broiler chicken industry over the past decade has facilitated a coordinated approach to monitoring of <i>Campylobacter</i> levels in broilers, and implementation of control measures. This has enabled a steady reduction in the levels of <i>Campylobacter</i> in Irish chicken.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 6","pages":"663-672"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140307197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oghenekaro Omodior, Kristina R. Anderson, Jordan Blekking, Kaukis Nicholas
Aims
Although tick-borne disease (TBD) incidence has increased in the United States (U.S.) in the past decade, new evidence suggests that notifiable diseases surveillance records may not accurately reflect the true magnitude of TBD diagnoses. Furthermore, while regional electronic health records (EHR) are readily accessible their potential use as a more stable and consistent source of TBD diagnoses data has remained largely unexplored.
Methods and Results
In this study, we used EHR from a database of more than 100 hospitals, healthcare networks, and insurance providers in Indiana, U.S., to better understand incidence, spatio-temporal and demographic distribution of TBD Diagnoses from 2009–2018. Our results revealed that in Indiana, from 2009 to 2018, there were 5173 unique TBD Diagnoses across three diagnoses categories: Lyme disease (72.5%, n = 3751), Rickettsioses (12.0%, n = 623) and Other TBD Diagnoses (15.4%, n = 799). Using EHR, the average yearly Lyme disease diagnoses was more than double the cases obtained using notifiable disease surveillance data for the same period. Patients with a TBD Diagnoses were generally older (ages 45–59) and less racially diverse (96.3% white). Rickettsiosis diagnoses were reported more among male patients (55.2%), while Lyme disease diagnoses were higher among female patients (57.1%). Temporal data illustrated higher frequencies of diagnoses from May to July. Hot spot analysis identified a Lyme disease hot spot in northwest Indiana, while hotspots of Rickettsiosis and Other TBD Diagnoses category were identified in southwest Indiana. Extrapolated to the Indiana population, chi-squared (χ2) tests of independence revealed that the observed distribution of TBD diagnoses in our data was significantly different from the expected distribution in the Indiana population-based race, gender and age groups.
Conclusions
Our study findings demonstrate that in Indiana, EHR provide a stable data source for elucidating TBD disease burden and for monitoring spatio-temporal trends in TBD diagnoses.
{"title":"Spatio-temporal patterns of tick-borne disease diagnoses in Indiana, USA (2009–2018)","authors":"Oghenekaro Omodior, Kristina R. Anderson, Jordan Blekking, Kaukis Nicholas","doi":"10.1111/zph.13128","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13128","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although tick-borne disease (TBD) incidence has increased in the United States (U.S.) in the past decade, new evidence suggests that notifiable diseases surveillance records may not accurately reflect the true magnitude of TBD diagnoses. Furthermore, while regional electronic health records (EHR) are readily accessible their potential use as a more stable and consistent source of TBD diagnoses data has remained largely unexplored.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, we used EHR from a database of more than 100 hospitals, healthcare networks, and insurance providers in Indiana, U.S., to better understand incidence, spatio-temporal and demographic distribution of TBD Diagnoses from 2009–2018. Our results revealed that in Indiana, from 2009 to 2018, there were 5173 unique TBD Diagnoses across three diagnoses categories: Lyme disease (72.5%, <i>n</i> = 3751), Rickettsioses (12.0%, <i>n</i> = 623) and Other TBD Diagnoses (15.4%, <i>n</i> = 799). Using EHR, the average yearly Lyme disease diagnoses was more than double the cases obtained using notifiable disease surveillance data for the same period. Patients with a TBD Diagnoses were generally older (ages 45–59) and less racially diverse (96.3% white). Rickettsiosis diagnoses were reported more among male patients (55.2%), while Lyme disease diagnoses were higher among female patients (57.1%). Temporal data illustrated higher frequencies of diagnoses from May to July. Hot spot analysis identified a Lyme disease hot spot in northwest Indiana, while hotspots of Rickettsiosis and Other TBD Diagnoses category were identified in southwest Indiana. Extrapolated to the Indiana population, chi-squared (<i>χ</i><sup>2</sup>) tests of independence revealed that the observed distribution of TBD diagnoses in our data was significantly different from the expected distribution in the Indiana population-based race, gender and age groups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our study findings demonstrate that in Indiana, EHR provide a stable data source for elucidating TBD disease burden and for monitoring spatio-temporal trends in TBD diagnoses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 6","pages":"653-662"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140307198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shannan N. Rich, Ann Carpenter, Bree Dell, Rachel Henderson, Sydney Adams, Nicolette Bestul, Christopher Grano, Briana Sprague, Josh Leopold, Elizabeth K. Schiffman, Andrea Lomeli, Hassan Zadeh, Jemma Alarcón, Umme-Aiman Halai, Yoon-Sung Nam, Leah Seifu, Sally Slavinski, David Crum, Emily Mosites, Johanna S. Salzer, Alison F. Hinckley, David W. McCormick, Grace E. Marx
Background and Aims
Louse-borne Bartonella quintana infection and flea-borne murine typhus are two potentially serious vector-borne diseases that have led to periodic outbreaks among people experiencing homelessness in the United States. Little is known about louse- and flea-borne disease awareness and prevention among staff who provide services to the population. We surveyed staff in seven US states to identify gaps in knowledge and prevention practices for these diseases.
Methods and Results
Surveys were administered to 333 staff at 89 homeless shelters and outreach teams in California, Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, New York and Washington from August 2022 to April 2023. Most participants (>68%) agreed that body lice and fleas are a problem for people experiencing homelessness. About half were aware that diseases could be transmitted by these vectors; however, most could not accurately identify which diseases. Less than a quarter of staff could describe an appropriate protocol for managing body lice or fleas. Misconceptions included that clients must isolate or be denied services until they are medically cleared.
Conclusions
Our findings reveal significant knowledge gaps among staff who provide services to people experiencing homelessness in the prevention and control of louse- and flea-borne diseases. This demonstrates an urgent need for staff training to both reduce disease and prevent unnecessary restrictions on services and housing.
{"title":"Knowledge and practices related to louse- and flea-borne diseases among staff providing services to people experiencing homelessness in the United States","authors":"Shannan N. Rich, Ann Carpenter, Bree Dell, Rachel Henderson, Sydney Adams, Nicolette Bestul, Christopher Grano, Briana Sprague, Josh Leopold, Elizabeth K. Schiffman, Andrea Lomeli, Hassan Zadeh, Jemma Alarcón, Umme-Aiman Halai, Yoon-Sung Nam, Leah Seifu, Sally Slavinski, David Crum, Emily Mosites, Johanna S. Salzer, Alison F. Hinckley, David W. McCormick, Grace E. Marx","doi":"10.1111/zph.13125","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13125","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background and Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Louse-borne <i>Bartonella quintana</i> infection and flea-borne murine typhus are two potentially serious vector-borne diseases that have led to periodic outbreaks among people experiencing homelessness in the United States. Little is known about louse- and flea-borne disease awareness and prevention among staff who provide services to the population. We surveyed staff in seven US states to identify gaps in knowledge and prevention practices for these diseases.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Surveys were administered to 333 staff at 89 homeless shelters and outreach teams in California, Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, New York and Washington from August 2022 to April 2023. Most participants (>68%) agreed that body lice and fleas are a problem for people experiencing homelessness. About half were aware that diseases could be transmitted by these vectors; however, most could not accurately identify which diseases. Less than a quarter of staff could describe an appropriate protocol for managing body lice or fleas. Misconceptions included that clients must isolate or be denied services until they are medically cleared.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings reveal significant knowledge gaps among staff who provide services to people experiencing homelessness in the prevention and control of louse- and flea-borne diseases. This demonstrates an urgent need for staff training to both reduce disease and prevent unnecessary restrictions on services and housing.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 6","pages":"642-652"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140185844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Manuel Matiz-González, Jesús A. Ballesteros-Ballesteros, María Hernández, Julián A. Mejorano-Fonseca, Claudia Cuervo, Álvaro A. Faccini-Martínez, Marylin Hidalgo, Jairo Pérez-Torres, Carlos Ramiro Silva-Ramos
Introduction
Bats are a diverse group of mammals that have unique features allowing them to act as reservoir hosts for several zoonotic pathogens such as Leptospira. Leptospires have been classified into pathogenic, intermediate, and saprophytic groups and more recently into clades P1, P2, S1, and S2, being all the most important pathogenic species related to leptospirosis included within the P1/pathogenic clade. Leptospira has been detected from bats in several regions worldwide; however, the diversity of leptospires harboured by bats is still unknown.
Aim
The aim of the present study was to determine the genetic diversity of Leptospira spp. harboured by bats worldwide.
Methods
A systematic review was conducted on four databases to retrieve studies in which Leptospira was detected from bats. All studies were screened to retrieve all available Leptospira spp. 16S rRNA sequences from the GenBank database and data regarding their origin. Sequences obtained were compared with each other and reference sequences of Leptospira species and analysed through phylogenetic analysis.
Results
A total of 418 Leptospira spp. 16S rRNA sequences isolated from 55 bat species from 14 countries were retrieved from 15 selected manuscripts. From these, 417 sequences clustered within the P1/pathogenic group, and only one sequence clustered within the P2/intermediate group. Six major clades of P1/pathogenic Leptospira spp. were identified, three of them composed exclusively of sequences obtained from bats.
Conclusion
We identified that bats harbour a great genetic diversity of Leptospira spp. that form part of the P1/pathogenic clade, some of which are closely related to leptospirosis-associated species. This finding contributes to the knowledge of the diversity of leptospires hosted by bats worldwide and reinforces the role of bats as reservoirs of P1/pathogenic Leptospira spp.
{"title":"Genetic diversity of P1/pathogenic Leptospira species hosted by bats worldwide","authors":"J. Manuel Matiz-González, Jesús A. Ballesteros-Ballesteros, María Hernández, Julián A. Mejorano-Fonseca, Claudia Cuervo, Álvaro A. Faccini-Martínez, Marylin Hidalgo, Jairo Pérez-Torres, Carlos Ramiro Silva-Ramos","doi":"10.1111/zph.13126","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13126","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Bats are a diverse group of mammals that have unique features allowing them to act as reservoir hosts for several zoonotic pathogens such as <i>Leptospira</i>. Leptospires have been classified into pathogenic, intermediate, and saprophytic groups and more recently into clades P1, P2, S1, and S2, being all the most important pathogenic species related to leptospirosis included within the P1/pathogenic clade. <i>Leptospira</i> has been detected from bats in several regions worldwide; however, the diversity of leptospires harboured by bats is still unknown.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The aim of the present study was to determine the genetic diversity of <i>Leptospira</i> spp. harboured by bats worldwide.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A systematic review was conducted on four databases to retrieve studies in which <i>Leptospira</i> was detected from bats. All studies were screened to retrieve all available <i>Leptospira</i> spp. 16S rRNA sequences from the GenBank database and data regarding their origin. Sequences obtained were compared with each other and reference sequences of <i>Leptospira</i> species and analysed through phylogenetic analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 418 <i>Leptospira</i> spp. 16S rRNA sequences isolated from 55 bat species from 14 countries were retrieved from 15 selected manuscripts. From these, 417 sequences clustered within the P1/pathogenic group, and only one sequence clustered within the P2/intermediate group. Six major clades of P1/pathogenic <i>Leptospira</i> spp. were identified, three of them composed exclusively of sequences obtained from bats.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We identified that bats harbour a great genetic diversity of <i>Leptospira</i> spp. that form part of the P1/pathogenic clade, some of which are closely related to leptospirosis-associated species. This finding contributes to the knowledge of the diversity of leptospires hosted by bats worldwide and reinforces the role of bats as reservoirs of P1/pathogenic <i>Leptospira</i> spp.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 5","pages":"457-468"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140176802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Himani Dhanze, Balbir B. Singh, Michael Walsh, M. Suman Kumar, Amit Kumar, Kiran N. Bhilegaonkar, Victoria J. Brookes
Aims
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is endemic in India. Although pigs are considered important hosts and sentinels for JE outbreaks in people, limited information is available on JE virus (JEV) surveillance in pigs.
Methods and Results
We investigated the spatio-temporal distribution of JEV seroprevalence and its association with climate variables in 4451 samples from pigs in 10 districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, over 10 years from 2013 to 2022. The mean seroprevalence of IgG (2013–2022) and IgM (2017–2022) was 14% (95% CI 12.8–15.2) and 10.98% (95% CI 9.8–12.2), respectively. Throughout the region, higher seroprevalence from 2013 to 2017 was observed and was highly variable with no predictable spatio-temporal pattern between districts. Seroprevalence of up to 60.8% in Sant Kabir Nagar in 2016 and 69.5% in Gorakhpur district in 2017 for IgG and IgM was observed, respectively. IgG seroprevalence did not increase with age. Monthly time-series decomposition of IgG and IgM seroprevalence demonstrated annual cyclicity (3–4 peaks) with seasonality (higher, broader peaks in the summer and monsoon periods). However, most variance was due to the overall trend and the random components of the time series. Autoregressive time-series modelling of pigs sampled from Gorakhpur was insufficiently predictive for forecasting; however, an inverse association between humidity (but not rainfall or temperature) was observed.
Conclusions
Detection patterns confirm seasonal epidemic periods within year-round endemicity in pigs in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Lack of increasing age-associated seroprevalence indicates that JEV might not be immunizing in pigs which needs further investigation because models that inform public health interventions for JEV could be inaccurate if assuming long-term immunity in pigs. Although pigs are considered sentinels for human outbreaks, sufficient timeliness using sero-surveillance in pigs to inform public health interventions to prevent JEV in people will require more nuanced modelling than seroprevalence and broad climate variables alone.
{"title":"Spatio-temporal epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in pig populations of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, 2013–2022","authors":"Himani Dhanze, Balbir B. Singh, Michael Walsh, M. Suman Kumar, Amit Kumar, Kiran N. Bhilegaonkar, Victoria J. Brookes","doi":"10.1111/zph.13123","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13123","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Japanese encephalitis (JE) is endemic in India. Although pigs are considered important hosts and sentinels for JE outbreaks in people, limited information is available on JE virus (JEV) surveillance in pigs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We investigated the spatio-temporal distribution of JEV seroprevalence and its association with climate variables in 4451 samples from pigs in 10 districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, over 10 years from 2013 to 2022. The mean seroprevalence of IgG (2013–2022) and IgM (2017–2022) was 14% (95% CI 12.8–15.2) and 10.98% (95% CI 9.8–12.2), respectively. Throughout the region, higher seroprevalence from 2013 to 2017 was observed and was highly variable with no predictable spatio-temporal pattern between districts. Seroprevalence of up to 60.8% in Sant Kabir Nagar in 2016 and 69.5% in Gorakhpur district in 2017 for IgG and IgM was observed, respectively. IgG seroprevalence did not increase with age. Monthly time-series decomposition of IgG and IgM seroprevalence demonstrated annual cyclicity (3–4 peaks) with seasonality (higher, broader peaks in the summer and monsoon periods). However, most variance was due to the overall trend and the random components of the time series. Autoregressive time-series modelling of pigs sampled from Gorakhpur was insufficiently predictive for forecasting; however, an inverse association between humidity (but not rainfall or temperature) was observed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Detection patterns confirm seasonal epidemic periods within year-round endemicity in pigs in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Lack of increasing age-associated seroprevalence indicates that JEV might not be immunizing in pigs which needs further investigation because models that inform public health interventions for JEV could be inaccurate if assuming long-term immunity in pigs. Although pigs are considered sentinels for human outbreaks, sufficient timeliness using sero-surveillance in pigs to inform public health interventions to prevent JEV in people will require more nuanced modelling than seroprevalence and broad climate variables alone.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 4","pages":"429-441"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13123","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140132727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jani Jukka Sormunen, Jesse Mänttäri, Eero Juhani Vesterinen, Tero Klemola
Aims
Urban green spaces are locations of maximal human activity, forming areas of enhanced risk for tick-borne disease (TBD) transmission. Being also limited in spatial scale, green spaces form prime targets for control schemes aiming to reduce TBD risk. However, for effective control, the key species maintaining local tick and tick-borne pathogen (TBP) populations must be identified. To determine how patterns of host utilization vary spatially, we utilized blood meal analysis to study the contributions of voles, shrews, squirrels, leporids and cervids towards blood meals and the acquisition of TBPs of juvenile Ixodes ricinus in urban and sylvatic areas in Finland.
Methods and Results
A total of 1084 nymphs were collected from the capital city of Finland, Helsinki and from a sylvatic island in southwestern Finland, and subjected to qPCR analysis to identify DNA remnants of the previous host. We found significant differences in host contributions between urban and sylvatic environments. Specifically, squirrels and leporids were more common hosts in urban habitats, whereas cervids and voles were more common in sylvatic habitats. In addition to providing 18.4% of larval blood meals in urban habitats, red squirrels were identified as the source of 28.6% (n = 48) of Borrelia afzelii detections and 58.1% (n = 18) of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto detections, indicating an important role for local enzootic cycles.
Conclusions
Our study highlights that the key hosts maintaining tick and TBP populations may be different in urban and sylvatic habitats. Likewise, hosts generally perceived as important for upkeep may have limited importance in urban environments. Consequently, targeting control schemes based on off-site data of host importance may lead to suboptimal results.
{"title":"Blood meal analysis reveals sources of tick-borne pathogens and differences in host utilization of juvenile Ixodes ricinus across urban and sylvatic habitats","authors":"Jani Jukka Sormunen, Jesse Mänttäri, Eero Juhani Vesterinen, Tero Klemola","doi":"10.1111/zph.13124","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13124","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Urban green spaces are locations of maximal human activity, forming areas of enhanced risk for tick-borne disease (TBD) transmission. Being also limited in spatial scale, green spaces form prime targets for control schemes aiming to reduce TBD risk. However, for effective control, the key species maintaining local tick and tick-borne pathogen (TBP) populations must be identified. To determine how patterns of host utilization vary spatially, we utilized blood meal analysis to study the contributions of voles, shrews, squirrels, leporids and cervids towards blood meals and the acquisition of TBPs of juvenile <i>Ixodes ricinus</i> in urban and sylvatic areas in Finland.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 1084 nymphs were collected from the capital city of Finland, Helsinki and from a sylvatic island in southwestern Finland, and subjected to qPCR analysis to identify DNA remnants of the previous host. We found significant differences in host contributions between urban and sylvatic environments. Specifically, squirrels and leporids were more common hosts in urban habitats, whereas cervids and voles were more common in sylvatic habitats. In addition to providing 18.4% of larval blood meals in urban habitats, red squirrels were identified as the source of 28.6% (<i>n</i> = 48) of <i>Borrelia afzelii</i> detections and 58.1% (<i>n</i> = 18) of <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i> sensu stricto detections, indicating an important role for local enzootic cycles.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our study highlights that the key hosts maintaining tick and TBP populations may be different in urban and sylvatic habitats. Likewise, hosts generally perceived as important for upkeep may have limited importance in urban environments. Consequently, targeting control schemes based on off-site data of host importance may lead to suboptimal results.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 4","pages":"442-450"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13124","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140132726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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