G. Sean Stapleton, Caroline Habrun, Kaylea Nemechek, Lauren Gollarza, Zachary Ellison, Beth Tolar, Lia Koski, Joshua M. Brandenburg, Zainab Salah, Alexandra Palacios, Colin Basler, Kate Varela, Megin Nichols, Katharine Benedict
Aims
Contact with backyard poultry (i.e., privately-owned, non-commercial poultry) was first associated with a multistate outbreak of salmonellosis in 1955. In recent years, backyard poultry-associated salmonellosis outbreaks have caused more illnesses in the United States than salmonellosis outbreaks linked to any other type of animal. Here, we describe the epidemiology of outbreaks from 2015–2022 to inform prevention efforts.
Methods and Results
During 2015–2022, there were 88 multistate backyard poultry-associated salmonellosis outbreaks and 7866 outbreak-associated illnesses caused by 21 different Salmonella serotypes. Salmonella Enteritidis accounted for the most outbreaks (n = 21) and illnesses (n = 2400) of any serotype. Twenty-four percent (1840/7727) of patients with available information were <5 years of age. In total, 30% (1710/5644) of patients were hospitalized, and nine deaths were attributed to Salmonella infection. Throughout this period, patients reported behaviours that have a higher risk of Salmonella transmission, including kissing or snuggling poultry or allowing poultry inside their home.
Conclusions
Despite ongoing efforts to reduce the burden of salmonellosis associated with backyard poultry, outbreak-associated illnesses have nearly tripled and hospitalizations more than quadrupled compared with those in 1990–2014. Because this public health problem is largely preventable, government officials, human and veterinary healthcare providers, hatcheries, and retailers might improve the prevention of illnesses by widely disseminating health and safety recommendations to the public and by continuing to develop and implement prevention measures to reduce zoonotic transmission of Salmonella by backyard poultry.
{"title":"Multistate outbreaks of salmonellosis linked to contact with backyard poultry—United States, 2015–2022","authors":"G. Sean Stapleton, Caroline Habrun, Kaylea Nemechek, Lauren Gollarza, Zachary Ellison, Beth Tolar, Lia Koski, Joshua M. Brandenburg, Zainab Salah, Alexandra Palacios, Colin Basler, Kate Varela, Megin Nichols, Katharine Benedict","doi":"10.1111/zph.13134","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13134","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Contact with backyard poultry (i.e., privately-owned, non-commercial poultry) was first associated with a multistate outbreak of salmonellosis in 1955. In recent years, backyard poultry-associated salmonellosis outbreaks have caused more illnesses in the United States than salmonellosis outbreaks linked to any other type of animal. Here, we describe the epidemiology of outbreaks from 2015–2022 to inform prevention efforts.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>During 2015–2022, there were 88 multistate backyard poultry-associated salmonellosis outbreaks and 7866 outbreak-associated illnesses caused by 21 different <i>Salmonella</i> serotypes. <i>Salmonella Enteritidis</i> accounted for the most outbreaks (<i>n</i> = 21) and illnesses (<i>n</i> = 2400) of any serotype. Twenty-four percent (1840/7727) of patients with available information were <5 years of age. In total, 30% (1710/5644) of patients were hospitalized, and nine deaths were attributed to <i>Salmonella</i> infection. Throughout this period, patients reported behaviours that have a higher risk of <i>Salmonella</i> transmission, including kissing or snuggling poultry or allowing poultry inside their home.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite ongoing efforts to reduce the burden of salmonellosis associated with backyard poultry, outbreak-associated illnesses have nearly tripled and hospitalizations more than quadrupled compared with those in 1990–2014. Because this public health problem is largely preventable, government officials, human and veterinary healthcare providers, hatcheries, and retailers might improve the prevention of illnesses by widely disseminating health and safety recommendations to the public and by continuing to develop and implement prevention measures to reduce zoonotic transmission of <i>Salmonella</i> by backyard poultry.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 6","pages":"708-722"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13134","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140841724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The importation of rabid animals poses a continual threat to rabies freedom in the European Union (EU). Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the European Commission eased the rules on companion animal importations for Ukrainian refugees through derogations to the EU Pet Travel Scheme (EU PETS). As Ukraine remains endemic for canine rabies, this paper aimed to quantitatively assess whether the change in regulations affected the risk of rabies introduction to the EU.
Method and Results
Transmission pathways for both EU PETS and derogations to this scheme were considered, as well as the scenarios of 100% compliance and reduced compliance within both schemes. Stochastic modelling was performed via a Monte Carlo simulation to calculate the median and 95% confidence intervals of the annual risk of rabies entry and the years between rabies entries into the EU. Following 100% compliance, the derogation scheme posed a significantly lower risk at a value of 3.63 × 10−3 (CI 95% 1.18 × 10−3–9.34 × 10−3) rabies entries per year in comparison to EU PETS where the risk was 4.25 × 10−2 (CI 95% 1.44 × 10−2–9.81 × 10−2). Despite a significantly lower risk as compared to EU PETS under 100% compliance, the derogation scheme was more sensitive to a reduction in compliance which resulted in a 74-fold increase in risk. Given this, even under reduced compliance, the annual risk remained lower under the derogation scheme, although this was not statistically significant.
Conclusion
The findings of this study suggest that a 4-month period of quarantine, as modelled for the derogation scenario, could reduce the annual risk of rabies entry. This scheme may present a viable solution for the management of companion animal influxes in future crises.
{"title":"Risk of rabies reintroduction into the European Union as a result of the Russo-Ukrainian war: A quantitative disease risk analysis","authors":"Tirion Rebecca Cobby, Mark Charles Eisler","doi":"10.1111/zph.13135","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13135","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The importation of rabid animals poses a continual threat to rabies freedom in the European Union (EU). Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the European Commission eased the rules on companion animal importations for Ukrainian refugees through derogations to the EU Pet Travel Scheme (EU PETS). As Ukraine remains endemic for canine rabies, this paper aimed to quantitatively assess whether the change in regulations affected the risk of rabies introduction to the EU.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Transmission pathways for both EU PETS and derogations to this scheme were considered, as well as the scenarios of 100% compliance and reduced compliance within both schemes. Stochastic modelling was performed via a Monte Carlo simulation to calculate the median and 95% confidence intervals of the annual risk of rabies entry and the years between rabies entries into the EU. Following 100% compliance, the derogation scheme posed a significantly lower risk at a value of 3.63 × 10<sup>−3</sup> (CI 95% 1.18 × 10<sup>−3</sup>–9.34 × 10<sup>−3</sup>) rabies entries per year in comparison to EU PETS where the risk was 4.25 × 10<sup>−2</sup> (CI 95% 1.44 × 10<sup>−2</sup>–9.81 × 10<sup>−2</sup>). Despite a significantly lower risk as compared to EU PETS under 100% compliance, the derogation scheme was more sensitive to a reduction in compliance which resulted in a 74-fold increase in risk. Given this, even under reduced compliance, the annual risk remained lower under the derogation scheme, although this was not statistically significant.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The findings of this study suggest that a 4-month period of quarantine, as modelled for the derogation scenario, could reduce the annual risk of rabies entry. This scheme may present a viable solution for the management of companion animal influxes in future crises.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 5","pages":"515-525"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140663898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Hannah Gould, Adam Fathalla, Jennifer C. Moïsi, James H. Stark
Introduction
Lyme disease (LD), caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States. Although most surveillance-reported cases are in people who are White, data suggest worse outcomes among people from racial and ethnic minority groups.
Methods
We conducted a systematic literature review to describe racial disparities in LD. We described the epidemiology of LD by race and ethnicity, including clinical presentation at diagnosis, and summarised the literature on knowledge, attitudes and practices related to LD and ticks by race and ethnicity.
Results
Overall, the incidence and prevalence of LD were 1.2–3.5 times higher in White persons than in persons who identified as Asian or Pacific Islander and 4.5–6.3 times higher in White persons than in persons who identified as Black. Across multiple studies, people from racial and ethnic minority groups were more likely than White people to have disseminated manifestations of LD, including neurological manifestations and arthritis, and less likely to have erythema migrans. People from racial and ethnic minority groups were also more likely to report disease onset in the fall and less likely to report disease onset in the summer. Possible reasons for these disparities include lack of recognition of the disease in people with darker skin tones, lack of knowledge of disease risk for some groups and differences in exposure risk.
Conclusions
Taken together, these results reinforce that all people residing in high-incidence areas are at risk of LD, regardless of race or ethnicity. Future prevention measures should be broadly targeted to reach all at-risk populations.
{"title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in Lyme disease in the United States","authors":"L. Hannah Gould, Adam Fathalla, Jennifer C. Moïsi, James H. Stark","doi":"10.1111/zph.13137","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13137","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Lyme disease (LD), caused by the spirochete <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i>, is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States. Although most surveillance-reported cases are in people who are White, data suggest worse outcomes among people from racial and ethnic minority groups.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted a systematic literature review to describe racial disparities in LD. We described the epidemiology of LD by race and ethnicity, including clinical presentation at diagnosis, and summarised the literature on knowledge, attitudes and practices related to LD and ticks by race and ethnicity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Overall, the incidence and prevalence of LD were 1.2–3.5 times higher in White persons than in persons who identified as Asian or Pacific Islander and 4.5–6.3 times higher in White persons than in persons who identified as Black. Across multiple studies, people from racial and ethnic minority groups were more likely than White people to have disseminated manifestations of LD, including neurological manifestations and arthritis, and less likely to have erythema migrans. People from racial and ethnic minority groups were also more likely to report disease onset in the fall and less likely to report disease onset in the summer. Possible reasons for these disparities include lack of recognition of the disease in people with darker skin tones, lack of knowledge of disease risk for some groups and differences in exposure risk.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Taken together, these results reinforce that all people residing in high-incidence areas are at risk of LD, regardless of race or ethnicity. Future prevention measures should be broadly targeted to reach all at-risk populations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 5","pages":"469-479"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13137","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140664486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tess Rooney, Eric M. Fèvre, Jandouwe Villinger, Maris Brenn-White, Charles O. Cummings, Daniel Chai, Joseph Kamau, Alice Kiyong'a, Dennis Getange, Dickens O. Ochieng, Velma Kivali, Dawn Zimmerman, Marieke Rosenbaum, Felicia B. Nutter, Sharon L. Deem
Aims
Q fever is a globally distributed, neglected zoonotic disease of conservation and public health importance, caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. Coxiella burnetii normally causes subclinical infections in livestock, but may also cause reproductive pathology and spontaneous abortions in artiodactyl species. One such artiodactyl, the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius), is an increasingly important livestock species in semi-arid landscapes. Ticks are naturally infected with C. burnetii worldwide and are frequently found on camels in Kenya. In this study, we assessed the relationship between dromedary camels' C. burnetii serostatus and whether the camels were carrying C. burnetii PCR-positive ticks in Kenya. We hypothesized that there would be a positive association between camel seropositivity and carrying C. burnetii PCR-positive ticks.
Methods and Results
Blood was collected from camels (N = 233) from three herds, and serum was analysed using commercial ELISA antibody test kits. Ticks were collected (N = 4354), divided into pools of the same species from the same camel (N = 397) and tested for C. burnetii and Coxiella-like endosymbionts. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize seroprevalence by camel demographic and clinical variables. Univariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess relationships between serostatus (outcome) and tick PCR status, camel demographic variables, and camel clinical variables (predictors). Camel C. burnetii seroprevalence was 52%. Across tick pools, the prevalence of C. burnetii was 15% and Coxiella-like endosymbionts was 27%. Camel seropositivity was significantly associated with the presence of a C. burnetii PCR-positive tick pool (OR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.4–5.1; p = 0.0045), increasing age class, and increasing total solids.
Conclusions
The role of ticks and camels in the epidemiology of Q fever warrants further research to better understand this zoonotic disease that has potential to cause illness and reproductive losses in humans, livestock, and wildlife.
目的Q热是一种全球分布的被忽视的人畜共患疾病，具有重要的保护和公共卫生意义，由烧伤柯克氏菌引起。烧伤科克西氏菌通常会导致家畜亚临床感染，但也可能导致半蹄类动物的生殖系统病变和自发性流产。单峰骆驼（Camelus dromedarius）就是这样一种偶蹄类动物，它是半干旱地区越来越重要的家畜物种。世界各地的骆驼都会自然感染蜱虫，在肯尼亚的骆驼身上也经常发现蜱虫。在这项研究中，我们评估了肯尼亚单峰骆驼的 C. burnetii 血清状态与骆驼是否携带 C. burnetii PCR 阳性蜱之间的关系。我们假设，骆驼血清阳性与携带C. burnetii PCR阳性蜱之间存在正相关。收集蜱虫（N = 4354），将同一骆驼（N = 397）的同种蜱虫分成若干池，并对其进行烧伤蜱和类柯西氏内生菌检测。使用描述性统计来总结骆驼人口统计学和临床变量的血清流行率。单变量逻辑回归分析用于评估血清状态（结果）与蜱PCR状态、骆驼人口统计学变量和骆驼临床变量（预测因素）之间的关系。骆驼的烧伤蜱血清阳性率为 52%。在所有蜱群中，烧伤蜱的感染率为15%，类柯西氏杆菌内生体的感染率为27%。结论蜱虫和骆驼在 Q 热流行病学中的作用值得进一步研究，以便更好地了解这种有可能导致人类、牲畜和野生动物患病并造成生殖损失的人畜共患疾病。
{"title":"Coxiella burnetii serostatus in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) is associated with the presence of C. burnetii DNA in attached ticks in Laikipia County, Kenya","authors":"Tess Rooney, Eric M. Fèvre, Jandouwe Villinger, Maris Brenn-White, Charles O. Cummings, Daniel Chai, Joseph Kamau, Alice Kiyong'a, Dennis Getange, Dickens O. Ochieng, Velma Kivali, Dawn Zimmerman, Marieke Rosenbaum, Felicia B. Nutter, Sharon L. Deem","doi":"10.1111/zph.13127","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13127","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Q fever is a globally distributed, neglected zoonotic disease of conservation and public health importance, caused by the bacterium <i>Coxiella burnetii. Coxiella burnetii</i> normally causes subclinical infections in livestock, but may also cause reproductive pathology and spontaneous abortions in artiodactyl species. One such artiodactyl, the dromedary camel (<i>Camelus dromedarius</i>), is an increasingly important livestock species in semi-arid landscapes. Ticks are naturally infected with <i>C. burnetii</i> worldwide and are frequently found on camels in Kenya. In this study, we assessed the relationship between dromedary camels' <i>C. burnetii</i> serostatus and whether the camels were carrying <i>C. burnetii</i> PCR-positive ticks in Kenya. We hypothesized that there would be a positive association between camel seropositivity and carrying <i>C. burnetii</i> PCR-positive ticks.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Blood was collected from camels (<i>N</i> = 233) from three herds, and serum was analysed using commercial ELISA antibody test kits. Ticks were collected (<i>N</i> = 4354), divided into pools of the same species from the same camel (<i>N</i> = 397) and tested for <i>C. burnetii</i> and <i>Coxiella</i>-like endosymbionts. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize seroprevalence by camel demographic and clinical variables. Univariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess relationships between serostatus (outcome) and tick PCR status, camel demographic variables, and camel clinical variables (predictors). Camel <i>C. burnetii</i> seroprevalence was 52%. Across tick pools, the prevalence of <i>C. burnetii</i> was 15% and <i>Coxiella</i>-like endosymbionts was 27%. Camel seropositivity was significantly associated with the presence of a <i>C. burnetii</i> PCR-positive tick pool (OR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.4–5.1; <i>p</i> = 0.0045), increasing age class, and increasing total solids.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The role of ticks and camels in the epidemiology of Q fever warrants further research to better understand this zoonotic disease that has potential to cause illness and reproductive losses in humans, livestock, and wildlife.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 5","pages":"503-514"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13127","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140613330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe zoonotic arboviral disease that occurs widely in Eastern and Western Europe, Asia and Africa. The disease is becoming of growing public health importance in Senegal. However, analysis of tick infestation, CCHF virus (CCHFV) circulation extent and risk factors during ongoing outbreak are scarce. A thorough outbreak investigation was carried out during a CCHF outbreak in Podor (Northern Senegal) in August 2022.
Methods
Ticks and blood samples were collected from animals (cattle, goats and sheep) randomly selected from confirmed CCHF human cases houses, neighbourhoods and surrounding villages. Blood samples were tested for CCHFV antibodies using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Tick samples were screened for CCHFV RNA by RT-PCR.
Results
Overall, tick infestation rate (TIR) and CCHFV seroprevalence of livestock were 52.12% (95% confidence interval (CI): 45.54%–58.64%) and 43.28% (95% CI: 36.33%–50.44%), respectively. The TIRs were 87.7% in cattle, 57.6% in sheep and 20.0% in goats. These rates were significantly associated with location, host species and tick control (p < 0.001) but not with animal age and sex (p > 0.7). CCHFV seroprevalence was 80.4% (95% CI: 67.57%–89.77%) in cattle, 35.4% (95% CI: 25.00%–47.01%) in sheep and 21.2% (95% CI: 12.11%–33.02%) in goats. Age, sex, location, animal host and presence of ticks were significantly associated to the presence of antibodies. The 950 ticks collected included among other species, Hyalomma impeltatum (48.84%) and H. rufipes (10.21%). Five pools of Hyalomma ssp. were found CCHFV RT-PCR positive. These infected ticks included 0.86% (4/464) of H. impeltatum collected on cattle and sheep and 1.03% (1/97) of H. rufipes collected on a sheep.
Conclusions
To our knowledge, this is the first report on the extend of tick infestation and CCHFV infection in livestock during an outbreak in Senegal. The results highlight the risk of human infections and the importance of strengthening vector, animal and human surveillance as well as tick control measures in this area to prevent CCHF infections in humans.
{"title":"Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever outbreak in Northern Senegal in 2022: Prevalence of the virus in livestock and ticks, associated risk factors and epidemiological implications","authors":"Déthié Ngom, Aliou Khoulé, Elisabeth Thérèse Faye, Ousseynou Sène, Sokhna Maymouna Diop, Samba Niang Sagne, Mamadou Korka Diallo, Moussa Dia, Mamadou Aliou Barry, Yoro Diaw, Mamoudou Bocoum, El Hadji Mamadou Ndiaye, Yoro Sall, Boly Diop, Oumar Faye, Ousmane Faye, Mawlouth Diallo, Etienne Simon-Lorière, Anavaj Sakuntabhai, Gamou Fall, Diawo Diallo","doi":"10.1111/zph.13136","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13136","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe zoonotic arboviral disease that occurs widely in Eastern and Western Europe, Asia and Africa. The disease is becoming of growing public health importance in Senegal. However, analysis of tick infestation, CCHF virus (CCHFV) circulation extent and risk factors during ongoing outbreak are scarce. A thorough outbreak investigation was carried out during a CCHF outbreak in Podor (Northern Senegal) in August 2022.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ticks and blood samples were collected from animals (cattle, goats and sheep) randomly selected from confirmed CCHF human cases houses, neighbourhoods and surrounding villages. Blood samples were tested for CCHFV antibodies using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Tick samples were screened for CCHFV RNA by RT-PCR.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Overall, tick infestation rate (TIR) and CCHFV seroprevalence of livestock were 52.12% (95% confidence interval (CI): 45.54%–58.64%) and 43.28% (95% CI: 36.33%–50.44%), respectively. The TIRs were 87.7% in cattle, 57.6% in sheep and 20.0% in goats. These rates were significantly associated with location, host species and tick control (<i>p</i> < 0.001) but not with animal age and sex (<i>p</i> > 0.7). CCHFV seroprevalence was 80.4% (95% CI: 67.57%–89.77%) in cattle, 35.4% (95% CI: 25.00%–47.01%) in sheep and 21.2% (95% CI: 12.11%–33.02%) in goats. Age, sex, location, animal host and presence of ticks were significantly associated to the presence of antibodies. The 950 ticks collected included among other species, <i>Hyalomma impeltatum</i> (48.84%) and <i>H. rufipes</i> (10.21%). Five pools of <i>Hyalomma</i> ssp. were found CCHFV RT-PCR positive. These infected ticks included 0.86% (4/464) of <i>H. impeltatum</i> collected on cattle and sheep and 1.03% (1/97) of <i>H. rufipes</i> collected on a sheep.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To our knowledge, this is the first report on the extend of tick infestation and CCHFV infection in livestock during an outbreak in Senegal. The results highlight the risk of human infections and the importance of strengthening vector, animal and human surveillance as well as tick control measures in this area to prevent CCHF infections in humans.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 6","pages":"696-707"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140613331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raúl Cuadrado-Matías, Alberto Moraga-Fernández, Alfonso Peralbo-Moreno, Ana Isabel Negredo, María Paz Sánchez-Seco, Francisco Ruiz-Fons
Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) unexpectedly emerged in humans in Northwest Spain in 2021, and two additional cases were reported in the region in 2022. The 2021 case was associated with a tick bite on the outskirts of the city where the patient lived. PCR analysis of 95 questing ticks collected in the outskirts of that city in 2021, none of the genus Hyalomma, revealed a prevalence of confirmed CCHF virus (CCHFV) infection of 10.5%. Our results in this emerging scenario suggest the need to consider that CCHFV may be effectively spreading to Northwest Spain and to urgently understand any possible role of non-Hyalomma spp. ticks in the eco-epidemiological dynamics of CCHFV.
{"title":"Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in questing non-Hyalomma spp. ticks in Northwest Spain, 2021","authors":"Raúl Cuadrado-Matías, Alberto Moraga-Fernández, Alfonso Peralbo-Moreno, Ana Isabel Negredo, María Paz Sánchez-Seco, Francisco Ruiz-Fons","doi":"10.1111/zph.13130","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13130","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) unexpectedly emerged in humans in Northwest Spain in 2021, and two additional cases were reported in the region in 2022. The 2021 case was associated with a tick bite on the outskirts of the city where the patient lived. PCR analysis of 95 questing ticks collected in the outskirts of that city in 2021, none of the genus <i>Hyalomma</i>, revealed a prevalence of confirmed CCHF virus (CCHFV) infection of 10.5%. Our results in this emerging scenario suggest the need to consider that CCHFV may be effectively spreading to Northwest Spain and to urgently understand any possible role of non-<i>Hyalomma</i> spp. ticks in the eco-epidemiological dynamics of CCHFV.</p>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 5","pages":"578-583"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13130","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140584238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Awada Lina, Hamilton Keith, Hutchison Jenny, Marrana Mariana, Torres Gregorio, Weber-Vintzel Laure, Tizzani Paolo
Aims
Current data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) emerged from an animal source. However, to date, there is insufficient scientific evidence to identify the source of SARS-CoV-2 or to explain the original route of transmission to humans. A wide range of mammalian species have been shown to be susceptible to the virus through experimental infection, and in natural environments when in contact with infected humans. The main objective of this work was to provide a summary of the official data shared by countries on SARS-CoV-2 in animals with the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), to highlight the role of WOAH as an international organization in coordinating scientific information actions and to discuss the implications and impact of these activities.
Methods and Results
Between January 2020 and December 2022, 36 countries in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa officially reported SARS-CoV-2 identification in 26 animal species. Affected countries were generally responsive in confirming the pathogen (median of 5 days after onset) and reporting to WOAH (median of 7 days after confirmation).
Conclusions
During the pandemic, WOAH, supported by its network of experts, played a crucial role in collecting, analysing and disseminating veterinary scientific information, acting as the reference organization on these issues, thus avoiding misinformation and disinformation. Future perspectives to avoid new emerging threats are discussed.
{"title":"Facing SARS-CoV-2 emergence on the animal health perspective: The role of the World Organisation for Animal Health in preparedness and official reporting of disease occurrence","authors":"Awada Lina, Hamilton Keith, Hutchison Jenny, Marrana Mariana, Torres Gregorio, Weber-Vintzel Laure, Tizzani Paolo","doi":"10.1111/zph.13133","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13133","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Current data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) emerged from an animal source. However, to date, there is insufficient scientific evidence to identify the source of SARS-CoV-2 or to explain the original route of transmission to humans. A wide range of mammalian species have been shown to be susceptible to the virus through experimental infection, and in natural environments when in contact with infected humans. The main objective of this work was to provide a summary of the official data shared by countries on SARS-CoV-2 in animals with the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), to highlight the role of WOAH as an international organization in coordinating scientific information actions and to discuss the implications and impact of these activities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Between January 2020 and December 2022, 36 countries in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa officially reported SARS-CoV-2 identification in 26 animal species. Affected countries were generally responsive in confirming the pathogen (median of 5 days after onset) and reporting to WOAH (median of 7 days after confirmation).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>During the pandemic, WOAH, supported by its network of experts, played a crucial role in collecting, analysing and disseminating veterinary scientific information, acting as the reference organization on these issues, thus avoiding misinformation and disinformation. Future perspectives to avoid new emerging threats are discussed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 6","pages":"683-695"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study employed a network analysis approach to scrutinize a pig supply chain in a repeated outbreak province for human streptococcosis in Thailand and identified important actors that should be focused on for tailoring appropriate interventions.
Methods and Results
Nakhon Sawan province was chosen as the study site as the cases of human streptococcosis have been consecutively reported since 2014, with the number of cases ranging from 21 to 63. A questionnaire survey was used to collect data from actors along the pig supply chain, including pig farms, slaughterhouses, pork sellers, restaurants and customers. A one-mode-directed network was then constructed. Degree and betweenness centrality values were measured. We found that the supply chain of pork products comprised 314 nodes and 296 directed ties. A retailer got the highest overall degree, out-degree and betweenness centrality values at 35, 34, and 65.3, respectively. For in-degree centrality, the highest was identified in a customer at 9. Interestingly, this customer bought pork products from nine different mobile groceries.
Conclusions
Both public health and veterinary authorities should extend their surveillance activities to cover all actors in the supply chain to strengthen overall disease prevention and control for streptococcosis.
{"title":"A network analysis of the local pig supply chain in a repeated outbreak area of human streptococcosis in Thailand","authors":"Chanatda Tungwongjulaniam, Kitipong Klinman, Ratana Theerawat, Anuwat Wiratsudakul","doi":"10.1111/zph.13132","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13132","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The present study employed a network analysis approach to scrutinize a pig supply chain in a repeated outbreak province for human streptococcosis in Thailand and identified important actors that should be focused on for tailoring appropriate interventions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nakhon Sawan province was chosen as the study site as the cases of human streptococcosis have been consecutively reported since 2014, with the number of cases ranging from 21 to 63. A questionnaire survey was used to collect data from actors along the pig supply chain, including pig farms, slaughterhouses, pork sellers, restaurants and customers. A one-mode-directed network was then constructed. Degree and betweenness centrality values were measured. We found that the supply chain of pork products comprised 314 nodes and 296 directed ties. A retailer got the highest overall degree, out-degree and betweenness centrality values at 35, 34, and 65.3, respectively. For in-degree centrality, the highest was identified in a customer at 9. Interestingly, this customer bought pork products from nine different mobile groceries.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Both public health and veterinary authorities should extend their surveillance activities to cover all actors in the supply chain to strengthen overall disease prevention and control for streptococcosis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 6","pages":"673-682"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13132","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140583976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Màrius V. Fuentes, Mercedes Gomez-Samblas, Orly Richter, Sandra Sáez-Durán, Rubén Bueno-Marí, Antonio Osuna, María Teresa Galán-Puchades
Aim
The rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, has recently been found in the city of Valencia, parasitizing rats, Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus, its natural definitive hosts. This is the first finding of this zoonotic nematode in continental Europe. After informing local and national health authorities, the collection of local terrestrial snails took place with the aim of elucidating their potential role as intermediate hosts of A. cantonensis.
Methods and Results
A total of 145 terrestrial snails, belonging to the species Cernuella virgata, Cornu aspersum, Eobania vermiculata, Otala punctata, Pseudotachea splendida, Rumina decollata and Theba pisana, were randomly collected between May and December 2022 in public gardens, parks and orchards in six districts of Valencia, in five of which A. cantonensis had been reported previously in rats. Once collected and identified, the snails were frozen at −20°C. Subsequently, the DNA was isolated and screened by PCR using specific primers targeting the A. cantonensis COI gene. Seven individual snails, belonging to the species C. virgata, C. aspersum and T. pisana, were positive, for an overall prevalence of 4.8%. The PCR product from one of them was sequenced by Sanger sequencing.
Conclusions
The three positive terrestrial snail species are among the edible species that are frequently included in various dishes in Spain. C. virgata is reported as a previously unrecorded intermediate host and should be added to the list of more than 200 species of terrestrial snails that have been reported worldwide as intermediate hosts of the rat lungworm. Considering that these terrestrial snails may release infective larvae of A. cantonensis on leafy green vegetables on which they feed and during their handling and preparation for consumption, prophylactic measures to prevent human neuroangiostrongyliasis in Valencia and other regions to which this zoonotic parasite may spread are recommended.
目的：最近在巴伦西亚市发现了大鼠肺线虫（Angiostrongylus cantonensis），寄生于其天然宿主大鼠（Rattus norvegicus）和小鼠（Rattus rattus）身上。这是欧洲大陆首次发现这种人畜共患病线虫。在通知当地和国家卫生部门后，对当地的陆生蜗牛进行了采集，目的是阐明它们作为坎顿弧菌中间宿主的潜在作用：2022 年 5 月至 12 月期间，在巴伦西亚六个区的公共花园、公园和果园中随机采集了 145 只陆生蜗牛，分别属于 Cernuella virgata、Cornu aspersum、Eobania vermiculata、Otala punctata、Pseudotachea splendida、Rumina decollata 和 Theba pisana，其中五个区的老鼠曾感染过坎顿金氏蜗牛。蜗牛一经采集和鉴定，就被冷冻在零下 20 摄氏度的环境中。随后，使用针对 A. cantonensis COI 基因的特异引物对 DNA 进行分离和 PCR 检测。结果有 7 只蜗牛呈阳性，分别属于 C. virgata、C. aspersum 和 T. pisana，总感染率为 4.8%。对其中一只蜗牛的 PCR 产物进行了桑格测序：结论：三种呈阳性的陆生蜗牛是西班牙各种菜肴中经常出现的可食用物种。据报道，C. virgata 是一种以前从未记录过的中间宿主，应将其列入全球已报道的作为鼠肺吸虫中间宿主的 200 多种陆生蜗牛的名单中。考虑到这些陆生蜗牛可能会在它们取食的绿叶蔬菜上以及在处理和准备食用这些蔬菜的过程中释放出具有感染性的大肠杆菌幼虫，因此建议在巴伦西亚和这种人畜共患病寄生虫可能传播的其他地区采取预防措施，防止人类患上大肠杆菌病。
{"title":"Local terrestrial snails as natural intermediate hosts of the zoonotic parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the new European endemic area of Valencia, Spain","authors":"Màrius V. Fuentes, Mercedes Gomez-Samblas, Orly Richter, Sandra Sáez-Durán, Rubén Bueno-Marí, Antonio Osuna, María Teresa Galán-Puchades","doi":"10.1111/zph.13131","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13131","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The rat lungworm, <i>Angiostrongylus cantonensis</i>, has recently been found in the city of Valencia, parasitizing rats, <i>Rattus norvegicus</i> and <i>Rattus rattus</i>, its natural definitive hosts. This is the first finding of this zoonotic nematode in continental Europe. After informing local and national health authorities, the collection of local terrestrial snails took place with the aim of elucidating their potential role as intermediate hosts of <i>A. cantonensis</i>.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 145 terrestrial snails, belonging to the species <i>Cernuella virgata</i>, <i>Cornu aspersum</i>, <i>Eobania vermiculata</i>, <i>Otala punctata</i>, <i>Pseudotachea splendida</i>, <i>Rumina decollata</i> and <i>Theba pisana</i>, were randomly collected between May and December 2022 in public gardens, parks and orchards in six districts of Valencia, in five of which <i>A. cantonensis</i> had been reported previously in rats. Once collected and identified, the snails were frozen at −20°C. Subsequently, the DNA was isolated and screened by PCR using specific primers targeting the <i>A. cantonensis</i> COI gene. Seven individual snails, belonging to the species <i>C. virgata</i>, <i>C. aspersum</i> and <i>T. pisana</i>, were positive, for an overall prevalence of 4.8%. The PCR product from one of them was sequenced by Sanger sequencing.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The three positive terrestrial snail species are among the edible species that are frequently included in various dishes in Spain. <i>C. virgata</i> is reported as a previously unrecorded intermediate host and should be added to the list of more than 200 species of terrestrial snails that have been reported worldwide as intermediate hosts of the rat lungworm. Considering that these terrestrial snails may release infective larvae of <i>A. cantonensis</i> on leafy green vegetables on which they feed and during their handling and preparation for consumption, prophylactic measures to prevent human neuroangiostrongyliasis in Valencia and other regions to which this zoonotic parasite may spread are recommended.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 4","pages":"451-456"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/zph.13131","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140327212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olwen Golden, Montserrat Gutierrez, Joseph O'Flaherty, Kilian Unger, Bernadette Doyle, Tara Keogh, Joanne McLernon, Rachel Pearce, Tony O'Brien, William Byrne
Background
Campylobacter is the most common food-borne pathogen in the European Union. In 2018, the crude incidence rate in Ireland was 63.6 per 100,000 population. Chicken is considered an important source of infection for humans. In 2015, the Campylobacter Stakeholders' Group (CSG) was established to reduce Campylobacter contamination levels in Irish broiler flocks.
Aims
This work aimed to describe the Campylobacter monitoring programme that was established by the CSG, to analyse the results of this testing between 2019 and 2022, and to assess progress.
Methods and Results
This paper describes the monitoring programme that was established by the CSG, which harmonized Campylobacter enumeration testing across all Irish broiler processors and allowed comparability of results for trend analysis. An analysis of the 2019–2022 data is presented here and compared to previous studies of Campylobacter levels in Irish broilers. An analysis of the 2019–2022 data showed a significant reduction in levels in both caeca and neck skin when the results from 2022 were compared to those from 2019 to 2020. Campylobacter spp. were detected in 37% of caecal samples from first depopulation (pre-thin) broilers and 30% of neck skin samples in 2022, with just 4% of carcases (in neck skin samples) with ≥1000 colony-forming units per gram detected in 2022. Campylobacter levels detected in Irish broilers, in the present monitoring programme were less than those reported in previous studies in both caecal and carcase samples, although not directly comparable for statistical significance because of differences in study methods.
Conclusions
The cooperation between stakeholders and regulators of the Irish broiler chicken industry over the past decade has facilitated a coordinated approach to monitoring of Campylobacter levels in broilers, and implementation of control measures. This has enabled a steady reduction in the levels of Campylobacter in Irish chicken.
{"title":"Implementation of a national monitoring programme of Campylobacter in Irish broilers to measure progress of on-farm and primary processing control measures","authors":"Olwen Golden, Montserrat Gutierrez, Joseph O'Flaherty, Kilian Unger, Bernadette Doyle, Tara Keogh, Joanne McLernon, Rachel Pearce, Tony O'Brien, William Byrne","doi":"10.1111/zph.13129","DOIUrl":"10.1111/zph.13129","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Campylobacter</i> is the most common food-borne pathogen in the European Union. In 2018, the crude incidence rate in Ireland was 63.6 per 100,000 population. Chicken is considered an important source of infection for humans. In 2015, the Campylobacter Stakeholders' Group (CSG) was established to reduce <i>Campylobacter</i> contamination levels in Irish broiler flocks.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This work aimed to describe the <i>Campylobacter</i> monitoring programme that was established by the CSG, to analyse the results of this testing between 2019 and 2022, and to assess progress.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods and Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper describes the monitoring programme that was established by the CSG, which harmonized <i>Campylobacter</i> enumeration testing across all Irish broiler processors and allowed comparability of results for trend analysis. An analysis of the 2019–2022 data is presented here and compared to previous studies of <i>Campylobacter</i> levels in Irish broilers. An analysis of the 2019–2022 data showed a significant reduction in levels in both caeca and neck skin when the results from 2022 were compared to those from 2019 to 2020. <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. were detected in 37% of caecal samples from first depopulation (pre-thin) broilers and 30% of neck skin samples in 2022, with just 4% of carcases (in neck skin samples) with ≥1000 colony-forming units per gram detected in 2022. <i>Campylobacter</i> levels detected in Irish broilers, in the present monitoring programme were less than those reported in previous studies in both caecal and carcase samples, although not directly comparable for statistical significance because of differences in study methods.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The cooperation between stakeholders and regulators of the Irish broiler chicken industry over the past decade has facilitated a coordinated approach to monitoring of <i>Campylobacter</i> levels in broilers, and implementation of control measures. This has enabled a steady reduction in the levels of <i>Campylobacter</i> in Irish chicken.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":24025,"journal":{"name":"Zoonoses and Public Health","volume":"71 6","pages":"663-672"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140307197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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