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A Knowledge-Based Tool for Generating and Verifying Hardware-Ready Embedded Memory Models 基于知识的嵌入式内存模型生成与验证工具
Pub Date : 2008-03-17 DOI: 10.1109/ISQED.2008.35
P. Cheng
Using memory models in a hardware-assisted acceleration/emulation environment, as contrasted with a software simulation environment, is often infused with some very specific problems. This paper describes a novel, yet reliable, methodology to capture the essential functionalities and timings, from a chip designer's perspective, of commonly used embedded memories. The captured data is placed in a structural template for creating a knowledge base, which is transformed into targeted hardware-ready memories. A testbench is also created to verify the new models against the original behavioral models. This methodology has been used for years in many real design projects with great success.
与软件仿真环境相比,在硬件辅助加速/仿真环境中使用内存模型通常会遇到一些非常具体的问题。本文描述了一种新颖而可靠的方法,从芯片设计师的角度捕捉常用嵌入式存储器的基本功能和时序。捕获的数据被放置在用于创建知识库的结构模板中,知识库被转换为目标硬件就绪的存储器。还创建了一个测试台架,以对照原始行为模型验证新模型。这种方法已经在许多实际的设计项目中使用了多年,并取得了巨大的成功。
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引用次数: 0
Improving the Efficiency of Power Management Techniques by Using Bayesian Classification 利用贝叶斯分类提高电源管理技术的效率
Pub Date : 2008-03-17 DOI: 10.1109/ISQED.2008.133
Hwisung Jung, Massoud Pedram
This paper presents a supervised learning based dynamic power management (DPM) framework for a multicore processor, where a power manager (PM) learns to predict the system performance state from some readily available input features (such as the state of service queue occupancy and the task arrival rate) and then uses this predicted state to look up the optimal power management action from a pre-computed policy lookup table. The motivation for utilizing supervised learning in the form of a Bayesian classifier is to reduce overhead of the PM which has to recurrently determine and issue voltage-frequency setting commands to each processor core in the system. Experimental results reveal that the proposed Bayesian classification based DPM technique ensures system-wide energy savings under rapidly and widely varying workloads.
提出了一种基于监督学习的多核处理器动态电源管理(DPM)框架,其中电源管理器(PM)从一些随时可用的输入特征(如服务队列占用状态和任务到达率)中学习预测系统性能状态,然后使用该预测状态从预先计算的策略查找表中查找最佳电源管理动作。以贝叶斯分类器的形式利用监督学习的动机是为了减少PM的开销,PM必须循环地确定并向系统中的每个处理器核心发出电压频率设置命令。实验结果表明,提出的基于贝叶斯分类的DPM技术可以在快速和大范围变化的工作负载下实现全系统的节能。
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引用次数: 19
A Built-in Test and Characterization Method for Circuit Marginality Related Failures 电路边际性相关故障的内置测试和表征方法
Pub Date : 2008-03-17 DOI: 10.1109/ISQED.2008.51
A. Sanyal, S. Kundu
With the advent of ultra deep-submicron (UDSM) regime of integrated circuits, the issues with circuit marginality related transient failures are on the rise. An example of such failures is the thermal hotspot-induced ones, which are common when a particular functional unit experiences high switching activity for a considerable duration. In this paper, we propose an on-line hotspot-induced transient failure testing scheme using the built-in self-test (BlST)-based approach which accurately distinguishes such a transient failure from a hard fail and greatly reduces the test cost by dissociating a tester from the test process. We apply the principle of Fmax testing based on frequency shmoo to obtain the maximum safe operating frequency for individual functional units in a chip. We also propose a DFT scheme to characterize the impact of a "hot" unit on its neighborhood and also the influence of a "hot" neighborhood on an otherwise "cold" unit in the reverse way. Thus the proposed architecture extends the capability of the conventional BIST to test a certain class of circuit marginality related transient failures with a very low hardware overhead.
随着集成电路超深亚微米(UDSM)体系的出现,与电路边际性相关的瞬态故障问题日益增多。这种故障的一个例子是热热点引起的故障,当一个特定的功能单元在相当长的时间内经历高开关活动时,这种故障很常见。在本文中,我们提出了一种基于内置自检(BlST)的在线热点诱发瞬态故障测试方案,该方案能够准确区分瞬态故障和硬故障,并通过将测试人员与测试过程分离来大大降低测试成本。我们应用基于频率shmoo的Fmax测试原理来获得芯片中各个功能单元的最大安全工作频率。我们还提出了一种DFT方案来表征“热”单元对其邻域的影响,以及“热”邻域以相反的方式对“冷”单元的影响。因此,所提出的体系结构扩展了传统BIST的能力,以非常低的硬件开销测试某类电路边际性相关的瞬态故障。
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引用次数: 2
Variation Aware Spline Center and Range Modeling for Analog Circuit Performance 模拟电路性能变化感知样条中心和范围建模
Pub Date : 2008-03-17 DOI: 10.1109/ISQED.2008.118
Shubhankar Basu, Balaji Kommineni, R. Vemuri
With scaling technologies, process variations have increased significantly. This has led to deviations in analog performance from their expected values. Performance macromodeling aids in reduction of synthesis time by removing the simulation overhead. In this work, we develop a novel spline based center and range method (SCRM) for process variation aware performance macro-modeling (VAPMAC) which works on interval valued data. Experiments demonstrate around 200K times computational time advantage using VAPMAC generated macromodels over SPICE Monte Carlo simulation. The results also demonstrate less than 10% loss in accuracy in computing the performance bounds using the macromodels compared to the SPICE simulations.
随着缩放技术的发展,工艺变化显著增加。这导致模拟性能偏离其期望值。性能宏建模通过消除仿真开销来减少合成时间。在这项工作中,我们开发了一种新的基于样条的中心和范围方法(SCRM),用于过程变化感知性能宏观建模(VAPMAC),它适用于区间值数据。实验表明,使用VAPMAC生成的宏模型比SPICE蒙特卡罗模拟的计算时间节省约200K倍。结果还表明,与SPICE模拟相比,使用宏模型计算性能边界的精度损失小于10%。
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引用次数: 9
Partitioning for Selective Flip-Flop Redundancy in Sequential Circuits 顺序电路中选择性触发器冗余的分划
Pub Date : 2008-03-17 DOI: 10.1109/ISQED.2008.143
Uthman Alsaiari, R. Saleh
As the number of transistors on a chip begins to exceed 1 billion and their sensitivity to defects begins to degrade overall yield, it will be mandatory to assign a portion of the transistors for the purposes of built-in- self-test (BIST) and built-in-self-repair (BISR) as part of the supporting circuitry. Here, we focus on the self-test and self-repair of flip-flops (FF's), and their associated interconnect, using spare FF's to replace faulty ones. We describe our method to determine the number of spares based on delay and yield analysis. Using these results, we partition the flip-flops in a sequential design to improve the yield while keeping the delay and area overhead low. Next, we apply this redundancy approach only to non-critical paths in the circuit so that no timing penalty is incurred, and find that it can still provide significant improvement in the overall yield. A number of sequential benchmark circuits from ITC '99 are compared with and without redundant flip-flops, and also with and without partitioning. The total area overhead of our method is 8% on average while improving the yield by 6-29% and incurring no timing penalty.
随着芯片上晶体管的数量开始超过10亿个,它们对缺陷的敏感性开始降低整体产量,将强制性地分配一部分晶体管用于内置自检(BIST)和内置自修复(BISR)作为支持电路的一部分。在这里,我们关注触发器(FF)的自检和自我修复,以及它们相关的互连,使用备用FF替换故障FF。介绍了基于延迟和良率分析确定备件数量的方法。利用这些结果,我们在顺序设计中划分触发器以提高成品率,同时保持低延迟和面积开销。接下来,我们将这种冗余方法仅应用于电路中的非关键路径,这样就不会产生时间损失,并发现它仍然可以显著提高总体良率。ITC '99的一些顺序基准电路比较了有冗余触发器和没有冗余触发器,以及有和没有分区。我们的方法的总面积开销平均为8%,而产量提高了6-29%,并且没有时间损失。
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引用次数: 3
Predictive Delay Evaluation on Emerging CMOS Technologies: A Simulation Framework 新兴CMOS技术的预测延迟评估:一个仿真框架
Pub Date : 2008-03-17 DOI: 10.1109/ISQED.2008.137
M. Sellier, J. Portal, B. Borot, S. Colquhoun, R. Ferrant, F. Boeuf, A. Farcy
The main goal of this paper is to study the delay evolution for future technology nodes (32 nm and beyond) using electrical circuit predictive simulations. With this aim, two SPICE predictive models, directly based on ITRS data, are developed for devices and for interconnect respectively. The predictive spice models generation is presented and validated versus 45 nm silicon data. The predictive delay evaluation is performed with buffered interconnect lines simulations. The simulation results show that the critical interconnect length should be in the order of 10 mum for the 2020 generation. Moreover, in forthcoming technologies, driver resizing and systematic buffer insertion will no longer be sufficient to systematically limit wire delay increase.
本文的主要目标是利用电路预测模拟研究未来技术节点(32纳米及以上)的延迟演变。为此,直接基于ITRS数据,分别针对器件和互连建立了两个SPICE预测模型。提出了预测香料模型的生成,并与45纳米硅数据进行了验证。通过对缓冲互连线的仿真,对预测时延进行了评估。仿真结果表明,2020代的临界互连长度应在10 μ m左右。此外,在未来的技术中,驱动器大小调整和系统缓冲区插入将不再足以系统地限制线延迟的增加。
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引用次数: 6
Clock Skew Analysis via Vector Fitting in Frequency Domain 基于频域矢量拟合的时钟偏差分析
Pub Date : 2008-03-17 DOI: 10.1109/ISQED.2008.67
Ling Zhang, Wenjian Yu, Haikun Zhu, Wanping Zhang, Chung-Kuan Cheng
An efficient frequency-based clock analysis method: CSAV is proposed in this paper. It computes the circuit response by first solving the state equation in frequency domain, and derive the rational approximate with the help of vector fitting [9]. There are two aspects that contribute to the time efficiency of the method. One is CSAV solves the state equation only on selected frequency points, which significantly reduce the amount of time for equation solving. The other is CSAV performs vector fitting and waveform recovery only on user specified nodes, which save the unnecessary computation on the nodes which are not concerned by user. The complexity of our method is O( lceillg fmaxrceilNalpha + lceillg fmaxrceil 2NaNout), where fmax is proportional to the knee frequencyquency of input signal, N is the node number of the circuit, a is a constant around 1.3, Na is the order of approximation and Nout is the number of output nodes. Our experimental results show that compared with Hspice, CSAV achieves speed-up up to 35 times while the error is only 1%. Moreover, computational saving of CSAV grows with circuit size, which makes this method especially promising for large cases.
提出了一种有效的基于频率的时钟分析方法:CSAV。首先在频域求解状态方程,计算电路响应,并借助向量拟合[9]导出有理近似。有两个方面有助于提高该方法的时间效率。一是CSAV只在选定的频率点上求解状态方程,这大大减少了求解方程的时间。二是CSAV只在用户指定的节点上进行矢量拟合和波形恢复,省去了用户不关心的节点上不必要的计算。我们的方法复杂度为O(lceillg fmaxrceiln α + lceillg fmaxrceill 2NaNout),其中fmax与输入信号的knee频率成正比,N为电路的节点数,a为1.3左右的常数,Na为近似阶数,Nout为输出节点数。实验结果表明,与Hspice相比,CSAV实现了高达35倍的加速,而误差仅为1%。此外,CSAV的计算量随电路尺寸的增加而增加,这使得该方法在大型情况下特别有前景。
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引用次数: 6
Process-Variation Statistical Modeling for VLSI Timing Analysis VLSI时序分析的过程变化统计建模
Pub Date : 2008-03-17 DOI: 10.1109/ISQED.2008.66
Jui-Hsiang Liu, Jun-Kuei Zeng, Ai-Syuan Hong, Lumdo Chen, C. C. Chen
SSTA requires accurate statistical distribution models of non-Gaussian random variables of process parameters and timing variables. Traditional quadratic Gaussian model has been shown to have some serious limitations. In particular, it limits the range of skewness that can be modeled and it can not model the kurtosis. In this paper, we presented complex-coefficient quadratic Gaussian polynomial model and higher order Gaussian polynomial model to resolve these difficulties. Experimental results show how our methods and new algorithms expose some enhancements in both accuracy and versatility.
SSTA需要精确的过程参数和时序变量的非高斯随机变量的统计分布模型。传统的二次高斯模型具有严重的局限性。特别是,它限制了可以建模的偏度范围,不能对峰度进行建模。本文提出了复系数二次高斯多项式模型和高阶高斯多项式模型来解决这些问题。实验结果表明,我们的方法和新算法在准确性和通用性方面都有一定的提高。
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引用次数: 10
A Tunable Clock Buffer for Intra-die PVT Compensation in Single-Edge Clock (SEC) Distribution Networks 一种用于单边缘时钟(SEC)分配网络中模内PVT补偿的可调时钟缓冲器
Pub Date : 2008-03-17 DOI: 10.1109/ISQED.2008.47
Jeff Mueller, R. Saleh
As processes shrink, the on-chip variability grows and this variation causes clock skew to rapidly consume a larger-and-larger percentage of the clock period. New techniques to reduce skew are required, but post-silicon clock adjustments will still be necessary to compensate for intra-die PVT variations. A relatively new technique for skew reduction, called Single-Edge Clocking (SEC), focuses clock buffer design on the critical edge by using alternating strong pull-up and strong pull-down buffers. In this paper, a new digitally-tuned buffer for SEC clock networks is presented. It is based on a single-sided starved inverter configuration and is tuned using a 3-bit thermometer code. Sizing issues and skew reduction achievable in the presence of PVT variations are presented. The overhead in terms of layout area and current consumption for this new tunable buffer is only a small fraction of other tunable buffer designs.
随着进程的缩小,芯片上的可变性增长,这种变化导致时钟倾斜迅速消耗越来越大的时钟周期百分比。减少偏度的新技术是必需的,但后硅时钟调整仍然是必要的,以补偿模内PVT的变化。一种相对较新的减少倾斜的技术,称为单边缘时钟(SEC),通过交替使用强上拉和强下拉缓冲,将时钟缓冲设计集中在临界边缘。本文提出了一种适用于SEC时钟网络的新型数字调谐缓冲器。它基于单面饥渴逆变器配置,并使用3位温度计代码进行调谐。提出了尺寸问题和在PVT变化的情况下可以实现的斜度减少。这个新的可调缓冲区在布局面积和电流消耗方面的开销只是其他可调缓冲区设计的一小部分。
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引用次数: 11
Combinational Logic Circuit Protection Using Customized Error Detecting and Correcting Codes 使用自定义错误检测和纠错码的组合逻辑电路保护
Pub Date : 2008-03-17 DOI: 10.1109/ISQED.2008.56
Avijit Dutta, A. Jas
Detecting and correcting errors in logic circuits is much more difficult than in memories. While concurrent error detection and correction mechanisms can be efficiently incorporated in memories due to their regular structure, logic circuits present a much greater challenge because of their irregular structure. One approach to handle the problems arising due to soft errors is to detect the errors using a concurrent error detection (CED) circuitry that monitors the circuit output for the occurrence of an error. Once the error is detected the system can recover and hence prevent a failure. While operating in an environment with high soft error rate and for systems with a stringent reliability and availability requirement, error detection alone may not be sufficient. While triple modular redundancy (TMR) can mask all single faults, the overhead can be unacceptably high for the targeted applications. This paper presents a low-overhead non-intrusive technique to detect and correct the most likely soft errors using customized ad-hoc error detecting and correcting (EDAC) linear block codes. Employing the proposed EDAC scheme can dramatically reduce the failure rate and increase the mean time to failure (MTTF) for logic circuits with limited overhead. For certain types of applications e.g., network servers, query servers, etc., with high availability and low cost requirements, the proposed approach could be very useful. The linearity property of the codes allows for efficient synthesis of the parity prediction logic. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
在逻辑电路中检测和纠正错误比在存储器中要困难得多。由于其规则结构,并发错误检测和纠正机制可以有效地集成到存储器中,但逻辑电路由于其不规则结构而面临更大的挑战。处理由软错误引起的问题的一种方法是使用并发错误检测(CED)电路来检测错误,该电路监视电路输出是否发生错误。一旦检测到错误,系统就可以恢复,从而防止故障发生。在软错误率高的环境中以及对可靠性和可用性有严格要求的系统中运行时,单靠错误检测可能是不够的。虽然三模块冗余(TMR)可以掩盖所有单个故障,但对于目标应用程序来说,开销可能高得令人无法接受。本文提出了一种低开销的非侵入式技术,利用自定义的自组织纠错(EDAC)线性分组码来检测和纠正最可能出现的软错误。对于开销有限的逻辑电路,采用所提出的EDAC方案可以显著降低故障率并增加平均无故障时间(MTTF)。对于某些类型的应用程序,例如网络服务器、查询服务器等,具有高可用性和低成本需求,建议的方法可能非常有用。码的线性特性允许有效地合成奇偶预测逻辑。实验结果证明了该方案的有效性。
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引用次数: 6
期刊
9th International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (isqed 2008)
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