Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf266
S. Asmuss, N. Budkina
The paper is devoted to an optimal trajectory planning problem considered as a problem of constrained optimal control for dynamical systems. It is one of the fundamental problems in robotics, biomechanics, aeronautics and many other areas of application of control theory. The simplest version of this problem supposes that there are given sequences of target points and prescribed times, and we are required to be at the given point at the prescribed time. However, in most of the applications, it is enough when the trajectory passes close to the assigned point at the prescribed time. So, the location conditions could be considered as the inequality type constraints. The aim of this research is to reduce such an optimal control problem to the problem of splines in convex sets, which could be analysed and solved by methods of the general theory of splines. Dynamical systems associated with the second order linear differential equation with initial conditions are investigated in the paper (the restriction on the order of equations is not essential). We consider this system as a curve generator. The goal is to find a control law by minimization of the quadratic cost function under inequality type constraints on location conditions. A spline-based numerical scheme for some cases of such optimal control problems is proposed in this paper. In particular, the method of adding-removing spline interpolation knots is applied to the construction of its solution. The suggested technique is illustrated by numerical examples.
{"title":"Spline-based approach to optimal control of trajectories under inequality type constraints","authors":"S. Asmuss, N. Budkina","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf266","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is devoted to an optimal trajectory planning problem considered as a problem of constrained optimal control for dynamical systems. It is one of the fundamental problems in robotics, biomechanics, aeronautics and many other areas of application of control theory. The simplest version of this problem supposes that there are given sequences of target points and prescribed times, and we are required to be at the given point at the prescribed time. However, in most of the applications, it is enough when the trajectory passes close to the assigned point at the prescribed time. So, the location conditions could be considered as the inequality type constraints. The aim of this research is to reduce such an optimal control problem to the problem of splines in convex sets, which could be analysed and solved by methods of the general theory of splines. Dynamical systems associated with the second order linear differential equation with initial conditions are investigated in the paper (the restriction on the order of equations is not essential). We consider this system as a curve generator. The goal is to find a control law by minimization of the quadratic cost function under inequality type constraints on location conditions. A spline-based numerical scheme for some cases of such optimal control problems is proposed in this paper. In particular, the method of adding-removing spline interpolation knots is applied to the construction of its solution. The suggested technique is illustrated by numerical examples.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122376574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf077
G. Vērdiņš, Kristine Elere
The research on welding work in the conditions when products of different sizes, shapes and complexity are manufactured in series is performed in the work. The professional skills and abilities of welders of various qualifications in the production of parts with MIG/MAG technology have been tested. Video recordings of welding processes of various products have been collected and analyzed. The results of the observations were used to determine the time capacity of the welding work elements and to model the course of welding work. The aim is to find out the possibilities to calculate the time required for welding a specific product, using the test results and the technical documentation of the product. The dependence of individual elements of welding work on various factors is analyzed. An algorithm for calculating the welding time of different types of products has been developed. A method for determining the welding time for groups of products of different complexity by the welding angle and joint seams with MIG/MAG technologies has been developed. Theoretical calculations for the welding time of various parts have been made. Time consumption for analog parts was determined experimentally. The results were compared using mathematical statistical methods. It has been found that the technology used for the standardization of welding work allows to calculate the time required for welding the product with acceptable accuracy, using data from the technical documentation on the length of the seam, the number of parts and the cross-sectional area of the seam.
{"title":"Prompt rationing of MIG/MAG welding works in series production","authors":"G. Vērdiņš, Kristine Elere","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf077","url":null,"abstract":"The research on welding work in the conditions when products of different sizes, shapes and complexity are manufactured in series is performed in the work. The professional skills and abilities of welders of various qualifications in the production of parts with MIG/MAG technology have been tested. Video recordings of welding processes of various products have been collected and analyzed. The results of the observations were used to determine the time capacity of the welding work elements and to model the course of welding work. The aim is to find out the possibilities to calculate the time required for welding a specific product, using the test results and the technical documentation of the product. The dependence of individual elements of welding work on various factors is analyzed. An algorithm for calculating the welding time of different types of products has been developed. A method for determining the welding time for groups of products of different complexity by the welding angle and joint seams with MIG/MAG technologies has been developed. Theoretical calculations for the welding time of various parts have been made. Time consumption for analog parts was determined experimentally. The results were compared using mathematical statistical methods. It has been found that the technology used for the standardization of welding work allows to calculate the time required for welding the product with acceptable accuracy, using data from the technical documentation on the length of the seam, the number of parts and the cross-sectional area of the seam.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"279 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129199955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf231
A. Jasinskas, Rita Petlickaitė, E. Jotautienė, E. Lemanas, J. Souček
. Biomass resources are very important raw materials for energy purposes in many countries of the world, and these renewable local sources of energy can replace fossil fuels, whose resources are decreasing and they have a negative impact on the environment. The presented paper provides new research results of multi-crop plants, such as herbaceous, fibrous and leguminous plants growing, harvesting and utilization for energy purposes. Maize biomass can be used not only for the production of fodder or biogas, but also for the production of solid biofuels. In this work were investigated these plants: maize, which is grown as a high-biomass perennial herbaceous plant, together with field beans, accumulating nitrogen in the roots and soil, and the third multi-crop plant was fibrous hemp, which overgrows weeds and contributes significantly to the reduction of CO 2 in the environment. At the beginning plants were harvested and biofuel was prepared by drying, chopping, milling and production of biofuel pellets. The most important properties of pellets made from multi-crop plants and their mixtures, which are influencing the preparation and use of biofuels for energy, were investigated and determined. Investigations were carried out in the fields and laboratories of the Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy and in the Lithuanian Energy Institute. After investigation of biomass pellet qualitative properties, it was determined that the density of all investigated sorts of pellets varied from 1106.5 to 1161.3 kg m -3 dry matter (DM), and pellet moisture content reached 6.9 ± 1.6%. A lower heat value (LHV) was sufficiently high and varied from varied from 16.8 to 17.0 MJ kg -1 . Additionally, there were investigated the harmful emissions of gases CO 2 , CO, NO x and C x H y when these pellets were burned. All these results are in accordance with the requirements of standards.
。在世界上许多国家，生物质资源是非常重要的能源原料，这些可再生的当地能源可以取代化石燃料，化石燃料的资源正在减少，对环境产生负面影响。本文介绍了草本、纤维和豆科植物等多作物植物的生长、收获和能源利用方面的新研究成果。玉米生物质不仅可用于生产饲料或沼气，还可用于生产固体生物燃料。在这项工作中，我们研究了这些植物:玉米，作为一种高生物量的多年生草本植物，与菜豆一起生长，在根和土壤中积累氮;第三种多作物植物是纤维大麻，它杂草丛生，对减少环境中的CO 2有显著贡献。一开始，植物被收割，生物燃料是通过干燥、切碎、碾磨和生产生物燃料颗粒来制备的。研究并确定了由多种作物植物及其混合物制成的颗粒的最重要特性，这些特性正在影响能源生物燃料的制备和使用。调查是在维陶塔斯马格努斯大学农业学院和立陶宛能源研究所的田野和实验室进行的。通过对生物质颗粒的定性研究，确定了所研究颗粒的密度在1106.5 ~ 1161.3 kg m -3干物质(DM)之间，颗粒含水量达到6.9±1.6%。较低的热值(LHV)足够高，变化范围从16.8到17.0 MJ kg -1。此外，还研究了这些颗粒燃烧时的有害气体co2、CO、nox和cxhy的排放。这些结果均符合标准要求。
{"title":"Assessment of energy properties of maize and multi-crop pellets and environmental impact of their combustion","authors":"A. Jasinskas, Rita Petlickaitė, E. Jotautienė, E. Lemanas, J. Souček","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf231","url":null,"abstract":". Biomass resources are very important raw materials for energy purposes in many countries of the world, and these renewable local sources of energy can replace fossil fuels, whose resources are decreasing and they have a negative impact on the environment. The presented paper provides new research results of multi-crop plants, such as herbaceous, fibrous and leguminous plants growing, harvesting and utilization for energy purposes. Maize biomass can be used not only for the production of fodder or biogas, but also for the production of solid biofuels. In this work were investigated these plants: maize, which is grown as a high-biomass perennial herbaceous plant, together with field beans, accumulating nitrogen in the roots and soil, and the third multi-crop plant was fibrous hemp, which overgrows weeds and contributes significantly to the reduction of CO 2 in the environment. At the beginning plants were harvested and biofuel was prepared by drying, chopping, milling and production of biofuel pellets. The most important properties of pellets made from multi-crop plants and their mixtures, which are influencing the preparation and use of biofuels for energy, were investigated and determined. Investigations were carried out in the fields and laboratories of the Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy and in the Lithuanian Energy Institute. After investigation of biomass pellet qualitative properties, it was determined that the density of all investigated sorts of pellets varied from 1106.5 to 1161.3 kg m -3 dry matter (DM), and pellet moisture content reached 6.9 ± 1.6%. A lower heat value (LHV) was sufficiently high and varied from varied from 16.8 to 17.0 MJ kg -1 . Additionally, there were investigated the harmful emissions of gases CO 2 , CO, NO x and C x H y when these pellets were burned. All these results are in accordance with the requirements of standards.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121001242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf100
Balázs Lőrinc, H. Nagy, J. Káposzta
Geographic disparity and the resulting unequal development is a fundamental tenet of our everyday lives, and is undoubtedly one of the most important and researched categories in spatial economics. This can be observed in particular in international spatial research trends, as it is clear from the research on the spatial economy in Europe that the EU enlargement process is revealing endogenous contexts that can influence the reduction of geo-spatial disparities and provide strategic directions for solving problems. The issue of the growing contrast between centre and periphery has also rewritten the dimension of urban and rural areas, so that the concentration of population and the emergence of economic and service centres have laid the foundations for new development directions. Based on these findings, the study investigated a complex set of issues and their interrelationships, with the focus on the municipalities of the Central Danube Region. In the course of the analysis, the changes in the economy in 10 years between 2010 and 2020 were analysed by exploring the economic competitiveness and the situation of the region under study. The indicators used for the study were defined on the basis of the results of academic works analysing economic development along similar axes. In addition to the interconnectedness of the changes and the lessons to be drawn from geographical development, the authors also identified the potential for future economic development, including the identification of the high spatial economic leverage of the economic centre, the underdeveloped situation of settlements located further from the regional centre, and the development of economic indicators in the region. In our opinion, the present analysis could be beneficial for the future regional development of the settlements in the economic zone and for the region as a whole. Our future objective is to carry out analyses and strategic planning for the development of the territory.
{"title":"Development of settlements of Hungarian Central Danube Region in 2010 and in 2020 based on the complex economic index","authors":"Balázs Lőrinc, H. Nagy, J. Káposzta","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf100","url":null,"abstract":"Geographic disparity and the resulting unequal development is a fundamental tenet of our everyday lives, and is undoubtedly one of the most important and researched categories in spatial economics. This can be observed in particular in international spatial research trends, as it is clear from the research on the spatial economy in Europe that the EU enlargement process is revealing endogenous contexts that can influence the reduction of geo-spatial disparities and provide strategic directions for solving problems. The issue of the growing contrast between centre and periphery has also rewritten the dimension of urban and rural areas, so that the concentration of population and the emergence of economic and service centres have laid the foundations for new development directions. Based on these findings, the study investigated a complex set of issues and their interrelationships, with the focus on the municipalities of the Central Danube Region. In the course of the analysis, the changes in the economy in 10 years between 2010 and 2020 were analysed by exploring the economic competitiveness and the situation of the region under study. The indicators used for the study were defined on the basis of the results of academic works analysing economic development along similar axes. In addition to the interconnectedness of the changes and the lessons to be drawn from geographical development, the authors also identified the potential for future economic development, including the identification of the high spatial economic leverage of the economic centre, the underdeveloped situation of settlements located further from the regional centre, and the development of economic indicators in the region. In our opinion, the present analysis could be beneficial for the future regional development of the settlements in the economic zone and for the region as a whole. Our future objective is to carry out analyses and strategic planning for the development of the territory.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124482982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf265
I. Plume
Pollution resulting from agricultural activities, including biogas plant operation, accounts for majority of phosphorus and nitrogen compounds that reach the Baltic Sea after being discharged into rivers. The number of agricultural biogas plants in Latvia reached its maximum number of 50 in 2017, and decreased to 43 plants in 2021, due to the reduction of state aid for mandatory procurement of electricity. To assess the potential risks of environmental contamination with plant nutrients and to identify the possible nutrient losses 22 biogas plants were inspected, and 98 samples of raw materials and fermentation residues were collected and analysed in a certified laboratory. In the surveyed biogas plants, the input biomass consisted of silage (31%), various types of manure (58%), food industry residues (8%), and sewage sludge 3%. Silage analyses show that 39% of samples had dry matter content less than 30%, indicating an increased risk of silage effluent runoff. The carbon-nitrogen (C: N) ratio in most of input biomass and digestate was below the optimum value range (1:25 1:35), indicating the risk of inhibition of the anaerobic fermentation and risk of gaseous ammonia emissions from both biogas fermenters and digestate storages. Comparing the content of plant nutrients in the separated and dried fractions of digestate, an increased risk of nitrogen loss due to the evaporation of volatile nitrogen compounds during the drying process was determined. Improvements of plant nutrient management may include addition of raw materials having high C:N ratio, e.g., straw, other lignocellulosic materials in input substrate, covering the silage bunkers and digestate storages with a plastic layer with increased gases impermeability.
{"title":"Possibilities for improvement of plant nutrient management in biogas plants in Latvia","authors":"I. Plume","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf265","url":null,"abstract":"Pollution resulting from agricultural activities, including biogas plant operation, accounts for majority of phosphorus and nitrogen compounds that reach the Baltic Sea after being discharged into rivers. The number of agricultural biogas plants in Latvia reached its maximum number of 50 in 2017, and decreased to 43 plants in 2021, due to the reduction of state aid for mandatory procurement of electricity. To assess the potential risks of environmental contamination with plant nutrients and to identify the possible nutrient losses 22 biogas plants were inspected, and 98 samples of raw materials and fermentation residues were collected and analysed in a certified laboratory. In the surveyed biogas plants, the input biomass consisted of silage (31%), various types of manure (58%), food industry residues (8%), and sewage sludge 3%. Silage analyses show that 39% of samples had dry matter content less than 30%, indicating an increased risk of silage effluent runoff. The carbon-nitrogen (C: N) ratio in most of input biomass and digestate was below the optimum value range (1:25 1:35), indicating the risk of inhibition of the anaerobic fermentation and risk of gaseous ammonia emissions from both biogas fermenters and digestate storages. Comparing the content of plant nutrients in the separated and dried fractions of digestate, an increased risk of nitrogen loss due to the evaporation of volatile nitrogen compounds during the drying process was determined. Improvements of plant nutrient management may include addition of raw materials having high C:N ratio, e.g., straw, other lignocellulosic materials in input substrate, covering the silage bunkers and digestate storages with a plastic layer with increased gases impermeability.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113960716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf307
Limei Sun, Xiaqing Li, Shenfa An, Jianhong Xiao
The characteristics of suspended solids in backwash recovery water (BRW) from external scrubbingwalnut shell filter in the ‘gravitational sedimentation and filtration’ water treatment process (WTP) for produced water in an oilfield are analysed, then the influence of BRW on WTP efficiency is discussed. The results show that there are a lot of amorphous powder particle flocs or clusters with the diameter from several microns to several tens of microns in produce water, and the amorphous powder particle flocs or clusters are deformable and compressible, they are flocculated and compacted to form larger flocs or clusters under the force of hydraulic pressure in the filtration process while during the scrubbing process, some of these larger flocs or clusters are unable to be separated to small particles. So, in the process of ‘filtration and backwashing’ the small suspended solid particles are aggregated or even coalesced to form larger flocs, which can be removed through gravitational sedimentation, but there is still a considerable amount of small suspended solid particles recycled back to filter through recovery of backwashing water. Recycling rate for suspended solids is 38.5%, which causes a decreased removal rate from the filter. The removal rate from filtration for suspended solids is 59.1% apparently, and 36.4% actually. So, the treatment efficiency of WTP is lowered with unqualified outlet water. This work provides technical support for the operation of the oilfield filter and produced water treatment and provides strong help for the selection of the filter material and backwashing mode of oilfield produced water.
{"title":"Characteristics of backwash recovery water from filter for oilfield produced water-suspended solids","authors":"Limei Sun, Xiaqing Li, Shenfa An, Jianhong Xiao","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf307","url":null,"abstract":"The characteristics of suspended solids in backwash recovery water (BRW) from external scrubbingwalnut shell filter in the ‘gravitational sedimentation and filtration’ water treatment process (WTP) for produced water in an oilfield are analysed, then the influence of BRW on WTP efficiency is discussed. The results show that there are a lot of amorphous powder particle flocs or clusters with the diameter from several microns to several tens of microns in produce water, and the amorphous powder particle flocs or clusters are deformable and compressible, they are flocculated and compacted to form larger flocs or clusters under the force of hydraulic pressure in the filtration process while during the scrubbing process, some of these larger flocs or clusters are unable to be separated to small particles. So, in the process of ‘filtration and backwashing’ the small suspended solid particles are aggregated or even coalesced to form larger flocs, which can be removed through gravitational sedimentation, but there is still a considerable amount of small suspended solid particles recycled back to filter through recovery of backwashing water. Recycling rate for suspended solids is 38.5%, which causes a decreased removal rate from the filter. The removal rate from filtration for suspended solids is 59.1% apparently, and 36.4% actually. So, the treatment efficiency of WTP is lowered with unqualified outlet water. This work provides technical support for the operation of the oilfield filter and produced water treatment and provides strong help for the selection of the filter material and backwashing mode of oilfield produced water.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115816025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf056
D. Kehayov, A. Atanasov, Ilian Bozhkov, I. Zahariev
The study aims to establish the relationship between the density of sown seeds, the gear ratio in the transmission system of the Saxonia A200 seed drill and the amount of seeds sown. A laboratory experiment was performed at the Department of Mechanization of Agriculture at the Agricultural University of Plovdiv. The main variables were the density of the material to be sown and the gear ratio (rotation speed of the seed drill). Each of the two factors changes on three levels. The experiment was performed with grass mixture seeds with a density of 250 kg·m, oats with a density of 537 kg·mand wheat with a density of 825 kg·m. Gear ratio changes as follows: at the lowest gear the gear ratio is 70.5, at the highest gear the gear ratio is 1.25 and at the average gear the gear ratio is 35, 0. It was found that the gear ratio has a stronger effect on the change in the amount of seed sown compared to the density of the seed. About 61.1% of this change is due to the gear ratio and 33.3% to seed density. It was found that 5.6% of the change in the amount of seeds sown was due to other factors not considered in the present study. To determine the functional relationship between the factors and the observed indicator the regression analysis was performed. The corrected multiple correlation coefficient was R = 0.937, confirming the strong relationship between the selected factors and the observed variable. The level of significance in the obtained model was p < 0.001. An adequate regression model is obtained, which can be used for forecasting and solving optimization problems.
{"title":"Influence of seed density and gear ratio on quantity of sowed seeds","authors":"D. Kehayov, A. Atanasov, Ilian Bozhkov, I. Zahariev","doi":"10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf056","url":null,"abstract":"The study aims to establish the relationship between the density of sown seeds, the gear ratio in the transmission system of the Saxonia A200 seed drill and the amount of seeds sown. A laboratory experiment was performed at the Department of Mechanization of Agriculture at the Agricultural University of Plovdiv. The main variables were the density of the material to be sown and the gear ratio (rotation speed of the seed drill). Each of the two factors changes on three levels. The experiment was performed with grass mixture seeds with a density of 250 kg·m, oats with a density of 537 kg·mand wheat with a density of 825 kg·m. Gear ratio changes as follows: at the lowest gear the gear ratio is 70.5, at the highest gear the gear ratio is 1.25 and at the average gear the gear ratio is 35, 0. It was found that the gear ratio has a stronger effect on the change in the amount of seed sown compared to the density of the seed. About 61.1% of this change is due to the gear ratio and 33.3% to seed density. It was found that 5.6% of the change in the amount of seeds sown was due to other factors not considered in the present study. To determine the functional relationship between the factors and the observed indicator the regression analysis was performed. The corrected multiple correlation coefficient was R = 0.937, confirming the strong relationship between the selected factors and the observed variable. The level of significance in the obtained model was p < 0.001. An adequate regression model is obtained, which can be used for forecasting and solving optimization problems.","PeriodicalId":244107,"journal":{"name":"21st International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development Proceedings","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131258122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-25DOI: 10.22616/erdev.2022.21.tf254
U. Žaimis, Sintija Ozolina, Andrejs Kukuskins
. One of the biggest challenges in paper recycling is to ensure even density over the entire area of the sheet. The result is influenced by several parameters: 1) the technology used to prepare the pulp, 2) the equipment, especially the pulp feed mechanism and levellers, 3) the raw materials, such as pulp, its substitutes and, in the case of recycled paper, fillers. A common control method is to scan a sheet of paper against a light source. In this way, changes in density in one sheet can be detected and changes in density of paper pulp can be visually assessed. However, this is not enough for automated production, where information needs to be stored to control the quality of many sheets or large areas of paper, as well as to provide feedback to automated line executives. In a small laboratory environment, numerical quality control makes it possible to objectively compare the design results with changed initial parameters: pulp concentration, raw material fineness, application thickness, smoothness, temperature, etc. For fine quality control, a wide range of visible light wavelengths can provide information. In a situation where the longitudinal dimensions of the fibres are in the order of 10-200 μm, their cross - section is comparable to the wavelength of the light used. In this case, the difference between the sheet scans at 420-450 nm (blue light) and 680-720 nm (red light) shows the proportion of fine fractions in the soft pulp used, which in turn causes changes in the physical parameters of the resulting paper (abrasion resistance, tensile strength, water resistance). Our device allows to automatically measure the differences in the intensity of transmitted light at different wavelengths, which allows us to draw conclusions about the compliance of the applied parameters with the expected result.
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