Aquatic Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Interactive effects of nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPE) exposure and thermal stress on oxidative stress biomarkers and neurotoxicity in bullfrog tadpoles","authors":"Yan Costa Gonçalves ,&nbsp;Suzana Luisa Alves Fernandes ,&nbsp;Francisco Tadeu Rantin ,&nbsp;Ana Lúcia Kalinin ,&nbsp;Diana Amaral Monteiro","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107679","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107679","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global decline in amphibian populations has been well documented and is driven by multiple environmental stressors. Among these, the synergistic effects of chemical pollution and rising water temperatures can significantly contribute to ecological disturbances. Nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPE), a surfactant widely used in sanitary and agrochemical products, has been detected in aquatic ecosystems. Despite its ecological relevance, the sublethal effects of NPE on amphibians, particularly under conditions of thermal stress, remain poorly understood. This study evaluated the effects of acute exposure (48 h) to an environmentally relevant concentration of NPE (30 µg L⁻¹) on <em>Aquarana catesbeiana</em> tadpoles under two thermal regimes (25 °C and 30 °C), including the potential interaction between these conditions. We assessed antioxidant enzymatic activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase), glutathione levels, and oxidative stress biomarkers (lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation) in hepatic, branchial, and muscular tissues. Neurotoxicity was assessed via acetylcholinesterase activity measurements in brain and muscle tissues. NPE exposure caused hepatotoxicity, oxidative damage and redox imbalance in gills and muscle, as well as inhibition of muscular acetylcholinesterase activity. Elevated temperature further depleted branchial antioxidant defenses, intensified oxidative stress in hepatic and muscular tissues, and induced central neurotoxicity. These findings demonstrate that sublethal exposure to NPE compromises redox balance and cholinergic function in a tissue-specific and temperature-dependent manner. The absence of regulatory limits for NPE in several countries represents a critical ecological threat, highlighting the urgent need to update aquatic environmental guidelines in the context of global warming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 107679"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145704938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioaccumulation and toxicity of hexafluoropropylene oxide homologs in Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) compared with PFOA: Correlations with molecular backbone length","authors":"Hanlin Qin ,&nbsp;Qianqian Geng ,&nbsp;Yujie Bi ,&nbsp;Zhijun Tan ,&nbsp;Chengchen Wu ,&nbsp;Fengling Li ,&nbsp;Mengmeng Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107660","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As emerging per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO) homologs are substitutes for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), but exhibit widespread environmental distribution, high bioaccumulation potential, and multiple toxic effects. This study compared the <em>in vivo</em> accumulation, biomarkers, histopathology, transcriptomics, and metabolomics of PFOA and HFPO homologs (HFPO-DA, HFPO-TA, and HFPO-TeA) in Manila clams (<em>Ruditapes philippinarum</em>). The visceral mass was the main target organ for these compounds at concentrations of 2 ng mL^–1 and 200 ng mL^–1. The order of peak concentrations and bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of the four compounds was HFPO-DA &lt; PFOA &lt; HFPO-TA &lt; HFPO-TeA, with the BCF value being significantly higher at the lower exposure concentration, highlighting the crucial ecological risks of these compounds. Toxicological responses to a higher concentration (200 ng mL^–1) of these compounds revealed that HFPO-TeA caused more severe cellular damage and immune function impairment, evidenced by fluctuations in oxidative stress markers and immunoenzymes, histopathological alterations, and significantly elevated levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione, whereas HFPO-DA exhibited the lowest toxicity. Integrated biomarker response (IBR) and redundancy analysis (RDA) collectively demonstrated that oxidative stress effects were the most significant, resulting in levels of oxidative damage ranging from mild to severe as the molecular backbone length of the target compounds increased. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed changes in amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and antioxidant capacity of <em>R. philippinarum</em> in response to PFOA and HFPO homologs. These affected biological pathways related to oxidative toxicity, energy metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, with the most significant gene expression changes observed with HFPO-TeA. In addition, genes associated with glyceride metabolism in the HFPO-DA group and with the mTOR signaling pathway in the HFPO-TeA group were significantly upregulated. Thus, the bioconcentration potential and toxicity of PFOA and HFPO homologs appear to be positively correlated with their molecular backbone length. This study provides new insights for predicting the accumulation behavior and toxicity of PFOA and its alternatives based on their molecular backbone length.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 107660"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145619437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-specific differences are shown in western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) following life cycle exposure to steroid compounds","authors":"Chen-Si Wang ,&nbsp;Guo-Yong Huang ,&nbsp;Dong-Qiao Lei ,&nbsp;Guang-Guo Ying","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2026.107708","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2026.107708","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Steroid hormones, such as androstadienedione (ADD), androstenedione (AED), and estrone (E1), are widespread and persistent in various aquatic environments. However, their combined effects on aquatic organisms remain poorly understood. In this study, western mosquitofish <strong>(</strong><em>Gambusia affinis</em>) were exposed throughout their life cycle to low and high concentrations of ADD (100 and 10000 ng/L), AED (100 and 10000 ng/L), E1 (100 and 5000 ng/L), and binary mixtures of each androgen (ADD or AED) with E1 at their respective low and high concentrations. The effects of these treatments on sex ratio, condition factors, gonadal development, sexual dimorphism, and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-liver axis-related gene transcription were assessed. A high concentration of ADD or AED significantly increased male-biased sex ratios (1.2-fold increase); however, this effect was attenuated in combination with a high concentration of E1. Notably, in males, a high concentration of ADD acted synergistically with E1, increasing the proportion of immature spermatocytes and downregulating <em>amh</em> transcriptional expression, thereby exacerbating testicular damage and reproductive toxicity. In contrast, in females, ADD or AED may antagonize E1, reducing oocyte degeneration rates and mitigating steroid-mediated disruption in fish. Overall, exposure to these hormones, whether alone or in combination, impairs gene expression and gonad development in <em>G. affinis</em>, but these effects exhibit sex-specific differences. These findings highlight the complex and sex-specific nature of endocrine disruption caused by steroid hormone mixtures in aquatic environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 107708"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145897506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of fluoxetine and metformin pollution on phenotypic traits and gene expression in Daphnia magna","authors":"Anaïs H.R. Belfor,&nbsp;S. Schaack","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107664","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interest in the effects of pharmaceutical pollution on aquatic habitats has expanded with the growing number and increased distribution of drugs worldwide. In this study, we perform an experiment to examine the effects of two drugs, fluoxetine (known commercially as the anti-depressant Prozac™) and metformin (a widely-used diabetes medication), both of which are common freshwater contaminants. We investigated the effects of the two drugs alone and in combination on <em>Daphnia magna</em> in both in crowded and non-crowded conditions in order to understand how pharmaceutical pollution and naturally-occurring environmental cues might interact to shape phenotypic traits and gene expression. We assayed fecundity, respiration, transgenerational effects, and gene expression levels for three genes. Pharmaceuticals affected offspring, respiration, and gene expression, while crowding affected fecundity. Specifically, fluoxetine induced male production and metformin made offspring sickly. Overall, these drugs and their combination had detectable impacts on many traits, and in some cases the effects depended on crowding conditions. <em>Daphnia</em>, a model system in ecology and ecotoxicology, provides myriad insights into the effects of pollutants, both because of its key role in freshwater food webs and its ability to serve as an experimental system to determine sublethal and lethal effects. Our findings contribute to our current understanding of pharmaceutical pollution and suggest that investigating the risks using more real-world scenarios is important for the maintenance of freshwater drinking supplies and freshwater ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 107664"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145657337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “A whale in a well: Co-exposure of a persistent organic pollutant mixture and cetacean morbillivirus on killer whale (Orcinus orca) primary fibroblasts” [Aquatic Toxicology, 291, (2026) 107671]","authors":"Helena Costa ,&nbsp;Maud Van Essche ,&nbsp;Juliane A. Riedel ,&nbsp;Akash Gupta ,&nbsp;Audun H. Rikardsen ,&nbsp;Anders Goksøyr ,&nbsp;Pierre Blévin ,&nbsp;Mikael Harju ,&nbsp;Laura Pirard ,&nbsp;Susan Bengtson Nash ,&nbsp;Sofie Søderstrøm ,&nbsp;Courtney A. Waugh","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107684","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107684","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 107684"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145784828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatic toxicity induced by exposure to glyphosate/aminomethylphosphonic acid and oxytetracycline alone or in combination in zebrafish: A novel mechanism of the gut-liver axis","authors":"Junyue Zheng ,&nbsp;Chen Wang ,&nbsp;Miaomiao Teng ,&nbsp;Tong Li ,&nbsp;Jiazhen Jiang ,&nbsp;Xiangguang Chen ,&nbsp;Fengchang Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2026.107713","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2026.107713","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glyphosate (Gly) is the most commonly used herbicide in the world. Glyphosate and its main degradation product, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), are often detected in aquatic environments and may pose a threat to the health of aquatic organisms. It is well established that Gly is mainly enriched in the intestine and degraded into AMPA. However, it remains unclear whether they disrupt the gut microbiota and cause liver health effects, as well as whether they have a synergistic effect with antibiotics. We investigated herein the effects of zebrafish exposure to Gly, AMPA and oxytetracycline (OTC) alone or in combination on the gut-liver axis. Our results suggest that Gly, AMPA, and OTC induce lipid accumulation, inflammatory response and oxidative damage in the liver, which is associated with a higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in the intestine and a higher levels of lipopolysaccharide in serum. Compared with the single exposure groups (OTC, Gly, and AMPA), the toxic effects of the gut-liver axis were more severe in the combined exposure groups (Gly+OTC, AMPA+OTC). Our results indicate that the health risks posed by Gly, AMPA and OTC through the gut microbiota of aquatic organisms are a neglected hot spots.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 107713"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in three-dimensional fish cell models for aquatic toxicology","authors":"Ping-Ping Zhang ,&nbsp;Chong-Rui Yao ,&nbsp;Wen-Jun Shi ,&nbsp;Ting Xu ,&nbsp;Guang-Guo Ying","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2026.107711","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2026.107711","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aquatic ecosystems are increasingly threatened by diverse environmental pollutants, such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and persistent organic contaminants. While traditional in vivo fish models and two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures provide valuable mechanistic insights, they are limited by ethical concerns and insufficient ecological relevance. In contrast, three-dimensional (3D) fish cell culture systems, including spheroids, organoids, and organ-on-a-chip platforms, have been established as powerful tools in toxicology. These advanced models more accurately replicate native tissue architecture, maintain metabolic functions over extended periods, and facilitate long-term exposure studies, thereby enabling a comprehensive assessment of pollutant toxicity, bioaccumulation potential, and toxic mechanisms. The efficacy of 3D systems has been demonstrated in recent applications for evaluating endocrine-disrupting effects, pharmaceutical metabolism, host-pathogen interactions, and the chronic effects of organic pollutants. Notably, these models exhibit superior predictive capacity compared to conventional 2D assays. Despite significant advancements, challenges remain in standardizing protocols across fish species, improving analytical compatibility, and ensuring long-term culture stability. Advancing these innovative models through interdisciplinary collaboration will promote their integration into ecotoxicological testing and ecological risk assessment. Such progress is essential to support global initiatives aimed at advancing animal-free toxicology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 107711"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Juvenile hormone analog, fenoxycarb induced apoptotic effects in the developing ovary of Daphnia magna","authors":"Lichi Hsieh,&nbsp;Fransiscus Jason Wiguna,&nbsp;Nikko Adhitama,&nbsp;Yasuhiko Kato,&nbsp;Hajime Watanabe","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107699","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107699","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Juvenile hormone analogs (JHAs) are widely used insect growth regulators that disrupt endocrine signaling and impair reproduction in arthropods. Although their effects on non-target crustaceans such as <em>Daphnia magna</em> are well documented, the cellular mechanisms underlying JHA-induced reproductive toxicity remain unclear. In this study, we performed time-course exposure experiments to identify the sensitive window during which fenoxycarb reduces fecundity and investigated the associated ovarian changes. We generated a germline-specific VASA:H2B-GFP knock-in line to visualize ovarian nuclei in vivo and found that exposure during 16–32 h after oviposition resulted in marked reductions in offspring number. High-resolution fluorescence and multiphoton imaging revealed apoptosis-like nuclear abnormalities in developing oocytes, indicating that oocyte degeneration contributes to reduced fecundity. This study provides evidence that oocyte degeneration contributes to fenoxycarb-induced reproductive impairment and highlights the utility of genetic and live-imaging tools for advancing mechanistic understanding of endocrine disruption in small aquatic invertebrates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 107699"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145880044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Copper- and zinc-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as sustainable algicides: Effective inhibition of Karenia selliformis blooms and toxin production with ecotoxicological assessment on Artemia salina","authors":"Mohammad Sadiq Nikzad ,&nbsp;Jiangbing Qiu ,&nbsp;Guixiang Wang ,&nbsp;Natnael Sisay Demo ,&nbsp;Jinglin Liu ,&nbsp;Aifeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107689","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107689","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marine dinoflagellate <em>Karenia selliformis</em>, as a notorious fish-killing microalga, poses a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems and aquaculture due to its production of neurotoxins such as gymnodimines (GYMs). To look for some sustainable alternatives of traditional algicides, metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted attention of researchers. The effectiveness and ecotoxicological impacts of Cu-MOF and Zn-MOF on <em>K. selliformis</em> and the brine shrimp (<em>Artemia salina</em>) were investigated in this study. Both MOFs inhibited the growth of <em>K. selliformis</em> in a dose- and time-dependent pattern, with Cu-MOF being more effective at lower concentrations (89% inhibition at 1.0 mg L⁻¹ after 96 h). The MOFs decreased the photosynthetic parameter F_v/F_m, enhanced content of chlorophyll <em>a</em> and induced oxidative stress in the experimental microalga. Transmembrane internalization of MOFs was validated using a confocal microscopy, and a dose-dependent increase in intracellular Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ accumulation was verified. Exposure to MOFs reduced contents of both intracellular and extracellular gymnodimine A (GYM-A). Ecotoxicological evaluation on <em>A. salina</em> revealed concentration-dependent mortality, with Cu-MOF being more toxic (83.3% mortality at 5 mg L⁻¹ after 72 h) than Zn-MOF (11.7% at the same concentration and time). While higher MOF concentrations led to increased larval mortality and oxidative stress, concentrations ≤ 1.0 mg L⁻¹ for Cu-MOF and ≤ 10 mg L⁻¹ for Zn-MOF were within safe thresholds for <em>A. salina</em>. These findings highlight the potential of MOFs as agents for mitigation of harmful algal blooms (HABs) but underscore the necessity of careful dosage optimization to balance efficacy with environmental safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 107689"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145784829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular interactions and biomarker responses to pharmaceutical contaminants in aquatic species","authors":"Dibakar Roy ,&nbsp;Mokhtar Rejili ,&nbsp;Wasim Ghafoor ,&nbsp;Iqra Sarwar ,&nbsp;Devendra Pratap Rao ,&nbsp;Jayanthi Barasarath ,&nbsp;Zamira Atamuratova ,&nbsp;Urazbaeva Yulduz","doi":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107687","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107687","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pharmaceutical residues are increasingly detected in freshwater systems, yet mechanistic links between sub-lethal exposure and organ-level injury in fish remain limited. This study assessed 21-day effects of carbamazepine (CBZ), diclofenac (DCF) and fluoxetine (FLX) on <em>Labeo rohita</em> using integrated hepatic and renal biomarker panels supported by molecular docking. Fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations under semi-static conditions, and responses were quantified using standard biochemical assays. Hepatic markers included cytochrome P4501A activity (CYP1A/EROD), uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)], redox balance [reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG)] and oxidative damage indicators such as malondialdehyde (MDA). Renal endpoints comprised organic anion transporters (OAT1/OAT3), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), caspase-3, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), N-acetyl-β-<span>d</span>-glucosaminidase (NAG), creatinine and urea. Homology models of CYP1A, COX-2, serotonin transporter (SERT), heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) and vitellogenin (Vtg) were validated using QMEAN and docked with CB-Dock2. Responses ranked DCF &gt; CBZ &gt; FLX. Diclofenac caused the strongest biotransformation induction, antioxidant suppression, oxidative damage and renal injury, whereas CBZ induced moderate health effects and FLX produced mild changes. Findings highlight biomarker-anchored evidence of pharmaceutical risk to carp health and offer practical indicators for freshwater monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":248,"journal":{"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 107687"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145784831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}