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2015 16th International Conference on Thermal, Mechanical and Multi-Physics Simulation and Experiments in Microelectronics and Microsystems最新文献

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An overview of scanning acoustic microscope, a reliable method for non-destructive failure analysis of microelectronic components 扫描声显微镜是一种可靠的微电子元件无损分析方法
M. Yazdan Mehr, A. Bahrami, H. Fischer, S. Gielen, R. Corbeij, W. V. van Driel, G. Zhang
In a highly competitive and demanding microelectronics market, reliable non-destructive methods for quality control and failure analysis of electronic components are highly demanded. Any robust non-destructive method should be capable of dealing with the complexity of miniaturized assemblies such as chip-scale packages and 3D IC stacks. Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) is indeed one the best non-destructive tools for failure analysis purposes. It is also a useful technique for imaging the morphology, location and size distribution of defects in different microelectronics components. SAM can detect delaminations at sub-micron thicknesses. It is also one of the only available techniques capable of efficiently evaluating popcorning in PBGA's and is a also useful device to detect sub-micron air gaps. SAM can also be used to measure the thickness of an internal layer of material. Overall, SAM is an efficient tool for evaluating such a wide range of different defects in printed circuit boards, underfills, BGAs, wire bonds, discrete components, and wafers. In SAM a focused sound is directed from a transducer at a small point on a target object, as is schematically shown here. Sound, hitting a defect, inhomogeneity or a boundary inside material, is partly scatted and will be detected. The transducer transforms the reflected sound pulses into electromagnetic pulses which are displayed as pixels with defined gray values thereby creating an image. This article aims at giving an overview of scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) and explaining its operating principles and its limitations. A few examples are also given for further clarification.
在竞争激烈和要求苛刻的微电子市场中,对电子元件的质量控制和失效分析的可靠的非破坏性方法提出了很高的要求。任何稳健的非破坏性方法都应该能够处理诸如芯片级封装和3D IC堆栈等小型化组件的复杂性。扫描声学显微镜(SAM)确实是用于失效分析的最佳非破坏性工具之一。它也是成像不同微电子元件中缺陷的形态、位置和尺寸分布的有用技术。SAM可以探测亚微米厚度的分层。它也是目前唯一能够有效评估PBGA中气泡形成的技术之一,也是检测亚微米气隙的有用设备。SAM也可以用来测量材料内层的厚度。总体而言,SAM是一种有效的工具,可用于评估印刷电路板、底部填充物、BGAs、线键、分立元件和晶圆中的各种不同缺陷。在SAM中,聚焦的声音从目标物体上的一个小点的换能器发出,如图所示。声音,击中缺陷,不均匀性或材料内部的边界,部分分散,将被检测到。换能器将反射声脉冲转换为电磁脉冲,电磁脉冲显示为具有定义的灰度值的像素,从而产生图像。本文介绍了扫描声显微镜(SAM)的研究概况,阐述了扫描声显微镜的工作原理及其局限性。为了进一步澄清,还举了几个例子。
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引用次数: 28
Bayesian models for life prediction and fault-mode classification in solid state lamps 固态灯寿命预测与故障模式分类的贝叶斯模型
P. Lall, Junchao Wei, P. Sakalaukus
A new method has been developed for assessment of the onset of degradation in solid state luminaires to classify failure mechanisms by using metrics beyond lumen degradation that are currently used for identification of failure. Luminous Flux output, Correlated Color Temperature Data on Philips LED Lamps has been gathered under 85°C/85%RH till lamp failure. The acquired data has been used in conjunction with Bayesian Probabilistic Models to identify luminaires with onset of degradation much prior to failure through identification of decision boundaries between lamps with accrued damage and lamps beyond the failure threshold in the feature space. In addition luminaires with different failure modes have been classified separately from healthy pristine luminaires. It is expected that, the new test technique will allow the development of failure distributions without testing till L70 life for the manifestation of failure.
已经开发了一种新的方法来评估固态灯具退化的开始,通过使用目前用于识别故障的流明退化之外的指标来对故障机制进行分类。在85°C/85%RH条件下,飞利浦LED灯的光通量输出、相关色温数据已被收集,直到灯失效。所获得的数据与贝叶斯概率模型结合使用,通过识别特征空间中具有累积损伤的灯具和超过故障阈值的灯具之间的决策边界,来识别在故障发生之前就开始退化的灯具。此外,具有不同失效模式的灯具已与健康的原始灯具分开分类。预计,新的测试技术将允许开发失效分布,而无需测试直到L70寿命的失效表现。
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引用次数: 8
Sub-modeling Finite Element Analysis of 3D printed structures 3D打印结构子建模有限元分析
J. Zarbakhsh, A. Iravani, Zeinab Amin-Akhlaghi
For the first time, nested sub-modeling approach and Finite Element Analysis have been used to analyze the structural mechanical of 3D Printed part, whereas the details of 3D printing patterns included in sub-model. The results present a general tool which can improve the quality of 3D printed parts, which have multidisciplinary application in various fields. It is found that the Maximum Principle stress is highly concentrated at 3D printed layers. For a specific 3D printing pattern, the stress intensity factor has been calculated to have the value of 4. Results have been discussed from theoretical, simulation and experimental observation point of view.
首次采用嵌套子建模方法和有限元分析方法对3D打印零件的结构力学进行分析,将3D打印图案的细节包含在子模型中。研究结果提供了一种提高3D打印零件质量的通用工具,在各个领域具有多学科应用。发现最大主应力高度集中在3D打印层。对于特定的3D打印图案,应力强度因子的计算值为4。从理论、模拟和实验观察的角度对结果进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 12
Acceleration of lifetime modeling by isothermal bending fatigue tests 用等温弯曲疲劳试验加速寿命建模
J. Heilmann, J. Arnold, B. Wunderle
The generation of meaningful lifetime-models is a serious and time-consuming challenge throughout the field of packaging. Wherever different materials are joined, the CTE mismatch will usually lead to thermo-mechanical fatigue due to the temperature cycles during the usage of the system. As a result, the fatigue of interconnections is the limiting factor for reliability of electronic systems. Usually lifetime investigations are executed as active or passive thermal cycles using the final systems with fixed amplitudes. The main objective is rather the validation that the system will exceed a minimum threshold than the developing of a full lifetime-model. Detailed investigations are often bypassed due to time and financial limitations not realizing the future benefits of a lifetime-model, i.e. by gaining understanding of failure mechanisms and the possibility to predict them by modelling. Especially for interfaces based on new developed and mostly insufficiently examined materials like sintered (porous) or composite with their predicted time-depending or highly anisotropic behavior, more detailed experiments are necessary to understand the physics of failure. Such results are required for the technology developing and optimization of fatigue behavior. Therefor more experiments with samples of different technology-parameters as well as different amplitudes or load-regimes are necessary to examine the stability of failure mechanisms and the damage accumulation. New concepts to conduct such lifetime investigations faster are urgently needed. The idea presented in this paper is to show a suitable method to substitute lengthy thermal cycling tests by results obtained by rapid isothermal fatigue tests at different temperatures and how to establish a correlation between both of them. For now, samples based on galvanically deposited copper are used as common reference-material. Based on physics of failure principles, the applicability and viability of such a concept then is evaluated and discussed. In conclusion, this work shows a approach for a significant acceleration of the design for reliability procedure in system integration. It is based on the now possible rapid generation of a lifetime model by thin metal layer samples which are easily manufacturable with the same technology as the thermal cycling test (TCT) samples and should show the same failure mechanism. Detailed investigations are still needed to confirm an applicability of the method also to other metal layers used in the electronic packaging industry.
在整个包装领域,产生有意义的寿命模型是一个严肃而耗时的挑战。在不同材料连接的地方,由于系统使用过程中的温度循环,CTE不匹配通常会导致热机械疲劳。因此,互连的疲劳是电子系统可靠性的限制因素。通常使用固定振幅的最终系统作为主动或被动热循环来进行寿命研究。主要目标是验证系统将超过最小阈值,而不是开发完整的生命周期模型。由于时间和资金的限制,详细的调查常常被忽略,没有意识到终身模型的未来好处,即通过了解失效机制和通过建模预测它们的可能性。特别是对于基于新开发且大多未充分研究的材料的界面,如烧结(多孔)或复合材料,其预测的时间依赖或高度各向异性行为,需要更详细的实验来了解失效的物理特性。这些结果是技术发展和疲劳性能优化所必需的。因此,有必要对不同工艺参数、不同幅值或荷载形式的试样进行更多的试验,以检验破坏机制的稳定性和损伤累积。迫切需要新的概念来更快地进行这种终身调查。本文提出了一种合适的方法,用不同温度下的快速等温疲劳试验结果代替长时间的热循环试验,以及如何建立两者之间的相关性。目前,基于电沉积铜的样品被用作常用的参考材料。基于失效原理的物理学原理,对这一概念的适用性和可行性进行了评价和讨论。总之,本研究为系统集成中可靠性程序的设计提供了一种显著加速的方法。它是基于薄金属层样品现在可能快速生成的寿命模型,薄金属层样品很容易用与热循环测试(TCT)样品相同的技术制造,并且应该显示相同的失效机制。还需要进行详细的调查,以确认该方法也适用于电子封装工业中使用的其他金属层。
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引用次数: 11
Fracture risk assessment of laser marked die by means of simulation and test 采用仿真与试验相结合的方法对激光打标模具进行断裂风险评估
I. Schmadlak, B. Yeung, Derek Morgan, P. Gallés
The method of laser marking die for the purpose tracking and identification is well established in the semiconductor industry. This process needs to be well controlled in order to avoid sacrificing the fracture strength of the die. A common way to assess and compare different laser marking processes is to conduct a series of fracture tests and calculate the characteristic strength that can be expected for a certain laser marking process window. This paper presents and discusses a new methodology that allows obtaining stress concentration results by measuring, simulating and testing laser marked die in great detail. It can be used to compare and rate different laser marking processes. The approach therefore has good potentials of saving money and time by reducing the amount of fracture test studies in the future.
以跟踪和识别为目的的激光打标模具的方法在半导体工业中是很成熟的。这个过程需要很好的控制,以避免牺牲模具的断裂强度。评估和比较不同激光打标工艺的一种常用方法是进行一系列断裂测试,并计算某一激光打标工艺窗口的预期特征强度。本文提出并讨论了一种新的方法,该方法可以通过对激光打标模具进行详细的测量、模拟和测试来获得应力集中结果。它可以用来比较和评价不同的激光打标工艺。因此,通过减少未来的裂缝测试研究数量,该方法具有节省资金和时间的良好潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy by multiphysics finite element simulations 通过多物理场有限元模拟理解尖端增强拉曼光谱
V. Kolchuzhin, J. Mehner, E. Sheremet, B. Kunal, R. D. Rodriguez, D. Zahn
This article deals with the models development and FE simulations for mechanical properties of all-metal AFM-TERS tips and electric field enhancement between the tip and the sample. The most important aspects in simulations, the parameters necessary in creating models, and the obtained results are presented and discussed in the article.
本文对全金属AFM-TERS针尖的力学性能以及针尖与试样之间的电场增强进行了模型的建立和有限元模拟。本文介绍并讨论了仿真中最重要的方面、创建模型所需的参数以及得到的结果。
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引用次数: 1
Computational electrohydrodynamics in the fabrication of hollow polymer microstructures 计算电流体力学在制造中空聚合物微结构中的应用
C. Tonry, M. Patel, M. Desmuliez, W. Yu, C. Bailey
Electric Field Assisted Capillarity is a novel process which has the potential for the fabrication of hollow polymer microstructures as a single step process. The process has been shown to work experimentally on a microscale using PDMS. The process makes use of both the electrohydrodynamics of polymers at a microscale and also the capillary force on the polymer caused by a low contact angle on a heavily wetted surface. Discussed in this paper are the results of a two-dimensional numerical simulation of the process. The results presented here are for the an angular mask producing microchannels and demonstrate how differing contact angles on the top mask effect the thickness of the top of the microstructures and also whether the fabrication of the microstructure is possible at all.
电场辅助毛细作用是一种新的工艺,具有单步制备中空聚合物微结构的潜力。该工艺已被证明在使用PDMS的微尺度实验中有效。该工艺既利用了聚合物在微观尺度上的电流体动力学,也利用了聚合物上的毛细力,毛细力是由在高度湿润的表面上的低接触角引起的。本文讨论的是该过程的二维数值模拟结果。本文给出的结果是针对产生微通道的角掩模,并演示了顶部掩模上不同的接触角如何影响微结构顶部的厚度,以及微结构的制造是否可能。
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引用次数: 2
A compact parametric model of magnetic resonance micro sensor 磁共振微传感器的紧凑参数化模型
M. Kudryavtsev, S. Gorgi Zadeh, J. Korvink, T. Bechtold
This work presents the application of mathematical methods of parametric model order reduction (pMOR) for automatic generation of the highly accurate, parametric compact models of radio-frequency micro-devices. More specifically, the miniaturized Faraday-induction-based magnetic resonance sensor is considered. Unlike conventional approaches, when magnetic resonance sensor is represented by a lumped-element-based compact model, mathematical pMOR methods are formal, robust and can be performed in an automated way. The introduced parametrization allows producing compact models that are valid over the range of desired parameter's values without the need to repeat the reduction.
这项工作提出了参数化模型降阶(pMOR)数学方法的应用,用于自动生成高精度的射频微器件参数化紧凑模型。更具体地说,考虑了基于法拉第感应的小型化磁共振传感器。与传统方法不同,当磁共振传感器由基于集总元素的紧凑模型表示时,数学pMOR方法是形式化的,鲁棒的,并且可以自动执行。引入的参数化允许生成在所需参数值范围内有效的紧凑模型,而无需重复缩减。
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引用次数: 3
Analytical, numerical and experimental approach to thermal analysis and design of a travelling wave tube 行波管热分析与设计的分析、数值与实验方法
W. Wiejak, A. Wymyslowski
Simulation of thermal energy transport in complicated structures is usually a challenge. An example of such problem is heat generation and transfer through microwave delay structure in the travelling wave tube (TWT) device. A high level of microwave power and considerable energy of electrons intercepted by the delay line leads to the increase of local temperature of the microwave structure. Determination of the heat transfer from the hot spots is essential for the proper design of the delay line and assisting cooling system. This problem has been investigated by means of a combined: analytical, numerical and experimental approach. Such methodology does not require expensive equipment and is much faster than the pure experimental analysis. Presented analytical model is focused on evaluation of the electron beam power dissipation and microwave losses along the delay line, which is not uniform and most of the power is dissipated at terminal part of the delay line. The analytically evaluated power dissipation was used in numerical simulation in order to assess the temperature distribution. Finally the results were validated experimentally using a designed measuring setup. One of the final conclusions was that the temperature distribution has a nonuniform character and the resulting high temperatures at the delay line output can significantly influence the device reliability parameters.
复杂结构中热能输运的模拟通常是一个挑战。这类问题的一个例子是行波管(TWT)器件中通过微波延迟结构产生和传递热量。高水平的微波功率和延迟线截获的大量电子能量导致微波结构局部温度升高。确定热点的热传递对延迟线和辅助冷却系统的合理设计至关重要。用分析、数值和实验相结合的方法研究了这个问题。这种方法不需要昂贵的设备,而且比纯实验分析快得多。所提出的分析模型侧重于计算电子束沿延迟线的功率损耗和微波损耗,而延迟线沿延迟线的损耗是不均匀的,大部分的功率损耗都在延迟线的末端部分。在数值模拟中采用解析计算的功率耗散来评估温度分布。最后利用设计的测量装置对实验结果进行了验证。最后得出的结论之一是,温度分布具有非均匀性,在延迟线输出处产生的高温会显著影响器件的可靠性参数。
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引用次数: 1
Measurement and simulation of electromagnetic drift for obsolescence management in electronics 电子产品报废管理中电磁漂移的测量与仿真
G. Duchamp, T. Dubois, A. Ayed, C. Marot, H. Frémont
This paper deals with a methodology based on both measurement and simulation approach to study the drift of system electromagnetic characteristics when modifications are made on an electronic board. The objective is to manage the obsolescence of components in electronic assemblies. The main applications involve aeronautical and automotive domains.
本文提出了一种基于测量和仿真相结合的方法来研究电路板修改后系统电磁特性的漂移。目标是管理电子组件中过时的组件。主要应用于航空和汽车领域。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
2015 16th International Conference on Thermal, Mechanical and Multi-Physics Simulation and Experiments in Microelectronics and Microsystems
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