This study employs organizational learning theory and quality strategy theory to formulate a new organizational learning-quality strategy- that can be used to enhance firm performance of the firms of textile sector listed at Pakistan Stock exchange. This research explores the moderating role of quality strategy in the relation between organizational learning and perceived firm performance. This article also explores the effect of organizational learning on quality strategy and perceived firm performance, as well as the impact of quality strategy on perceived firm performance. The model was tested using the experience of 300 Pakistani textile firms operating in a variety of host markets. To test the moderating role, process developed by Hayes was used. The empirical results indicate that perceived firm performance is significantly affected by organizational learning (explorative and exploitative learning) and quality strategy. Furthermore, the results confirm that the explorative, exploitative learning and quality strategy have a positive relationship with perceived firm performance and quality strategy moderates the relationship between organizational learning and perceived firm performance. The outcomes of this article provide a new direction for future research regarding organizational learning, quality strategy and perceived firm performance.
{"title":"Organizational Learning, Quality Strategy and Perceived Firm Performance of Textile Firms","authors":"Saif Ullah, M. Waqas","doi":"10.22555/PBR.V20I1.497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/PBR.V20I1.497","url":null,"abstract":"This study employs organizational learning theory and quality strategy theory to formulate a new organizational learning-quality strategy- that can be used to enhance firm performance of the firms of textile sector listed at Pakistan Stock exchange. This research explores the moderating role of quality strategy in the relation between organizational learning and perceived firm performance. This article also explores the effect of organizational learning on quality strategy and perceived firm performance, as well as the impact of quality strategy on perceived firm performance. The model was tested using the experience of 300 Pakistani textile firms operating in a variety of host markets. To test the moderating role, process developed by Hayes was used. The empirical results indicate that perceived firm performance is significantly affected by organizational learning (explorative and exploitative learning) and quality strategy. Furthermore, the results confirm that the explorative, exploitative learning and quality strategy have a positive relationship with perceived firm performance and quality strategy moderates the relationship between organizational learning and perceived firm performance. The outcomes of this article provide a new direction for future research regarding organizational learning, quality strategy and perceived firm performance.","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126556147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of the current research is to develop a scale that measures Emotional Labor in Urdu and the study describes the procedure followed to develop the General Emotional Labor Scale – Urdu (GELS – U). The process of scale development was broken up into different phases. The first phase of scale construction dealt with item generation and the second involved conducting a pilot study. The sample for the pilot study consisted of 308 individuals. Based on the results of the pilot study the items of the scale were reduced from 49 to 30 using factor analysis and item-total correlations. The last phase of the study entailed norms development and establishing the reliability of GELS – U. For this purpose, the sample consisted of 505 individuals. The internal consistency of GELS – U was found to be 0.810, and the test-retest reliability was 0.871. Thus, the General Emotional Labor Scale – Urdu was developed as a measure of emotional labor in the national language of Pakistan – i.e. Urdu. Such a scale can be useful for not just researchers but for organizations in the service sector as well. This will help understanding in the performance of emotional labor, its effects on employees and the possibility of training employees who might need to perform such labor.
{"title":"DEVELOPMENT OF THE GENERAL EMOTIONAL LABOR SCALE – URDU (GELS – U)","authors":"Falak Zehra Mohsin, N. Ali","doi":"10.22555/pbr.v19i4.1883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/pbr.v19i4.1883","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the current research is to develop a scale that measures Emotional Labor in Urdu and the study describes the procedure followed to develop the General Emotional Labor Scale – Urdu (GELS – U). The process of scale development was broken up into different phases. The first phase of scale construction dealt with item generation and the second involved conducting a pilot study. The sample for the pilot study consisted of 308 individuals. Based on the results of the pilot study the items of the scale were reduced from 49 to 30 using factor analysis and item-total correlations. The last phase of the study entailed norms development and establishing the reliability of GELS – U. For this purpose, the sample consisted of 505 individuals. The internal consistency of GELS – U was found to be 0.810, and the test-retest reliability was 0.871. Thus, the General Emotional Labor Scale – Urdu was developed as a measure of emotional labor in the national language of Pakistan – i.e. Urdu. Such a scale can be useful for not just researchers but for organizations in the service sector as well. This will help understanding in the performance of emotional labor, its effects on employees and the possibility of training employees who might need to perform such labor.","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125508845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study investigates the moderating effect of organizational respect on the association between organization justice perceptions and contextual performance. Researchers have hypothesized that organizational respect moderates the association between organizational justice (distributive, procedural, interactional) and contextual performance. In a randomized sample of 385 nurses, dispensers and doctors to whom the self-administrated questionnaires were distributed, it was established that organizational justice predicts contextual performance very well. Multiple moderation regression (MMR) results also reveal that organizational respect moderates the association between organizational justice and contextual performance. The results from the existing study, offer some valuable practical implications at organizational level. Managers can boost up employees performance by promoting organizational respect and focusing on their fair interaction with subordinates and group members. Our major limitation is that workers rate themselves about their contextual performance. There is a tendency that in self-appraisal workers rate themselves high. Inspite of the limitations are there, yet this study is novel and unique as organizational respect was tested for its moderating effect in the health sector of Pakistan.
{"title":"ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE AND EMPLOYEE CONTEXTUAL PERFORMANCE: THE MODERATING EFFECT OF ORGANIZATIONAL RESPECT","authors":"A. Saboor, Muqqadas Rehman, S. Rehman","doi":"10.22555/PBR.V19I4.1877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/PBR.V19I4.1877","url":null,"abstract":"The study investigates the moderating effect of organizational respect on the association between organization justice perceptions and contextual performance. Researchers have hypothesized that organizational respect moderates the association between organizational justice (distributive, procedural, interactional) and contextual performance. In a randomized sample of 385 nurses, dispensers and doctors to whom the self-administrated questionnaires were distributed, it was established that organizational justice predicts contextual performance very well. Multiple moderation regression (MMR) results also reveal that organizational respect moderates the association between organizational justice and contextual performance. The results from the existing study, offer some valuable practical implications at organizational level. Managers can boost up employees performance by promoting organizational respect and focusing on their fair interaction with subordinates and group members. Our major limitation is that workers rate themselves about their contextual performance. There is a tendency that in self-appraisal workers rate themselves high. Inspite of the limitations are there, yet this study is novel and unique as organizational respect was tested for its moderating effect in the health sector of Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114734995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the impact of macro-economic volatility on stock return volatility for fifty stocks listed at the Karachi Stock Exchange using monthly data from July 1998 to June 2014. The macro-economic variables included in the analysis are market return, industrial production, inter-bank call money rate, term structure of interest rate, money supply, exchange rate and the inflation rate. The result of significant autoregressive process suggests existence of volatility persistence. The industrial production has a negative effect on stock market volatility and the volatility of exchange rate captures the external sector volatility and has a positive effect on stock return volatility. The increased variation in money supply and inflation make stock returns more volatile and an unexpected change in call money rate and the term structure of interest rate has the opposite effect on stock returns volatility. This leads to the conclusion that stock prices fluctuations in Pakistan are influenced by financial and economic variables’ uncertainty. Therefore, investors, authorities and policy makers are needed to take into account the
{"title":"THE IMPACT OF MACROECONOMIC VOLATILITY ON STOCK RETURN VOLATILITY: EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN STOCK MARKET","authors":"Fauzia Mubarik, A. Y. Javid","doi":"10.22555/pbr.v19i4.1867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/pbr.v19i4.1867","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the impact of macro-economic volatility on stock return volatility for fifty stocks listed at the Karachi Stock Exchange using monthly data from July 1998 to June 2014. The macro-economic variables included in the analysis are market return, industrial production, inter-bank call money rate, term structure of interest rate, money supply, exchange rate and the inflation rate. The result of significant autoregressive process suggests existence of volatility persistence. The industrial production has a negative effect on stock market volatility and the volatility of exchange rate captures the external sector volatility and has a positive effect on stock return volatility. The increased variation in money supply and inflation make stock returns more volatile and an unexpected change in call money rate and the term structure of interest rate has the opposite effect on stock returns volatility. This leads to the conclusion that stock prices fluctuations in Pakistan are influenced by financial and economic variables’ uncertainty. Therefore, investors, authorities and policy makers are needed to take into account the","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"10 38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131696967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human beings are mostly concerned about value addition in almost every aspect of life. Does this reality prove accurate in secondary markets investment? This empirical study deals with the Economic Value Addition of major seventeen banks of Pakistan including national and public limited banks. In this research, ROE, ROCE, and OCF are taken as parameters of profitability while marketability parameters are PE and MB ratio. Two sample t-tests show that a new banks value creation is more in comparison with old banks in the context of EVA. Private and Government bank are not significantly different in EVA. Fixed effect modeling and Cluster estimation infer that Profitability parameters positively impact EVA. Marketability parameter MB positively impacts EVA while PE ratio is statistically insignificant. Correlation analysis shows that investors of the banking sector in Pakistan do not pay special attention to EVA in their investment decisions.
{"title":"ECONOMIC VALUE ADDITION IMPLICATIONS: A STUDY OF THE PAKISTANI BANKING INDUSTRY","authors":"Aamir Azeem, Ali Fayyaz, A. Jadoon","doi":"10.22555/pbr.v19i4.1871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/pbr.v19i4.1871","url":null,"abstract":"Human beings are mostly concerned about value addition in almost every aspect of life. Does this reality prove accurate in secondary markets investment? This empirical study deals with the Economic Value Addition of major seventeen banks of Pakistan including national and public limited banks. In this research, ROE, ROCE, and OCF are taken as parameters of profitability while marketability parameters are PE and MB ratio. Two sample t-tests show that a new banks value creation is more in comparison with old banks in the context of EVA. Private and Government bank are not significantly different in EVA. Fixed effect modeling and Cluster estimation infer that Profitability parameters positively impact EVA. Marketability parameter MB positively impacts EVA while PE ratio is statistically insignificant. Correlation analysis shows that investors of the banking sector in Pakistan do not pay special attention to EVA in their investment decisions.","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123371216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative risk adjusted performance, selectivity skills and market timing abilities analysis of Islamic and Conventional mutual funds in Pakistan. The study utilizes various risk-adjusted performance measures to evaluate risk and return characteristics. The study also used technique proposed by (Treynor and Mazuy 1966) and (Henriksson and Merton 1981) to appraise selectivity skills and timing abilities on the data set ranging 2009-2013 of Islamic and Conventional mutual funds. In this study, four categories Aggressive Fixed Income, Asset Allocation, Equity and Balanced open end mutual funds are analysed. On the basis of evidences found, only few mutual fund managers from Islamic and Conventional mutual funds hold better stock picking skills. The mutual fund managers of both Islamic and conventional mutual funds are found to be a poor market timer in Pakistan. Islamic mutual funds have earned better returns than conventional mutual funds. Therefore, risk adjusted performance of Islamic mutual funds is better than conventional mutual funds.
本研究的目的是对巴基斯坦的伊斯兰和传统共同基金进行比较风险调整后的业绩、选择技能和市场时机能力分析。本研究利用各种风险调整绩效指标来评估风险和回报特征。该研究还使用了(Treynor and Mazuy 1966)和(Henriksson and Merton 1981)提出的技术来评估2009-2013年伊斯兰和传统共同基金的数据集的选择技能和时机能力。在本研究中，分析了四个类别的激进固定收益，资产配置，股权和平衡开放式共同基金。根据所发现的证据，只有少数来自伊斯兰和传统共同基金的共同基金经理拥有更好的选股技能。在巴基斯坦，人们发现伊斯兰和传统共同基金的共同基金经理都不善于把握市场时机。伊斯兰共同基金比传统共同基金获得了更好的回报。因此，伊斯兰共同基金的风险调整绩效优于传统共同基金。
{"title":"LUCRATIVENESS OF ISLAMIC VS CONVENTIONAL MUTUAL FUNDS IN PAKISTAN","authors":"B. Nafees, M. Qamar, N. Ahmed","doi":"10.22555/PBR.V19I4.1869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/PBR.V19I4.1869","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative risk adjusted performance, selectivity skills and market timing abilities analysis of Islamic and Conventional mutual funds in Pakistan. The study utilizes various risk-adjusted performance measures to evaluate risk and return characteristics. The study also used technique proposed by (Treynor and Mazuy 1966) and (Henriksson and Merton 1981) to appraise selectivity skills and timing abilities on the data set ranging 2009-2013 of Islamic and Conventional mutual funds. In this study, four categories Aggressive Fixed Income, Asset Allocation, Equity and Balanced open end mutual funds are analysed. On the basis of evidences found, only few mutual fund managers from Islamic and Conventional mutual funds hold better stock picking skills. The mutual fund managers of both Islamic and conventional mutual funds are found to be a poor market timer in Pakistan. Islamic mutual funds have earned better returns than conventional mutual funds. Therefore, risk adjusted performance of Islamic mutual funds is better than conventional mutual funds.","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121199885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of executing this research study was to assess the role of macroeconomic variables on stock price volatility. Specifically 10 companies were chosen that are listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange. The following are the objectives which were devised for this study, to understand the basic concepts and features of stock exchange with respect to investments and economic development; to identify important and appropriate macroeconomic factors having influence on stock prices and to evaluate the impact of macroeconomic variables on stock price volatility in the context of companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange. We adopted secondary method for data collection and the results extracted through correlation and regression analysis displayed that macroeconomic variables including interest rate, inflation rate and the corporate tax rate affect share prices of companies operating in Pakistan.
{"title":"ASSESSING THE ROLE OF MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES ON STOCK PRICE VOLATILITY: A CASE OF PAKISTAN STOCK EXCHANGE","authors":"Muhammad Asim Khan","doi":"10.22555/PBR.V19I4.1873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/PBR.V19I4.1873","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of executing this research study was to assess the role of macroeconomic variables on stock price volatility. Specifically 10 companies were chosen that are listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange. The following are the objectives which were devised for this study, to understand the basic concepts and features of stock exchange with respect to investments and economic development; to identify important and appropriate macroeconomic factors having influence on stock prices and to evaluate the impact of macroeconomic variables on stock price volatility in the context of companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange. We adopted secondary method for data collection and the results extracted through correlation and regression analysis displayed that macroeconomic variables including interest rate, inflation rate and the corporate tax rate affect share prices of companies operating in Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132297106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study encompasses the association of the three domains of organizational justice and its influence on employee turnover intention. In this cross-sectional study, proportionate stratified random sampling technique was applied. Results showed that distributive justice and interactional justice have an inverse relationship with turnover intention and affective commitment partially mediated the pathway between the dimensions of justice and employee turnover behavior. Conversely, procedural justice has an insignificant linkage with the turnover intention. This study contributes by developing an understanding of linkage between turnover intention and organizational justice and provides insight about mediation of affective commitment.
{"title":"EXPLORING THE MEDIATING ROLE OF AFFECTIVE COMMITMENT ON ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE AND TURNOVER INTENTION","authors":"Sumaira Khalid, C. A. Rehman, Farwa Muqadas","doi":"10.22555/PBR.V19I4.1878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/PBR.V19I4.1878","url":null,"abstract":"This study encompasses the association of the three domains of organizational justice and its influence on employee turnover intention. In this cross-sectional study, proportionate stratified random sampling technique was applied. Results showed that distributive justice and interactional justice have an inverse relationship with turnover intention and affective commitment partially mediated the pathway between the dimensions of justice and employee turnover behavior. Conversely, procedural justice has an insignificant linkage with the turnover intention. This study contributes by developing an understanding of linkage between turnover intention and organizational justice and provides insight about mediation of affective commitment.","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129490365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current study examines the impact of learning orientation (LO) on organizational performance and also the moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) on the relationship between LO and organizational performance among the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan. This questionnaire survey was conducted among 213 managers/ owners of manufacturing SMEs. Previous studies on LO in combination with EO have been conducted in large organizations in developed economies. Studying the relationship between LO and performance and moderated by EO in manufacturing SMEs in a developing economy like Pakistan, this research attempts to fill this gap. The findings reveal that there exist a positive relationship between LO and organizational performance. The findings also demonstrate that the effects of LO on organizational performance are positively moderated by EO. The paper also includes research implications and possible future directions.
{"title":"LEARNING ORIENTATION AND PERFORMANCE: THE INTERACTION EFFECT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION","authors":"J. Hussain, F. Shah, W. Rehman, Yahya Khan","doi":"10.22555/PBR.V19I4.1875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/PBR.V19I4.1875","url":null,"abstract":"The current study examines the impact of learning orientation (LO) on organizational performance and also the moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) on the relationship between LO and organizational performance among the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan. This questionnaire survey was conducted among 213 managers/ owners of manufacturing SMEs. Previous studies on LO in combination with EO have been conducted in large organizations in developed economies. Studying the relationship between LO and performance and moderated by EO in manufacturing SMEs in a developing economy like Pakistan, this research attempts to fill this gap. The findings reveal that there exist a positive relationship between LO and organizational performance. The findings also demonstrate that the effects of LO on organizational performance are positively moderated by EO. The paper also includes research implications and possible future directions.","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"221 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125439155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Substantial research on motivation has been done previously but the types of strategies that can be developed in order to find the root cause of learner’s motivation can help further strengthen the role of teachers in the field of successful language teaching. This study will help improve the English Language teaching with the positive attitude of the teacher, at the same time making the course objectives clear to the students that will help achieve better results not only from the examination point of view, but also outside the domain of classroom learning. The study will also investigate students’ motivation for learning at the beginning and at the end of the English Course and calculate whether there is any change in students’ motivation for learning English after they take the English course at the university. Dornyei’s (1994) framework of L2 motivation is used as a backbone for this study.
{"title":"EXPLORING STRATEGIES TO FOSTER LEARNING IN BUSINESS SCHOOLS: EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN","authors":"Shumaila Omar","doi":"10.22555/pbr.v19i4.1870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22555/pbr.v19i4.1870","url":null,"abstract":"Substantial research on motivation has been done previously but the types of strategies that can be developed in order to find the root cause of learner’s motivation can help further strengthen the role of teachers in the field of successful language teaching. This study will help improve the English Language teaching with the positive attitude of the teacher, at the same time making the course objectives clear to the students that will help achieve better results not only from the examination point of view, but also outside the domain of classroom learning. The study will also investigate students’ motivation for learning at the beginning and at the end of the English Course and calculate whether there is any change in students’ motivation for learning English after they take the English course at the university. Dornyei’s (1994) framework of L2 motivation is used as a backbone for this study.","PeriodicalId":255789,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Business Review","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121146443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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